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CONTENTS
LESSON 1:
LESSON 2:
LESSON 3:
...................................................................................... 65
LESSON 4:
....................................................... 102
LESSON 5:
LESSON 6:
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LESSON 7:
LESSON 8:
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1.
Locus
Quadratic
Functions
Conics
Completing the
Square
We begin the term by redefining the standard parabola as a locus. This topic is often
referred to as
Locus in the
Complex Plane
You will need to be able to generate the equation of a parabola given various pieces of locus
information. You will also be asked to identify a parabolas geometrical features such as
vertex, focus and directrix.
A typical example is the following question from the 2011 H.S.C. paper.
2011 H.S.C. Mathematics Q3b
A parabola has focus (
(2 marks)
) and directrix
Be alert to the possibility that the parabola may sit upside down or left to right rather than in
its standard position.
We will also make extensive use of the technique of completing the square to deal with
situations where the vertex of the parabola is not at the origin. If you are a little rusty on
completing the square, you should revise the topic before attempting the harder problems.
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2.
A parabola is a locus of points equidistant from a fixed point called the focus and a fixed line
called the directrix.
The vertex or turning point of the parabola lies midway between the focus and the directrix.
axis.
From the definition of a parabola as a locus, all points lying on the parabola must be
equidistant from the focus and the directrix. Hence
(
are (
) is midway between the focus and the directrix. Hence the coordinates of the vertex
).
Using the graph shown above and the definition of a parabola as a locus, it can be shown
that the equation of the parabola is
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the distance of
Also:
Hence
(
), vertex (
) and directrix
is
Note to Students:
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) and directrix
The vertex is at (
symmetry the
) and axis of
axis.
Using the definition of a parabola as a locus, it can be shown that the equation of the
parabola is:
Hence
(
), vertex (
) and directrix
is
Note to Students:
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) and directrix
The vertex is at (
the
axis.
Using the definition of a parabola as a locus, it can be shown that the equation of the
parabola is
Hence
(
), vertex (
) and directrix
is
Note to Students:
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) and directrix
The vertex is at (
symmetry the
) and axis of
axis.
Using the definition of a parabola as a locus, it can be shown that the equation of the
parabola is
Hence
(
), vertex (
) and directrix
is
Note to Students:
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Note to Students:
( ) is the focus
is the directrix
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
(ii)
(iii)
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ii
In the following questions, the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix are given.
Find the equation of the parabola:
(i)
Focus (
);
Directrix
..
..
..
.
(ii)
Focus (
);
Directrix
..
..
..
..
(iii)
Focus (
);
Directrix
..
..
..
.
(iv)
Focus (
);
Directrix
..
..
..
.
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iii
Write down the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix for the following parabolas:
Note to Students:
Always start with a sketch!
(i)
..
..
(ii)
..
..
(iii)
..
..
(iv)
..
..
(v)
..
..
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3.
Focal Length
The focal length of a parabola is the distance between the focus and the vertex. It is
equivalent to the distance between the vertex and the directrix.
Axis of Symmetry
The axis of symmetry of a parabola is called the axis of the parabola. It passes through
the vertex and the focus of the parabola and is perpendicular to the directrix.
Chord
Focal Chord
Latus Rectum
A focal chord that is perpendicular to the axis of the parabola is called the latus rectum.
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iv
. Find the
Note to Students:
Your first job is to find the focal length
You should also pick between
,
(i)
.........................
(ii)
.........................
(iii)
.........................
(iv)
.........................
(v)
focal length.
.........................
Note to Students:
The focal length is always positive.
(vi)
.........................
Note to Students:
The latus rectum is a chord passing through the focus, parallel to the directrix
Its length is
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(vii)
(b)
. Find the:
.
..........
(ii)
.........................
(iii)
.
.
.
(c)
.
.
.
.
..
..
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
A parabola has its vertex at the origin, its axis along the
point ( ).
(i)
.
..
..
..
(ii)
.........................
(iii)
Find the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix.
.
..
..
Note to Students:
The focus must be presented as a point
A parabola has its vertex at (0, 0), the equation of its axis is
and its latus rectum has
length 4 units. Find the possible equations of the parabola with these features.
.
.
.
..
.....................................
.....................................
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vi
(i)
Vertex (
..
.
..
(ii)
Vertex (
), focus (
).
..
.
...
(iii)
Focus (
) directrix
..
.
...
(iv)
Focus (
), directrix
..
.
...
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vii
has equation
..
..
.
...
..
(b)
..
..
.
...
Discussion Question 1:
Can you do this question without actually solving the quadratic equation?viii
(c)
has slope
..
..
.
..
.
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4.
.
axes, the equation of the parabola becomes
(
axis
) and
is
(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(i)
ix
(ii)
Find the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that its distance from the point (
equal to its distance from the line
.
) is
.
..
..
..
..
..
.
..
.
..
...
..
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Focus (
) and directrix
.
.
(ii)
Vertex (
).
.
.
(iii)
Vertex (
.
.
..
(iv)
Vertex (
) focus (
).
.
.
..
(v)
Axis of symmetry
, Vertex (
) and
intercept .
.
.
..
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(a)
xi
(i)
Note to Students:
Complete the square.
.
..
..
..
.
(ii)
.
..
.
(b)
Find the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix of the parabola
Note to Students:
Before completing the square, make the coefficient of
equal to .
.
..
..
..
..
.
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xii
Draw a neat sketch of the parabola and clearly indicate on it the equation of its directrix, the
coordinates of its focus and the coordinates of all points of intersection of the parabola with
the coordinate axes.
(b)
) at
and
Find
and
.
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
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(i)
xiii
(ii)
.
..
.
(iii)
.
..
.
..
..
.
.
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axis
xiv
.
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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xv
(i)
Focus (
) and Directrix
.
..
.
(ii)
vertex (
.
..
.
(iii)
Vertex (
), focal length
.
..
.
(iv)
Vertex (
) focus (
.
..
.
(v)
Axis of symmetry
, Vertex (
.
..
.
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xvi
(i)
. Find
.
..
..
.
(ii)
.
.
(iii)
.
.
(iv)
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Question 1
) and directrix
.
..
..
.
.
..
..
.
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SOLUTIONS
i
(i)
ii
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
iii
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(v)
iv
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
(v)
(vi)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(iii)
(a)
(i)
(iv)
(vii)
(b)
v
(i)
(a)
(i)
(b)
vi
(i)
(iv)
vii
(a)
viii
(b)
(c)
Discussion Question 1
Yes
ix
(ii)
22 12 y 1
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(i)
(iv)
xi
(ii)
(v)
(iii)
(a)
(b)
xii
(ii)
(b)
xiii
)(
(ii)
xiv
(iii)
(ii)
(
xv
(i)
(i)
(iv)
(i)
)
)
(
(
(iii)
y 12 16x 2
(ii)
(iii) S 2, 2 ;
32 4x 2
y 22
S 6, 2 ;
(iv) S 0,1 ;
y 12
(v)
16x 2
y 22 16x
y 12 4x 2
16x 4
S 8,1 ;
y 12 16x
xvi
(i)
xvii
1.
V 16,2
(ii)
1
4
(iii)
x 16
1
4
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
1.
Functions
Limits
Motion
Calculus
Algebra
Tangents and
Normals
Rates of Change
Maxima and
Minima
This lesson introduces the central topic in the 2 unit, 3 unit and 4 unit mathematics courses,
the calculus. Indeed these three subjects are often referred to as the calculus based H.S.C.
courses and a quick survey of any of their major papers will reveal that at least half of the
exam questions will deal with calculus in one way or another. Calculus is the backbone of
your future mathematical study.
The theory of calculus falls into two neat halves, differentiation and integration. The
development of the theory of rates of change via differentiation will take many lessons to
unfold. Once these have been mastered we will move on to integration theory and the
calculation of areas.
The process of differentiation involves dozens of formulae and algorithms. These will be
carefully and methodically presented to you over the next handful of lessons. It is crucial
however that you do not reduce the theory to a mere collection of facts. You must also have
a strong understanding of the underlying concepts which drive calculus and the manner in
which they used, not only in mathematics but also in engineering and the sciences.
The theory of calculus is one of the most astounding achievements of the human mind.
Once uncovered in the late 1600s by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibnitz, it changed
forever the face of both mathematics and science.
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2.
LIMITS OF A FUNCTION
Note to Students:
You will need to evaluate two types of limits:
( ) and
( )
of
To determine
By choosing values of
that are slightly less than or slightly greater than 2, we can see what
] for values
].
1.9
1.99
1.999
2.1
2.01
2.001
( )
] gets closer
and closer to
This is written ( )
................... as
Hence we write
.
] is .
........................................
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Properties Of Limits
1.
[ ]
2.
[ ]
3.
4.
[ ( )
( )]
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
5.
[ ( )
( )]
[ ( )]
[ ( )]
6.
7.
[ ( )]
8.
[ ( )]
( ) if ( ) is a polynomial function
9.
where
is a constant.
[ ( )]
( )]
( ) where
[ ( )]
( )
]
( )
[ ( )]
( )
]
( )
( )
( )
provided
is a constant.
[ ( )]
[ ( )]}
Limits of Quotients
Type 1:
( )
]
( )
and ( )
Example:
Evaluate
Solution:
In this case, ( )
Hence
and ( )
]
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Note:
Both the numerator and denominator can be factorised and common factors
cancelled out to simplify the function
)(
)(
) if
as expected.
Type 2:
( )
]
( )
and ( )
( )
Example:
as
Solution:
approaches 3.
is exactly equal to 3.
2
.9
.99
2
.999
2
.9999
2
.99999
.999999
( )
3
.1
.01
3
.001
3
.0001
3
.00001
.000001
( )
approaches 3 from either side, the value of ( )approaches
Therefore, as
..
Page 39 of 213
.................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
In this case, both the numerator and denominator are polynomial functions
and ( )
( )
],
( )
when ( )
Note that (
)(
) in the
denominator if
Since we are concerned about the behaviour of ( )
the actual value of ( ) when
]
[
)(
as
and not
] since
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( )
( )
( )
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Do we say:
equals , or
is approximately 6, or
approaches 6
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(e)
(f)
( )
,
( )
(h)
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As
where
approaches zero from the positive side, the values of ( ) become larger and larger.
We say ( ) increases without bounds or become positively infinite.
[ ]
We write
As
approaches zero from the negative side, the values of ( ) are negative and become
We write
The Limit
As
[ ]
becomes larger, the value of [ ] becomes smaller and closer to zero. We say the limit
is zero.
[ ]
Hence
To evaluate
( )
],
( )
Step 1:
Divide each term in the numerator and the denominator by the highest
power of .
Step 2:
Use the
Example:
[ ]
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iv
Note to Students:
( )
( )
)
)
)
)
If ( ) is strong
If ( ) is strong
(or unbounded)
(a)
..
(b)
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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Note to Students:
( ) and
( ) are done completely differently.
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3.
CONTINUITY
Functions that have smooth unbroken curves or lines are called continuous functions.
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as
where
Type 2:
but the
[ ( )] exists and
Page 47 of 213
[ ( )] .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Type 3:
and
[ ( )]
[ ( )] is
if:
( ) exists
( ) exists
( )
( )
( )
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vi
Determine which of the following functions are discontinuous and state the type and point of
discontinuity.
Note to Students:
Roughly speaking,
pen off the paper.
(i)
( )
(ii)
( )
(iii)
( )
(iv)
( )
(v)
( )
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(vi)
( )
(a)
vii
A function is defined as ( )
for
continuous function?
(b)
The function ( )
and .
is a continuous function.
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4.
Definition of a Secant
( )
but
( )
and
(
( )
( )
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) on the Curve
The gradient of the tangent at a point on the curve is the gradient of the curve at that point.
To find the gradient of a line, we need two points. The tangent to a curve is a line and the
only known point on the tangent is its point of contact with the curve. Hence the gradient of
the tangent can only be found by using the gradient of the secant.
decreases as
moves closer to .
Page 52 of 213
( )
as
( )
or
( )
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
( ), of the curve
( ) is given by
( )
( )
is denoted by:
( )
( )
A normal to the curve is a line drawn perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact of
the tangent with the curve.
( )
ix
( ) where ( )
(a)
is
is
( )
(
( )
( )
Page 53 of 213
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(b)
at
(c)
by evaluating
( ).
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Find, from the first principles, the gradient of the tangent to the curve
point (
) on it.
at the
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Hence find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point (
).
Note to Students:
The alternative definition of
( )
( )
( )
( )
Page 55 of 213
and
rather than
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
As
, the secant
( ) at the point [
has coordinates [
( )] on the curve.
( )].
( )
is given by
( )
( )] is given by:
( )
Page 56 of 213
( )
( )
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xi
at the point (
( )
( )
( )
( )
(ii)
).
(iii)
).
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xii
2.
( )
( )
or
( )] on the curve
( )
( )
( ) is given by.............
( )
on the curve.
( ) at
( )].
6.
7.
( )
( )
function ( ).
8. The derivative of a function ( ) is a formula for the gradient of the at any point
on the curve.
Note to Students:
You must be familiar with both limit definitions of
Page 58 of 213
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( )
( )
where
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Question 2
Let ( )
( )
to find the derivative of ( ) at the point
( )
MARKING GUIDELINES
Criteria
Marks
( )
Shows that
Correctly substitutes (
2
) for
Page 60 of 213
( )
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
SOLUTIONS
i
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
ii
Discussion Question 1
Equals 6
iii
Discussion Question 2
(i)
(ii)
or unbounded
(iii)
iv
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
vi
(i)
Continuous
(ii)
Continuous
(iii)
Infinite discontinuity at
(iv)
Continuous
(v)
Point discontinuity at
(vi)
Continuous
vii
(a)
viii
(b)
Discussion Question 3
(i)
Yes
(ii)
No
ix
(a)
(c)
( )
x
(i)
(ii)
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
Page 61 of 213
(iii)
OUR STUDENTS COME FIRST.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iv)
xi
(ii)
(iii)
xii
1.
( )
5.
Gradient
8.
Tangent
xiii
1.
3.
Derivative
4.
Gradient
6.
Curve
7.
Gradient, derivative
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
1.
Differentiation
from First
Principles
Motion
Calculating the
Derivative
Index Laws
Lines
Tangents and
Normals
Rates of Change
Maxima and
Minima
The derivative
( ), or
slow and clumsy. In this lesson we develop algorithms which will help us calculate
efficiently.
Different schools will approach this theory in varied ways. However you must become skilled
in the use of the product, quotient and chain rules. You need to be able to differentiate
accurately, quickly and with minimum effort. Many simpler questions in the Advanced (2 unit)
and Extension 1 (3 unit) papers will simply demand the calculation of a derivative.
Page 64 of 213
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2.
DIFFERENTIATION OF
Factorisation of
( )(
Examples
(i)
If ( )
( )
( )
(
)(
If ( )
then
( )
( )
on the curve
Hence if ( )
(ii)
( )
on the curve
( )
(
(
)
)(
(
Hence if ( )
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
( )
)
then
( )
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(iii)
If ( )
( )
( )
( )
(
)(
then
( )
( )
(
( )(
Hence if ( )
( )
on the curve
If ( )
(iv)
on the curve
Hence if ( )
then
( )
applies to all values of .
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( )
( )
( )
functions:
(i)
( )
(ii)
( )
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(iii)
( )
)(
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3.
THEOREMS ON DERIVATIVES
Theorem 1
If
then
Note to Students:
Using this theorem, you can differentiate any power of .
ii
(i)
( )
(ii)
( )
(iii)
( )
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Theorem 2
If
( ) then
( )
Note to Students:
In all of calculus, any constant sitting in front of a function has no impact.
iii
(i)
.......
(ii)
.......
(iii)
..........
Note to Students:
Under calculus, we always convert to
(iv)
..........
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Theorem 3
If
then
iv
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Explain why the answers in (ii) and (iii) are the same.
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Theorem 4
If
, where
is a constant, then
Note to Students:
The derivative of a constant function is always . To be a constant means to have no rate
of change.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Hence find
given
Page 72 of 213
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Theorem 5
( )
If
( ) then
( )
( )
vi
(i)
)(
by expanding first
(ii)
( )
(iii)
by dividing first
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4.
If
If
( ) and
( ) then
[ ( )] then
[ ( )]
[ ( )] then
Let
[ ( )]
( )
( ) then
Then
( )
and
( )
Complete the following for the processes used in applying the chain rule for differentiation:
Multiply by the .. of the bracket, lower the power of the bracket by
, then multiply by the . of the expression inside the
bracket.
Example:
Differentiate
Solution:
Let ( )
, therefore
Hence
( )
(
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vii
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Page 75 of 213
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(iv)
(v)
..........
( )
(vi)
..........
( )
(vii)
..........
(viii)
...................................................................................................................................................
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5.
PRODUCT RULE
If
( )
( ) where
and
( )
( )
( )
Proof
{
( )
( )
( )
( )
)[ (
[ (
( )
( )
then
)]
( )
{
( )
( )]
}
(
{
( )
( )
( )[ (
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )]
}
( )
}
( )
Leave the second function times differentiate the first function plus leave the first function
times differentiate the second function.
Example:
Given ( )
Solution:
)(
( )
( )
( )
)
(
( )
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viii
(i)
)(
(ii)
( )
)(
(iii)
)(
Page 78 of 213
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(i)
(ii)
( )
)(
(iii)
Page 79 of 213
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xi
Use the chain rule and the product rule to differentiate the following:
(i)
)]
(ii)
( )
)(
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6.
QUOTIENT RULE
( )
If
To prove the quotient rule, use the product rule and chain rule on
and
( )
( )
then
( )
( )
( )[ ( )]
................. [ ( )]
( ) ....................................................................
.
.
Example:
Given
find
Solution:
(
)
(
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xii
(ii)
(iii)
Note to Students:
Some students re-write
as
)(
instead of the quotient rule. This is not a good idea. If you see a quotient, use the
quotient rule.
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xiii
Use the quotient rule and the chain rule to differentiate the following:
(i)
( )
(ii)
(iii)
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xiv
Use the chain rule and the quotient rule to differentiate the following:
(i)
(ii)
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7.
Step 1:
Find
Step 2:
Substitute the
coordinate of the point of contact into to find the
numerical value of the gradient of the tangent at the point of contact.
Step 3:
The point (
at the
Solution:
..
) is
..
)
..(
xv
Find the coordinates of the points where the parabola crosses the
axis.
(ii)
Tangents are drawn to the parabola at the points where it crosses the
the gradients of the tangents.
axis. Find
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
Find the equation of the tangent to the following curves at the given points:
(
(i)
) at (
(ii)
at
Discussion Question 2:
Can a tangent meet a curve more than once?
Discussion Question 3:
Can a tangent cut across a curve?xvi
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(a)
xvii
(i)
(ii)
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A normal is a line perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact of the tangent with the
curve.
Step 1:
Find
This gives the gradient of the curve at any point (
Step 2:
Substitute the
This gives the numerical value of the gradient of the tangent at the point of
).
contact, (
Step 3:
Step 4:
Example:
).
at the
Solution:
The gradient of the tangent at any point is
At the point (
...
) is
) is
..(
).
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(a)
xviii
(i)
(ii)
).
(iii)
(iv)
(b)
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Correct solution
Finds correct gradient and attempts to find equation of tangent
Correctly differentiates or finds correct for
Page 90 of 213
Marks
3
2
1
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Question 2
at the point (
).
Criteria
Correct answer
Differentiates correctly, or equivalent merit
Page 91 of 213
Marks
2
1
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
SOLUTIONS
i
(i)
ii
( )
(iii)
(ii)
2
x3
(iii)
( )
1
x2
(i)
iii
5
2 x7
(i)
(iv)
iv
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
(iii)
(ii)
Gradient =
(ii)
vi
(ii)
(i)
vii
2x
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(iv)
(vii)
viii
(ii)
(v)
(vi)
(viii)
(iii)
)(
)
)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
ix
Discussion Question 1
(i)
)(
(ii)
)(
Page 93 of 213
(iv)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
xi
(i)
)] (
36 x 2 128 x 7
(ii)
33 3x 5 2 x 7
2
xii
dx 1 x 2
(i)
xiii
dy
18 x
2
dx
x 9
(ii)
(iii)
dy
7
dx 3x 22
(i)
xiv
2 9x
5
3x
dy
dx
(ii)
23x 7 35 x 9 (iii)
2
5x 2 3
dy
dx
(i)
xv
(ii)
x 5 2
(a)
(i)
(b)
(i)
xvi
)(
At (
(ii)
At (
(ii)
Discussion Question 2
Yes, consider
xvii
at
(i)
At (
(ii)
xviii
(a)
; At (
(iv)
x 8 y 33 0
(ii)
y 8x 4
(iii)
1
8
(b)
xix
1.
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1.
Conics
Parametrics
Calculus, Normals
and Tangents
Proofs
Coordinate
Geometry
The parametric (
Parametric
Relations
This is one of the few sections of the syllabus where you will need to construct for the
examiner convincing proofs of mathematical theorems. Watch your teacher carefully and
copy their style.
Generally speaking, any minor algebraic error in your proof will stop you. You
must watch the algebra extremely carefully and eliminate mistakes.
These questions often have several parts building to a final result. If you
cannot do a particular part, just jump over it! DO NOT abandon the entire
question just because you are stuck on a minor subpart.
Always draw a large accurate diagram of the parabola and transfer all data to
the graph.
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2.
or
( ) and
so that
( ) or
( ).
The use of the third variable simplifies a proof, which could be otherwise complicated.
( ) and
When the parameter is eliminated from the parametric equations, the resulting equation is of
the form
or , is called a parameter.
When the parametric equations of a curve are given, then all points on the curve are
expressed in terms of the parameter and in the form [ ( )
parametric coordinates.
Example:
The parametric equations of a curve are
equation of the curve.
and
Solution:
The parametric equations are in terms of the parameter . To find the Cartesian equation,
we need to eliminate the parameter, and express the equation of the curve in terms of
the and only
Express in terms of
Step 1:
and
and
Step 2:
to link
and .
( )
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and
(b)
and
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(c)
(
) and
The parametric equations of a curve are
where
constant and
. Find the Cartesian equation of the curve.
is a
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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(d)
) and (
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(e)
(i)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
. Where
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(f)
and
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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3.
The point (
are
of parameter,
The advantage of the parametric coordinates becomes obvious when we consider 2 variable
points. In Cartesian form the points on the parabola
where
and (
and
are (
) and (
)
)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(iii)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(iv)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
first.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
4.
Let (
) and (
)(
(
)
)
Equation of chord
(
(
(
)
)
is
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(a)
(
(i)
iii
) and
. Find:
Note to Students:
Remember
)(
).
(ii)
is a focal chord
Note to Students:
A focal chord passes through the focus (
).
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Find the equation of the focal chord passing through the point .
(iii)
Hence write down the equation of the focal chord drawn through another point
the parabola.
on
(iv)
in terms of
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(
(i)
) and (
iv
(ii)
The chord
and
passes through the focus of the parabola. Find the relationship between
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
5.
):
is the equation of the parabola.
Hence
At (
),
Note to Students:
You can differentiate parametrically or directly. Either way, for a standard situation
):
(
), is
Note to Students:
Remember this formula!
Discussion Question 1:v
Which point on
has a tangent
Discussion Question 2:vi
Which point on
has a tangent
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
vii
.......
(ii)
at the point .
.................
(b)
) and
the tangents at
and .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
viii
(i)
(ii)
and .
.......
(iii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iv)
to the tangent at .
(v)
and .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
6.
Gradient of normal at (
):
),
Equation of normal at (
since
):
(
) is
Note to Students:
Remember this formula!
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
ix
(
) and (
the normals at and .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
(ii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The normal at
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(i)
) and (
) which move along the parabola
and meet at .
is
.
2
(ii)
Write down the equation of the tangent at , and find the coordinates of the point
in terms of t.
2
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Marks
2
Correct solution
Uses the equation of the parabola to show that the gradient at
is (or equivalent progress)
(ii)
Criteria
Marks
2
Correct solution
Attempts to solve simultaneously the equations for tangents at
and
Question 2
(i)
),
cuts the
, cuts
axis at .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(ii)
are (
).
(iii)
(ii)
Candidates needed to nd the equation of the normal in terms of the parameter and
substitute
to obtain
. Although this was well done, many responses showed
attempts to fudge the nal step from an incorrect equation. Candidates making genuine
attempts in questions where the answer is given should ensure that each step is clearly
presented to avoid any doubt about its authenticity. For instance, candidates should explicitly
state let
and show the corresponding substitution clearly.
(iii)
locus,
in attempts to simplify this expression. Such errors were ignored, and these candidates were
awarded both marks.
A number of candidates tried to use the distance formula with
This approach had
no chance of success, as all points on the perpendicular bisector of AB are equidistant from
and .
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
SOLUTIONS
i
(a)
(b)
(e)
ii
(ii)
(f)
(ii)
(a)
(b)
iii
(i)
(iv)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(a)
(i)
(b)
(i)
(iv)
iv
)
)
(ii)
(
(iii)
(i)
(c)
(ii)
Discussion Question 1
(
vi
Discussion Question 2
None.
vii
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
viii
(ii)
(v)
ix
)
(
(iii)
)
(iv)
(a)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
x
(i)
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
xi
(i)
)
(iii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
1.
Conics
Calculus, Normals
and Tangents
Parametrics
Proofs
Coordinate
Geometry
Parametric
Relations
) of the parabola
Algebraic error is your number one enemy. Small errors will stop you from
moving forward.
These questions often have several parts building to a final result. If stuck on a
part always carefully consider the parts above, the key will usually be hidden
there.
If you cannot do a particular part just jump over it! DO NOT abandon the entire
question just because you are stuck on a minor subpart.
If you are tasked with the sketching of a graph take extreme care to correctly
transfer the data from the question. A misunderstanding in the sketch will
immediately block your progress.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
2.
( ) and
Given
( ) then to find
Step 1:
Find
and
Step 2:
Example:
Given
etc.
and
, find
in terms of .
in terms of
Note to Students:
(a)
and
(b)
and
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(c)
) and
Find
)(
ii
and
(ii)
Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve where
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iii)
Find the coordinates of the points on the curve where the tangent is horizontal.
or
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
3.
Equation of tangent at (
at the points
and
) is
(
and
) is
simultaneously to determine the coordinates
Hence
(
)(
and
are
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(
(i)
iv
) and (
(ii)
and at .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
) and (
In the diagram, (
are two points on the parabola
Tangents drawn to the parabola at
intersect at .
(i)
)
.
and at
(ii)
(iii)
and .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Equation of normal at (
Solve the two equations of the normals simultaneously to determine the coordinates of
at
and
intersect at
) is
(
) is
(1)
(2)
Equation (1) Equation (2)
(
(
(
)(
(
Substitute
)
)
Note to Students:
Observe the symmetry in
remember this fact.
and . Swapping
and
) (
and
are
)]
Note: Do not memorise this result. However, understand the result and be able to
derive it with different parameters as well.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
at the points (
(i)
) and (
).
(ii)
The normals at
and
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
) on the parabola
(i)
at the point
(ii)
At the point , a normal is drawn perpendicular to the normal at . Find the coordinates of
in terms of .
(iii)
The normals at
and at
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
4.
passes
The gradient of
Since
is
)(
(
)
)
is
Hence
to be a focal chord is
is
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
. If
(ii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
5.
REFLECTION PROPERTIES
Discussion Question 2:
How does your car use this fact?
Geometry and the definition of a parabola as a locus are used to show that the reflected ray
PM is parallel to the
axis
In the diagram
(Law of reflection: angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection)
Note to Students:
In any question where the distance from the
focus to a point is mentioned, always
consider the locus definition of the parabola.
Therefore
Hence
axis
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
vi
(ii)
is the
..............................
(iii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
6.
Tangents
at
P has coordinates (
) and
has coordinates (
) is
) is
) to
and
......................(1)
......................(2)
)
(
Equating,
gives
(
(
)
)
)
intersect in ( (
has coordinates (
) and
).
).
( )
) to the parabola
is
(
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
)
OUR STUDENTS COME FIRST.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
vii
(a)
) to the parabola
(i)
(ii)
lies on the directrix. Show that this chord of contact is a focal chord.
(b)
at the points
and find its length.
and .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(i)
viii
Examination-type questions
(ii)
, where
(iii)
and
Deduce
(iv)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
(i)
.
and
There is no ! You cannot use any standard results on questions of this type. Everything
needs to be done from basics.
(ii)
and
intersect at
).
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iii)
(
)is a point on the parabola between and such that the tangent at
midpoint of
. Show that the tangent at is parallel to
.
meets
at the
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
), where
, is on the 3
is a rhombus.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Correct proof
Makes significant progress
Finds one piece of relevant information
Question 2
The points (
parabola at and
right angle.
(i)
Marks
3
2
1
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(ii)
The chord
produced meets
at . Show that
is a right angle.
(iii)
, or
Well set out solutions with clear logic were more successful. Mid-range responses found the
gradient of
but then many multiplied by stating
and therefore
.
(ii)
It was important to relate the results in (c)(i) to this part. The most successful method simply
stated that
(iii)
Correct solution
Finds gradient of
or equivalent merit
Marks
2
1
(iii)
Criteria
Correct solution
Recognises the significance of the fact that
Marks
2
1
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
SOLUTIONS
i
(i)
ii
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
iii
) (
Discussion Question 1
or
iv
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
( (
)
(iii)
(iii)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
vi
)
)
(i)
vii
(a)
(b)
viii
(i)
(a)
(i)
(iii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
1.
The Hyperbola as a
Locus
Identifying a Locus
Conics
The Ellipse as a
Locus
Parametric Curves
These parts will often lead to the parametric description of a special point (
). The very
last part will then ask you for the Cartesian equation of the locus over which this point
travels. This involves eliminating the parameter(s) and establishing a direct relationship
between the
and
or the
parabola.
If you are asked to verify a particular equation for the locus, simply substitute
the
and
Be aware that it is possible that the locus does not fill out the entire curve. For
full marks you will then need to specify domains and/or ranges.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
2.
LOCUS OF A POINT
A point expressed in parametric form represents a point that changes its position on the
coordinate plane as the value of the parameter changes. The path traced by all these points
is called the locus of the point.
Step 2:
Step 3:
( ) and
( ) where
( ), the Cartesian
Example:
(
)is a variable point. As the value of the parameter p changes,
the position of on the coordinate plane varies. The path that is traced by
the varying positions of is called the locus of . Find the equation of the
locus of and describe the locus of in geometric terms.
)
.................(i)
..................(ii)
From (i)
(
is (
)
) focal length 1 and
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(a)
A variable point (
(i)
) and (
in terms of the
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
As varies on the number plane, the position of changes and the point
path. This path is called the locus of
Find the equation of the locus of
traces a
Note to Students:
Eliminate .
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(b)
) in
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
as
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Step 2:
Step 3:
Use the condition linking the two variables to eliminate the variables from the
two equations.
Step 4:
Express
as a function of .
Example:
A variable point
has coordinates [ (
As the values of
and
varies,
] where
are:
) ...................(i)
...................(ii)
The condition that links the two variables is
Since
)
.................(iii)
(
Hence
Substitute into (iii)
is
. The point
will trace a
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
iii
) (
)] where
A variable point has coordinates [ (
the locus of . Describe the locus of in geometric terms.
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
Note to Students:
If asked to geometrically describe:
a parabolic locus, supply the vertex, focus and directrix
a circle, give the centre and radius
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
3.
(i)
)(
cuts the
) to the parabola
axis at .
cuts the
Equation of tangent at (
(ii)
) is
is
(iii)
) is
).
,
(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iv)
is the midpoint of
Coordinates of
Hence (
(
(v)
Coordinates of
(vi)
(a)
A point (
The normal at
(i)
in geometric terms.
) is the locus of .
) and
iv
axis at point
.
.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(ii)
...................................................................................................................................................
(iii)
...
...................................................................................................................................................
(iv)
As varies on the parabola, the position of varies and consequently the position of
also varies and the points representing traces a path. This path is called the
locus of . Find the equation of the locus of .
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(b)
A variable point (
at and the normal at
(i)
. The tangent at
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(ii)
...................................................................................................................................................
(iii)
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(iv)
...................................................................................................................................................
(v)
as
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Note to Students:
Observe how the locus question is almost always the last part.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(c)
(i)
at the point (
to the normal at .
) and
.
.
.
.
.
...
(ii)
.
.
.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iii)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(iv)
as
.
.
.
.
(v)
in geometric terms.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
4.
parabola
and (
chord
(i)
Equation of
(
(ii)
The chord
(iii)
):
is
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iv)
..................(1)
..................(2)
(1) (2)
) after dividing by (
)
(
Coordinates of
(v)
as
and
))
) and
) ...............(i)
)......(ii)
()
From (ii)
(
(vi)
Locus of
The focus is at (
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(a)
The points (
angle at the vertex
(i)
) and (
) lie on the parabola
of the parabola.
subtends a right
.
.
(ii)
Hence prove
.
.
(iii)
.
.
(iv)
and
.
.
.
.
.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
(i)
at the points (
) and
.
.
.
.
.
(ii)
.
.
.
.
.
(iii)
The tangents at
and
and
.
.
.
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iv)
as
and
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(v)
in geometric terms.
.
.
.
.
(c)
) and (
(i)
. Tangents drawn to
intersect at
.
.
.
.
.
.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(ii)
.
.
.
.
.
.
(iii)
The point
. Show that
.
.
.
.
(iv)
is the midpoint of
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(v)
.
.
.
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
.vi
.
.
.
(ii)
Show that
has coordinates (
).
.
.
.
(iii)
Let
be the midpoint of
.
.
.
.
.
.
Discussion Question 2:viii
Why is
?
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(ii)
Candidates needed to find the equation of the normal in terms of the parameter nad
substitute
to obtain
. Although this was well done, many responses showed
attempts to fudge the final step from an incorrect equation. Candidates making genuine
attempts in questions where the answer is given should ensure that each step is clearly
presented to avoid any doubt about its authenticity. For instance, candidates should explicitly
state let
and show the corresponding substitution clearly.
(iii)
locus
in attempts to simplify this expression. Such errors were ignored, and these candidates were
awarded both marks.
A number of candidates tried to use the distance formula with
no chance of success, as all points on the perpendicular bisector of
and .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
SOLUTIONS
i
(a)
(i)
(b)
(ii)
ii
to introduce
and
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
iv
Discussion Question 1
We square
iii
(i)
x py 2ap ap 3
(iv)
x 2 a y a
(i)
y px 3p 2
(iv)
N 0,6 3 p 2
(i)
x ty 6t 3t 3
(iv)
x 2 3 y 3
(v)
Parabola; Vertex
0,3 ;
(ii)
N 0,2a ap 2
(ii)
T 3p,0
(v)
x2
(ii)
y tx 3
Focus 0,3
), directrix
(iii)
M ap, a ap 2
(iii)
x py 6 p 3 p 3
(iii)
3t,3t
3
y 3
2
1
3
; Directrix y 2
4
4
(a)
(b)
(c)
a p2 q2
a
p
q
,
(i)
p
2
(iii)
(iv)
x 2 2a y 4a ;
Parabola ; Vertex
(i)
y px 4 p 2
(ii)
R4 p q ,4 pq
(iv)
y 4
(v)
(i)
y px ap 2
(ii)
a p q, apq
(iv)
x 2 2a y 2a
(v)
Parabola; Vertex
0,4a ;
Focus 0,
(iii)
(iii)
7a
9a
; Directrix y
2
2
pq 1
pq 2
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(i)
vii
(iii)
viii
Discussion Question 2
and
).
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
1.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
OVERVIEW OF POLYNOMIALS 1
Complex Numbers
Quadratic
Polynomials
Long Division
Conics
Polynomials 1
Curve Sketching
Inequalities
Roots of Cubics
and Quartics
Polynomials are the simplest and most well behaved of all of the functions. They are trivial to
integrate and differentiate and have specific properties which can be exploited to our
advantage. In a very real sense they are the building blocks from which all other functions
may be constructed.
The general theory of polynomials extends from simple 2 unit quadratic functions all the way
to complex numbers in the Extension 2 syllabus. In the Extension 1 papers we see
straightforward remainder theorem questions very early in the paper (often in the MCQ
section) and deeper division algorithm problems in the middle sections of the exams.
Polynomial Division
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2.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
is called a polynomial
expression of degree
where
is
When
If
( )
Real values of
the polynomial.
( ) is a constant polynomial if
then ( )
If ( )
Note to Students:
Always write your polynomials with the biggest power at the front down to the smallest
power at the back.
(b)
Write down a monic polynomial of degree 3 that has 4 terms and a constant term of 5.
Note to Students:
Monic means that the leading co-efficient is .
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(c)
Explain why
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
is not a polynomial.
(d)
)(
Note to Students:
Do not expand. Just imagine what would happen if you did expand.
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3.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
. Are
and
Equality
Two polynomials
and
are equal if and only if
, .... ,
given by (
) is
(
Multiplication
)(
(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
Division
The long division process may be applied to polynomials in the following way:
Therefore
(
and hence
where (
(
)(
When ( ) is divided by ( ), the degree of ( ) must be less than or equal to the degree
of ( ) and the degree of the remainder must be less than the degree of
( ).
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
iii
)(
..................................................................................................................
(b)
is divided
........................................................................
)(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(c)
When
values of
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
is divided by
the remainder is
. Find the
and
(d)
given that
is divisible by
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4.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
When ( ) is divided by ( ) the degree of ( ) must be less than or equal to the degree of
( ).
( ) ( )
The expression, ( )
( ) ( )
Divide
iv
by
(ii)
and
if
is divisible by
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
5.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
When ( ) is divided by (
Substituting
) ( )
where
is a constant
When ( ) is divided by (
( )
) the remainder is ( )
is divided by
(b)
When
is divided by
theorem to find the value of .
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(c)
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
is divided
(d)
Given that
( ) ( )
and without actual division.
) factorise
(e)
is divided by
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
6.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
FACTOR THEOREM
When ( ) is divided by (
) and ( )
a root of ( ) or a zero of ( )
Proof:
By the remainder theorem, ( )
( ) ( )
( )
Since ( ) is a factor, then
Hence ( )
and ( )
( ) ( )
Therefore (
) is a factor of ( )
Factorisation of Polynomials
possible zero.
( )(
Hence
and
(
(
)(
and therefore
( )
) is a factor.
( )
By inspection,
)
)
and hence
(
)(
)(
since
)
)(
When factorizing polynomials, the method is basically searching for a factor using trial and
error. In this search we try only the factors of the constant term,
makes ( )
If the degree of ( ) is 3, then we need to find only one value as the quotient will be a
quadratic and we use inspection to find the quadratic and further factorise if possible.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(a)
(i)
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
vi
) is divisible by (
).
(ii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(b)
(i)
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
and
given that
is divisible by
(ii)
factorise
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LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
7.
Result 1
( )
If the polynomial
zeroes
factor of ( )
) then (
(where
)(
)(
has
) (
distinct
) is a
Proof
is a zero of ( ) then ( ) = 0 and hence ( ) can be expressed in the form
( )
is a zero of
. But
distinct.
(
) = 0 and hence (
( )
) is a factor of
)(
is a zero of ( ) then (
But
Hence
( )
( ) and hence
( )
)(
( )
( )
)(
and hence (
)
) is a factor of
( )
( )
and therefore ( )
)(
( )
)(
( )
)(
)(
( )
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(a)
(i)
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
vii
(ii)
Hence factorise
( ).
(b)
Show that (
)(
) is a factor of ( )
m and n are positive integers.
) where
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
Result 2
If the polynomial ( )
has n distinct
then ( )
zeroes
)(
)(
) where the
Proof
are distinct zeroes of ( ) then the product
Since
(
)(
)(
From result 1, ( )
) is a factor of ( )
)(
)(
( ) is .
)(
)(
( )
Result 3
( )
A polynomial
have more than
of degree
cannot
real zeroes.
Proof
Suppose that ( ) has
Hence ( )
But ( )
Therefore(
)(
)(
) ( )
as zeros.
)(
)(
)(
) ( )
is a constant.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
Result 4
( )
If polynomial
Proof
Assume there are (
) zeroes
and .
are zeroes of ( ) then
)(
, and therefore
Hence either
But
or
)(
)(
)(
(
)
or ..or
or
is distinct from
therefore
Hence ( )
and since
are distinct zeroes of ( ) then
( )
But ( )
, therefore
)(
)(
)(
)(
)
)
(
(
)
)
and therefore
since
and therefore
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
Result 5
If ( )
( ) are polynomials each of degree , and are equal for all values of x then
where
and
are
Proof
Let ( )
and
( )
Then
( )
distinct values of .
( ) = .
Therefore { ( )
( ) is a polynomial of degree
distinct zeroes.
and hence ()
()
( )
Using result 4:
(
, (
Therefore,
,
Hence ( )
and thus ( )
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LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
viii
if the polynomials ( )
)(
and
(b)
( )
(i)
Write down (
) and
( )
..
(ii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iii)
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
(iv)
Hence state general results for the coefficients of odd and even powers of
polynomial is even or odd.
when a
Prove that 2,
3 are zeroes of ( )
(ii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
(i)
)(
(ii)
Given that ( )
, show that ( )
(iii)
..............................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
SOLUTIONS
i
(a)
(b)
(c)
The degree of
(d)
ii
Discussion Question 1
No
iii
(a)
(b)
3x 8
x 7 8x 6 x 5
( )
22 x 4 49 x 3
x2
46 x 45
( )
(c)
(d)
iv
(x2
(i)
4)( x 3) 8x 11
(ii)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(e)
vi
(c)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
vii
(
(
)(
) (
)(
(a)
(ii)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 2 5)
viii
(a)
(b)
ix
(i)
( )
Discussion Question
Even.
Copyright MATRIX EDUCATION 2012
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 7: POLYNOMIALS 1
(ii)
xi
(iii)
( )
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
1.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
OVERVIEW OF POLYNOMIALS 2
Complex Numbers
Quadratic
Polynomials
Long Division
Conics
Polynomials 1
Curve Sketching
Sums and
Products of Roots
Inequalities
Roots of Cubics
and Quartics
Even though polynomials are relatively simple objects, solving polynomial equations is not a
trivial task. Indeed most cubic equations cannot be solved unless we get a lit bit lucky in
guessing an initial root. We can then use long division to find the other roots. This process of
guessing followed by long division is the only technique we have once we hit the cubic level.
Similarly factorising a random polynomial is also an impossible task.
You saw in term 2 however that if a polynomial is presented in factored form, the sketch of
its graph is immediately accessible. This theory will be revisited in this lesson.
We will close off this terms work with the theory of roots and coefficients. Even though most
polynomial equations cannot be solved we can still extract surprisingly useful information
regarding the roots without actually finding the roots. This is a natural extension of the theory
of sums and product of roots from the 2 unit syllabus. It is examined directly in the early
stages of the Extension 1 paper and is an essential tool in many of the harder Extension 2
questions where polynomial equations spring naturally from the theory of conics and
inequalities.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
2.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
The equation ( )
where ( )
is a
Any value of
Since ( )
Example:
Solve the equation
Note to Students:
Our only option is to guess! Try integers which divide into the constant term.
Solution:
Step 1:
Factorise
and
hence
(
) or (
) to find a zero.
is a factor
)(
) by inspection
Step 2:
)(
)(
)(
)(
)
)(
then
or
or
or
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
(ii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
(iii)
Note to Students:
A fourth degree polynomial means that 2 guesses will probably be needed.
(iv)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
3.
( )(
)(
Note to Students:
We have explored this in Term 2, Lesson 2 where we needed to graph equations to solve
inequalities.
Example:
Sketch the curve
)(
)(
).
Solution
Step 1:
Find the
Step 2:
Find the
Step 3:
)(
)( )
( )(
axis at
)(
)(
)(
).
, and
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
)(
)(
(ii)
)(
)(
Note to Students:
The does almost nothing. There is certainly no root at
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
Note to Students:
Recall:
Even powers bounce off the -axis
Odd powers cut the -axis
Example:
) (
Solution
Step 1:
Find the
and
intercepts:
hence
intercept:
Step 2:
or 1
( ) (
Step 3:
axis at
axis at
( )(
axis at
) (
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
) (
(ii)
)(
)(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Example:
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
) (
Solution:
Step 1:
Find the
and
intercepts:
intercept:
Step 2:
( )(
) ( )
axis at
There will
axis at
axis at
Step 3:
) (
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
)(
(ii)
)(
) (
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iii)
)(
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
Note to Students:
Testing a single point beyond the roots will clarify the orientation of the sketch.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
4.
Cubic Equations
are
)(
Hence
)(
)(
are also
)(
and .
and .
)
(
)
(
]
)
gives
gives
Hence if
and
then:
Proof:
(
)(
)
(
)
Page 201 of 213
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
Example:
and
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
)(
)(
Solution:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(
(
(iv)
(
(v)
(vi)
)(
)(
)
(
(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
If
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
ii
(i)
find:
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
If
(i)
find:
(ii)
(iii)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
(iv)
.
.
(v)
.
.
(vi)
)(
)(
.
.
.
.
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
iii
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(b)
The polynomial ( )
(i)
, and .
Explain why
(ii)
Show that
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iii)
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
Show that
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
Quartic Equations
If
and
The equation (
)(
)(
)(
(
Hence
[
)
)
)(
)(
)(
)
)
gives
gives
gives
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
If
and
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
iv
find:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
(vii)
.
.
(b)
(i)
4 x 2 5x 3 0 are
and
(ii)
.
.
.
(iii)
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
(iv)
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
)(
)(
)(
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
(v)
)(
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
Find
has roots
and .
(ii)
Find
(iii)
Find
roots were calculated using the quadratic formula and full marks were possible at the
expense of time, working and the likelihood of errors. There were a number of non-attempts
for part (iii) and quite a few incorrect attempts to add the fractions
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form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
Question 2
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
, where
(ii)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.
LESSON 8: POLYNOMIALS 2
SOLUTIONS
i
(ii)
(iii)
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
(iii)
(v)
(vi)
(ii)
(v)
(iii)
(vi)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(iv)
ii
(ii)
(ii)
(iii)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of Matrix Education.