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Experiment 8.

2 - Construct Ionic Equation (PEKA) Aim: To construct the ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI)

Problem statement: How to construct an ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI)? H pot!esis: As the volume of potassium chromate(VI) solution increases, the height of the yellow precipitate increases until all the lead(II) nitrate has reacted "ariables: #anipulate$ %ariable: &espon$in' %ariable: Volume of potassium chromate(VI) solution Height of yellow lead(II) chromate(VI) precipitate

Constant %ariables: Volume and concentration of lead(II) nitrate solution, concentration of potassium chromate(VI) solution, si!e of test tu"es #aterials: solution Apparatus: # $ mol dm%& lead(II) nitrate solution, # $ mol dm%& potassium chromate(VI) 'even test tu"es, test tu"e rac(, glass rod, "urettes, metre rule, stoppers, retort stand and clamp

)iagram (*hotograph + , pg -..)

Proce$ure: . & , $ 'even test tu"es of the same si!e from - to / and are placed in a test tu"e rac( A "urette is filled with # $ mol dm%& lead(II) nitrate solution $ ## cm& of lead(II) nitrate solution is added to each of the seven test tu"es A second "urette is filled with # $ mol dm%& potassium chromate(VI) solution to each of the seven test tu"es according to the volumes specified in the ta"le "elow 0ach test tu"e is stoppered and sha(en well The test tu"es are left aside for a"out half an hour to allow the precipitate to settle

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The height of precipitate in each test tu"e is measured The colour of the solution a"ove the precipitate in each test tu"e is noted The colour of the solution a"ove the precipitate in each test tu"e is noted All readings and o"servations are recorded in the ta"le "elow A graph of precipitate height against volume of potassium chromate(VI) solution added is plotted

(ata an$ )bser%ation: *est tube Volume of # $ mol dm%& lead(II) nitrate solution (cm&) Volume of # $ mol dm%& potassium chromate(VI) solution (cm&) Height of precipitate (cm) 3olour of solution a"ove precipitate + $ ## 2 $ ## , $ ## $ ## . $ ## / $ ## 0 $ ##

- ##

. ##

& ##

, ##

$ ##

1 ##

/ ##

# 1# colourles s

- .# colourles s

- +# colourles s

. ,# colourles s

& ## colourles s

& ## yello w

& ## yello w

Interpretin' $ata: 4um"er of moles of lead(II) ions in each of the test tu"es 5 6V # $ mol dm%& 7 $ ## dm& 5 # ##.$ mol -### . 8rom the graph, the volume of potassium chromate(VI) solution that reacted completely with $ ## cm& of lead(II) nitrate is $ ## cm& The ma7imum precipitate height achieved is & ## cm This means that all *".9 ions from lead(II) nitrate solution have completely reacted with all 3r:,.% ions from potassium chromate(VI) solution to form yellow precipitate of lead(II) chromate(VI) in test tu"e $ The num"er of moles of potassium chromate that reacted completely with $ ## cm& of lead(II) nitrate 5 6V # $ mol dm%& 7 $ ## dm& 5 # ##.$ mol -### , The num"er of moles of chromate ions that will com"ine with - mole of lead(II) ions; 'implest mole ratio of *".9 ions ; 3r:,.% ions .

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5 5

# ##.$ ; # ##.$ -; -

Therefore, I mole of chromate ion will com"ine with - mole of lead(II) ions $ Ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI); *".9(aq) 9 3r:,.%(aq) *"3r:,(s)

(iscussion: The volume of lead(II) nitrate solution is (ept constant "ecause we need to fi7 the amount of one of the reactant The reason for adding different volumes of potassium chromate(VI) to each test tu"e is "ecause we need to determine the num"er of moles of chromate ions that will react completely with - mole of lead(II) ions The aqueous solution a"ove the precipitate in test tu"es - to $ is colourless< test tu"es 1 and / is yellow The height of precipitate formed increase and then "ecome constant "ecause more and more lead(II) chromate is formed due to the increasing amount of potassium chromate(VI) added to the test tu"es until all lead(II) ions have completely react with chromate(VI) ions If different si!es of test tu"es are used in the e7periment, it will affect the measurement of the height of precipitate formed

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Conclusion: The ionic equation for the formation of lead(II) chromate(VI) can "e o"tained form a precipitation reaction The hypothesis can "e accepted

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