ENGLISH 5Essay and Essay Writing Darryl P. Reyes III-AB Philosophy Chapter 5 WORDS, SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS Ms.

Cleofe O. Ciar November 26, 2013

I.

About Words A. A word is a sound or combination of sounds used in a language to sign a concept or an idea. B. Words may be classified in their point in time. 1. 2. Obsolete words were current at one time but have passed out of use. Archaic or rare words are rarely used today and are rapidly going out of use. 3. 4. C. Current words are used in daily conversations. News words are required by inventions, new ideas and new situations.

They may also vary according to the place in which they are used. 1. Dialect has been defined as the difference in words, sounds, stresses, phrasing and grammatical habits that are characteristic of a fairly definite regions. 2. A provincialism or a localism is a pronunciation, a word, or meaning of a word, or an idiom that from a natural and traceable historical reasons is current in one region and not in another.

D.

Variations also occur according to situations. 1. Language used by educated people are classified in two ways. a. b. 2. The literary level is used in formal speaking or writing. The informal or colloquial is used in everyday situations.

Substandard usage is not accepted by the educated. a. Slang is used by persons who lack intelligence or an education and who are childish or mentally lazy. b. Illiteracies often take the form of violations of elementary grammar or the use of barbarisms.

E.

A writer must avoid as possible using big words that are hard to understand for the reader.

F.

A word may be suitable according to any of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Denotation Connotation Melody Sense suggested by the sound

II.

About Sentences A. B. The young writer should do well to master sentence construction. The sentences should have unity with every sentence expressing a single connected thought. C. To achieve conciseness, less words must be used to achieve a more emphatic effect. D. Employing parallelism, sentence elements doing similar jobs should be constructed alike. E. F. In coherence, one should put the modifier nearest to the word it modifies. A good way to show which of the ideas the writer wishes to emphasize and which of them he wishes to tone down is to use subordination. G. H. I. J. Tense sequence must be observed. The skillful writer employs sentence variety. Experienced writers are careful to vary their sentence length. Figures of speech have been called ornaments of prose. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Simile Metaphor Hyperbole Personification Metonymy Irony Onomatopoeia Antithesis Allegory

10. 11. III. The Paragraph A.

Litotes Oxymoron

A paragraph is a group of closely related sentences which develop a single topic and develop either a single topic or a portion of a larger topic.

B.

Paragraph Length 1. Paragraphs in newspapers are generally shorter than those found in books. 2. Paragraphs in magazine articles average between 100 to 150 words.

C. D.

The topic sentence summarizes the idea of the paragraph. Ways to Develop the Paragraph 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Definition Examples Comparison and Contrast Cause and Effect Giving Reasons Analogy