!

"#$%&$ (&$%&)

Eric Augustus J. Tingatinga, Ph.D.
Institute of Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman
*&+,%-",
A Fourier
*
series may be defined as a
decomposition of a function or any time
series into the sum or integral of harmonic
waves (sines and cosines) of different
frequencies.




*
Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) made important contributions to the study of
heat conduction.
.//0%12-",)
lL ls a Lool ln absLracL analysls, maLhemaucal
physlcs, slgnal processlng, elecLromagneusm,
sLausucs, radlo communlcauon, eLc.
ln englneerlng selsmology, lourler analysls
enables us Lo undersLand Lhe frequency conLenL
of an earLhquake accelerogram.
lL provldes an lndlspenslble Lool ln solvlng
3%4&$&,-20 &5#2-",).
6278 $&9%&:
erlodlc funcuon.
Cdd and Lven luncuons.
odd:
even:
roperues

f !x
( )
= ! f x
( )
f !x
( )
= f x
( )
f x +T
( )
= f x
( )
1. even + even = even, odd + odd = odd.
2. even x even = even, odd x odd = even.
3. even x odd = odd
4. even' = odd, odd' = even.
;<2=/0&
1. Whlch of Lhese funcuons are even, odd, or nelLher?
;<2=/0&
1. Whlch of Lhe followlng funcuons ls even?
a. f(x) = x
4
+ x
3
c. g(x) = x
4
+ x
2
b. h(x) = x
3
+ x
3
d. k(x) = x
3
+ x
2. Whlch of Lhe followlng funcuons ls odd?
a. f(x) = 3x
4
- 4x
3
c. g(x) = 3x
4
+ 3x
2
b. h(x) = 6x
3
- x
3
d. k(x) = x
6
+ 8x
2

3. Clven f(x) = x
2
+ 1, g(x) = x
3
- 3x, h(x) = x
4
- 4x
2
, whlch of Lhe
followlng producLs ls even?
a. f(x)g(x)

c. g(x)h(x)

b. f(x)h(x) d. f(x) g(x) h(x)
7. Clven f(x) = x
2
+ 1, g(x) = x
3
- 3x, h(x) = 3x
3
+ 2x
3
, whlch of Lhe
followlng producLs ls odd?
a. f(x)g(x)

c. g(x)h(x)

b. [f(x)]
2
d. f(x) g(x) h(x)
6278 $&9%&:
1he lnLegral of an odd funcuon from -A Lo +A ls zero (where A
ls nlLe, and Lhe funcuon has no verucal asympLoLes beLween
-A and A).
1he lnLegral of an even funcuon from -A Lo +A ls Lwlce Lhe
lnLegral from 0 Lo +A (where A ls nlLe, and Lhe funcuon has
no verucal asympLoLes beLween -A and A. 1hls also holds Lrue
when A ls lnnlLe, buL only lf Lhe lnLegral converges).
6278 $&9%&:
1he slne and coslne Lerms are a seL of
orLhogonal funcuons:
sin
2m!t
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
'T/2
T/2
(
sin
2n!t
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
dt =
T
2
"
mn
1'"
m0
( )
,
cos
2m!t
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
'T/2
T/2
(
cos
2n!t
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
dt =
T
2
"
mn
1+"
m0
( )
,
cos
2m!t
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
'T/2
T/2
(
sin
2n!t
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
dt = 0, for all m, n.
!"#$%&$ (&$%&)
lor an arblLrary funcuon f(t) dened over Lhe lnLerval
-T/2 < t < T/2,



where
f (t) = a
0
+ a
n
cos
2!nt
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
n=1
'
(
+ b
n
sin
2!nt
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
n=1
'
(
.
a
0
=
1
T
f t
( )
dt
!T/2
T/2
"
a
n
=
2
T
f t
( )
cos
2!nt
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
dt
'T/2
T/2
(
b
n
=
2
T
f t
( )
sin
2!nt
T
!
"
#
$
%
&
dt
'T/2
T/2
(
(#11&))%9& 7&$=) "> 2 !"#$%&$ (&$%&)
?"7&)
1he lourler serles represenLauon of an "33 >#,1-",
conslsLs of only slne funcuons, l.e., a
n
=0,
lf Lhe funcuon ls &9&,, Lhe lourler serles lncludes
only coslne Lerms, l.e., b
n
=0.
1erms wlLh small n are longer-perlod funcuons,
whereas Lhose wlLh larger n reproduce Lhe shorLer-
perlod feaLures.
f (t) = a
0
+ a
n
cos!
n
t,
n=1
!
"
f (t) = b
n
sin!
n
t,
n=1
!
"
;<2=/0& @
SawLooLh wave


f (t) =
t, 0 ! t ! !
t "2!, ! ! t ! 2!.
#
$
%
&
%
Soluuon 1
Pere, and





Lherefore
, ) 1 (
2
cos cos
2
sin
2
sin
1
, 0 cos
1
1
0
0
0
+
!
!
! =
"
#
$
%
&
'
+ ! =
= =
= =
(
( (
(
n
n
n
n
ntdt nt t
n
ntdt t ntdt t b
ntdt t a
)
)
) )
)
)
)
)
) )
)
T = 2!
f t
( )
= t
f (t) = t = 2 sint !
sin2t
2
+
sin3t
3
!!+(!1)
n+1
sinnt
n
+!
"
#
$
%
&
'
.
Soluuon
Figure shows f(t) for the sum of 4, 6, and 10 terms
of the series.
f (t) = t = 2 sint !
sin2t
2
+
sin3t
3
!!+(!1)
n+1
sinnt
n
+!
"
#
$
%
&
'
.
;<2=/0& A
Square Wave. The analysis of a square wave in terms
of its Fourier components may occur in electronic circuits
designed to handle sharply rising pulses.


, ) (
, 0 ) (
h x f
x f
=
=
. 0
, 0
!
!
< <
< < "
x
x
Soluuon 2






a
0
=
1
2!
hdx
0
!
!
=
h
2
,
a
n
=
1
!
hcosnx dx
0
!
!
= 0
b
n
=
1
!
hsinnx dx
0
!
!
=
h
n!
(1"cosn!) =
2h
n!
, n = odd
0, n = even.
#
$
%
&
%
;
f (x) =
h
2
+
2h
!
(
sin x
1
+
sin3x
3
+
sin5x
5
+!).
1herefore
Soluuon 2







Gibbs Phenomenon. The peculiar manner in which the
Fourier series of a piecewise continuously differentiable
periodic function behaves at a jump discontinuity.
;<2=/0& B
Full Wave Rectifier. Let us ask how the output of
a full wave rectifier approaches pure direct
current. Our rectifier may be thought of as
having passed the positive peaks of an incoming
sine and inverting the negative peaks.
, sin ) (
, sin ) (
t x f
t x f
!
!
" =
=
. 0
, 0
< < !
< <
t
t
" #
# "