1

Subject code: CE41615/ CE60041

Subject name: Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity/ Applied Elasticity and Plasticity
Exercise 2 (Material Description) Due date: August 17, 2012 (Friday)

1. Starting from the constitutive relation for an orthotropic material show that the number of
independent elastic constants for a transversely isotropic material is 5.

2. Show that for an isotropic linear elastic solid the principal axes of the stress and strain
tensors coincide, and develop an expression for the relationship among their principal
values.
3. An orthotropic material has the following properties: E
x
=50MPa, E
y
=18MPa, G
xy
=9MPa
and
xy
=0.25. Determine the first principal direction for the stresses and strains at a point
on a free surface where the following strains were measured:
xx
=800,
yy
=200 and
xy
=
300. [Ans. Stress:
1
=4.45
o
or -175.55
o
, Strains :
1
=13.3
o
or -166.7
o
]

4. Let the stress and strain tensors be decomposed into their respective spherical and deviator
components as, o
]
=
1
3
o

o
]
+S
]
and e
]
=
1
3
e

o
]
+p
]
. Show that strain energy density
W may be written as the sum of a dilatation energy density and distortion energy density as,
w =
1
6
o

e
]]
+
1
2
S

p
]]

5. Assuming a state of uniform compressive stress o
]
=po
]
, show that the bulk modulus
(ratio of pressure to volume change) may be given by, K =
L
3(1-2v)
=
(3x+2)
3
, where z and p
are the Lam constants.
6. If elastic constants E, K and G are required to be positive, show that the Poissons ratio must
satisfies the inequality 1<v <
1
2
. Where E, k and G are respectively the Youngs
modulus, the bulk modulus and the shear modulus.
7. The stress tensor at P is given with respect to Ox
1
x
2
x
3
with units of MPa by
o =_
4 b b
b 7 2
b 2 4
_
where b is unspecified. If o
3
=3MPa and o
1
=2o
2
. Determine the principal stress direction
of o
2
.
2

8. A body under applied loads and body forces produces the following displacement field
u =0 : =Kx(y
2
z
2
) +Koxz w = 2Kxyz Koxy
where, u, v and w are displacements in the x, y and z directions respecitvely. Assume a
linear, elastic, isotropic, homogeneous material with modulus of elasticity E and Poisson
ratio . Determine all the strtess components at x =2a in terms of K, a, E, , y, and z.

9. Show that the strain energy density may be expressed in terms of strain invariants as,
u = [
1
2
z +p I
c
2
2pII
c

where z and p are are the Lam constants and I
c
and II
c
are respectively the first and second
strain invariants. Explain why U does not depend in the third invariant.

References
Sadd H. M., Elasticity Theory, Applications and Numerics (Chapter 6)
Mase G. T, Smelser R. E., MAse G. E, Continuum Mechanics for Engineers (Chapter 6.1 6.3 )*
Reddy J. N, An introduction to continuum mechanics with application (Chapter 6.1 6.2.7)*

* Photocopy given in the class.