Kendriya Vidyalaya no.

1, Jaipur

Physics Investigatory Project

a.c. to d.c. conversion (FULLWAVE RECTIFIER)

Under Guidance : Mr. R.Tetarwal Submitted By: Tanuj Sharma XII-B 12237

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master Tanuj Sharma is a bona fide student of class XII of Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1, Jaipur, Roll No.: 12240 Session 2012-2013. The project report on A.C. TO D.C. CONVERSION submitted by him is in fulfilment of class XII CBSE, board practical examination. It is further certified that the candidate did the project under my supervision and guidance. Mr. R.Tetarwal (PGT Physics) K.V.No.1, Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I selected this project as a part of my studies, titled A.C. TO D.C. CONVERSION, as a gratitude, I convey my sincere thanks to Mr.R.Tetarwal (PGT Physics K.V.No.1, Jaipur) who was the constant guide during the period of study. I also convey my thanks to my parents and my friends, without whose help it would not have been possible for me to complete this project and its submission in all India Senior Secondary Examination 2012-2013.

Tanuj Sharma XII B (12237) K. V. No. 1, Jaipur

A.C. TO D.C. CONVERTER

SYNOPSIS
A.C. converter is a device, which is used to convert an A.C. supply into D.C. supply through semi conductor diode. It finds its application in many fields of electricity. It is used in batteries eliminators, televisions, radios electroplating etc. I have studied about it and have recorded observations in this Project Report.

CONVERTER
It converts an A.C. supply into D.C. or D.C. into A.C. But in this project it converts A.C. into D.C. The converter which converts A.C. into D.C. is known as Rectifier and this process of converting into D.C. is known as RECTIFICATION. It mainly consist of four parts: 1. 2. 3. 4. Step Down Transformer Rectifier Filter Element Output

NECESSITY AND APPLICATION OF D.C.

D.C. output voltage which is practically constant is absolutely essential for electrolytic and electro chemical processes such as electroplating. Electrotyping electro refining production of aluminium, copper and other metals by electrolysis. D.C is also necessary for running of 1 ampere current for cinema projection and welding.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is device used for changing the form of electrical energy i.e. for converting a low voltage alternating current into high voltage alternating current or vice versa. When the low voltage A.C is converted into high voltage A.C. the transformer is called Step Up Transformer. When the high voltage A.C. current is converted into low voltage A.C. then the transformer is called Step Down Transformer.

PRINCIPLE
A transformer is essential in an A.C. device, which works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. when the strength of current in one circuit changes an induced E.M.F. is generated in the neighbouring circuit.

CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consist of two coils insulated from each other and wound on the same core. The coil to which the alternating electrical energy is supplied is called Primary Coil. The coil, from which output electricity energy is obtained, is known as Secondary Coil. It consist of very thin strips of special alloy of steel. These strips are insulated from other. This is done with a view to avoid energy losses due to currents.

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

For a given transformer = k constant. Here k is called

transformation ratio, Ns is no. of turns in secondary coil, Np is no. of turns in primary coil. In case of Step Down Transformer Es<Ep, where Ep is instantaneous value of E.M.F. applied to primary coil. Es is instantaneous value of E.M.F. applied to secondary coil. Es=voltage available is output.

=k

In step down transformer, the secondary coil consist of few turns of thick insulated copper wire and the primary consist of vary large no. of copper turns.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

For obtaining both halves of the input wave we use two semiconductor diodes.

ARRANGEMENT
D1 and D2 are teo semiconductor diodes. The sources of A.C. to be rectified is connected to primary P1, P2 of transformer. The ends S1, S2 of the transformer is connected to the plates of two semiconductor diodes. The output is taken across the resistance.

WORKING
During the half of input cycle, let P1 become negative(-) and P2 becomes positive(+). On account of mutual induction S1 becomes positive (+) and S2 becomes negative(-). Then upper p-n junction is in forward bias. The forward current flows on account of majority carriers of upper p-n junction diode in direction shown during other half cycle of input A.C., the upper p-n junction diode and vice versa. The forward current flows on account of the majority carriers of lower p-n junction diode. We use filter circuit.

ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. Copper Losses This is the energy loss in form of heat(I2R). 2. Iron Losses This is the energy wasted as heat due to the development of eddy currents. 3. Hysteresis Loss This is due to iron core undergoing repeated cycle of magnetisation and de-magnetisation when an E.M.F. is applied. 4. Leakage of Magnetic Flux Owing to imperfect insulation and winding, sources of the magnetic flux leaks out.

FILTER CIRCUIT
The variation in the amplitude of the output voltage must be smoothed out to make the rectified D.C. voltage suitable for satisfactory operation of p-n junction diode. The variation in output is known as ripple, those circuits which are used to remove ripple known as Filter Circuit. Filter circuits are used for establishing action of shunt capacitor and the circuit smoothing action of a series choke. Depending upon whether the first component is as capacitor input filter. This is known as type filter because of its configuration. The choke value varies from 10 to 15H. A small fluctuation is still present in filter output, but this current have very small fraction of the D.C.. Out voltage is practically constant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics NCERT TEXTBOOK Modern Physics by K.B.Raja(Ph.D.) www.google.com www.wikipedia.com