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HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

subj Domanda 040 The changes in atmospheric gas pressure with altitude are: RispostaA non-linear, with a higher rate of change at lower levels 10 000 ft #pproximately '" - 40 000 ft( RispostaB rises with altitude RispostaC RispostaD Ch !" decreases in a linear manner with decreases more slowly at lower altitude altitudes compared with at higher levels 14 000 ft 1" 000 ft )) 000 ft #pproximately '* 000 ft(

040 Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is e uivalent to !reathing am!ient air at: 040 #t what altitude $!reathing 100% oxygen without pressure% could symptoms of hypoxia !e expected& 040 +ou can survive at any altitude, provided that

" 000 ft #pproximately 10 - 1) 000 ft(

enough oxygen, pressure and heat is availa!le )1% oxygen is availa!le in the air you !reath in pressure respiration is guaranteed the temperature in the ca!in does for that altitude not drop !elow 10, 040 #t which altitude is it necessary to !reathe 100% oxygen plus pressure after #pproximately 40 000 ft( #pproximately 14 000 ft( #pproximately )0 000 ft( #pproximately *0 000 ft( a rapid decompression & 040 .hen a pilot suffers from hypothermia $e(g( after loss of ca!in heating% initially increased unaffected reduced giving a !etter tolerance raised leading to an increased his/her demand for oxygen will !e: to hypoxia at higher altitudes tolerance to hypoxia 040 0atigue and stress lower the tolerance to hypoxia increase the tolerance to hypoxia do not affect hypoxia at all will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying !elow 1* 000 feet 040 The atmosphere contains the following gases: 1"% nitrogen, )1% oxygen, 0,0'% car!on 1"% nitrogen, )1% oxygen, 1% car!on 1"% helium, )1% oxygen, 1% 1"% helium, )1% oxygen, 0,0'% dioxide, rest: rare gases monoxide, rest: rare gases car!on monoxide, rest: rare gases car!on dioxide, rest: rare gases 040 The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is )1% which is constant at all altitudes for conventional decreases with increasing altitude increases with increasing altitude is dependent on the present air aircraft pressure 040 The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately '4 000 )1% *% 10,*% 4)% ft is: 040 The respiratory process consists mainly of the diffusion of oxygen through the the transportation of oxygen to the cells and the the transportation of oxygen to the transportation of car!on respiratory mem!ranes into the !lood, elimination of car!on monoxide the cells and the elimination of dioxide to the cells and transportation to the cells, diffusion into the nitrogen elimination of oxygen cells and elimination of car!on dioxide from the !ody 040 2nhaling car!on monoxide can !e extremely dangerous during flying( -ar!on monoxide is odourless and -ar!on monoxide increases the oxygen .ith increasing altitude the 3mall amounts of car!on .hich of the following statements is correct& colourless( saturation in the !lood( negative effects of car!on monoxide are harmless( monoxide poisoning can !e compensated for( 040 -ar!on monoxide poisoning is more li4ely to occur in aeroplanes where is more li4ely to occur in aeroplanes with twin- only occurs in 5et-driven occurs only a!ove 1* degrees the ca!in heating is supplied !y passing ca!in engines !ecause of high engine efficiency aeroplanes 6#T air over the exhaust manifold$s% 040 .hich of the following applies to car!on monoxide poisoning& 3everal days are needed to recuperate from a # very early symptom of car!on monoxide The human !ody shows no sign 2nhaling car!on monoxide leads to car!on monoxide poisoning( poisoning is euphoria( of car!on monoxide poisoning( hyperventilation( 040 7ow is oxygen mainly transported in the !lood& 7aemoglo!in in the red !lood cells( .hite !lood cells( 8lasma( Blood fat( 040 .hich gas most readily com!ines with haemoglo!in& 040 .hich of the following is true concerning car!on monoxide& 040 #n increase in the amount of car!on dioxide in the !lood leads to: 040 The rate and depth of !reathing is primarily controlled !y: 040 2n the alveoli gas exchange ta4es place $external respiration%( .hich gas will diffuse from the !lood into the lungs& 040 .hich statement is correct & car!on monoxide nitrogen oxygen 2t has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen( a reduction of red !lood cells the amount of nitrogen in the !lood 6xygen( The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sealevel( Ta4e an upright seat position( car!on dioxide 2t is always present in the lungs( an improving resistance to hypoxia the total atmospheric pressure -ar!on monoxide(

2t is to !e found in the smo4e of cigarettes 2t com!ines * times faster to the haemoglo!in lifting up a smo4er9s ,physiological altitude,( than oxygen( an increased respiratory rate a decrease of acidity in the !lood the amount of car!on dioxide in the !lood -ar!on dioxide( the amount of car!on monoxide in the !lood #m!ient air(

040 7ow can a pilot increase his tolerance to :;< & 040 7ypoxia is caused !y

6xygen diffusion from the !lood into the 6xygen is mainly transported in plasma( cells depends on the partial oxygen pressure gradient( Tightening of the stomach muscles( Tighten shoulder harness( reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung

6xygen diffusion from the lungs into the !lood does not depend on partial oxygen pressure( =elax the muscles and lean upper !ody forward( an increased num!er of red !lood a higher affinity of the red !lood cells cells $haemoglo!in% to oxygen

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 7ypoxia can !e caused !y: 1( low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere when flying at high altitudes without pressurisation and supplemental oxygen )( a decreased saturation of oxygen in the !lood due to car!on monoxide attached to the haemoglo!in '( !lood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia $: ;<% 4( malfunction of the !ody cells to meta!oli<e oxygen 040 # pilot may suffer from hypoxia RispostaA 1, ), ' and 4 are correct RispostaB 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false RispostaC 1 is false, ), ' and 4 are correct RispostaD 1, ), ' are correct, 4 is false Ch !"

after decompression at high altitude and not using additional oxygen in time

after decompression to '0 000 feet and using 100 % oxygen via an oxygen mas4

040 .hy is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo&

3ince the first signs of hypoxia are generally >ifficulties in controlling the aircraft( hard to detect( ?isual distur!ances, lac4 of concentration, euphoria( Aac4 of concentration, fatigue, euphoria @ausea and !arotitis( 8ain in the 5oints

040 The symptoms of hypoxia include: 040 .hich of the following is/are the symptom$s% of hypoxia &

if his rate of clim! exceeds * 000 if he/she is flying an ft/min unpressurised airplane at an altitude of 1* 000 feet and !reathing 100 % oxygen 7ypoxia improves night vision # solo pilot is more prone to therefore the pilot will have no illusions( indication of danger( >ull headache and !ends( >i<<iness, hypothermia( Aow !lood pressure

040 .hich statement applies to hypoxia&

sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to person

040 7ypoxia can !e caused !y

040 .hich symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight & 040 # pilot, clim!ing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass the ,critical threshold, at approximately: 040 Breathing 100% will elevate the pilot9s physiological safe altitude to approximately: 040 The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are 040 .ith hyperventilation, caused !y high levels of arousal or overstress:

a lac4 of red !lood cells in the !lood or decreased a!ility of the haemoglo!in to transport oxygen The degradation of reasoning and perceptive >i<<iness( functions( )0 000 ft 1C 000 ft 40 000 ft euphoria and impairment of 5udgement an increased amount of car!on dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even unconsciousness vision 10 000

Bxcessive rate and depth of !reathing com!ined with pains in the chest area car!on monoxide increases the tolerance of the you may !ecome immune to it is possi!le to predict when, how !rain to oxygen deficiency hypoxia when exposed repeatedly and where hypoxia reaction starts to hypoxia to set in a lac4 of nitrogen in am!ient air too much car!on dioxide in the increasing oxygen partial pressure !lood used for the exchange of gases Aac4 of adaptation( 1" 000 ft )) 000 ft Aac4 of accommodation( '" 000 ft 4* 000 ft

hyperventilation finger nails and lips will turn !lue $,cyanosis,%

sensation of heat and !lurred !reathlessness and reduced night vision vision more oxygen will reach the !rain peripheral and scotopic vision will !e improved sense of !alance car!on monoxide Tar proprioceptive sensitivity lead -ar!on dioxide

040 .hen flying at night the first sense to !e affected !y a slight degree of hypoxia is the 040 The carcinogen $a su!stance with the a!ility to produce modifications in tar cells which develop a cancer% in the !ronchi of the lungs is 040 6ne of the su!stances present in the smo4e of cigarettes can ma4e it -ar!on monoxide significantly more difficult for the red !lood cells to transport oxygen and as a conse uence contri!utes to hypoxia( .hich su!stance are we referring to& 040 The group of tiny !ones $the hammer, anvil and stirrup% are situated in the middle ear 040 The semicircular canals form part of the 040 2t is inadvisa!le to fly when suffering from a cold( The reason for this is: inner ear

cochlea nicotine -ar!onic anhydride

the inner ear middle ear gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum

the outer ear ear drum

the maxillary sinus external ear swollen tissue in the Bustachian tu!e will cause permanent hearing loss when no semicircular canal is stimulated of the immediate sta!ili<ation of the aircraft

pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents

040 The so-called -oriolis effect $a conflict in information processing in the !rain% in spatial disorientation occurs: 040 .hen stopping the rotation of a spin we have the sensation

on stimulating several semicircular canals simultaneously that we are starting a spin into the opposite direction

swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic mem!rane on stimulating the saccule and the utricle of the on stimulating the cochlea inner ear intensely of turning in the same direction of the sharp dipping of the nose of the aircraft

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hich of the following symptoms can mar4 the onset of hyperventilation& >i<<y feeling 040 6ut of the list of possi!le measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most effective measure is: 040 .hat event can cause a hyperventilation $not re uired !y physical need%& 1( 8ressure !reathing( )( #nxiety or fear( '( 6verstress( 4( 3trong pain( *( Dogging( 040 .hich of the following could a pilot experience when he is hyperventilating& 1( >i<<iness )( Euscular spasms '( ?isual distur!ances 4( -yanosis 040 .hat could cause hyperventilation & RispostaA 3low heart !eat hold !reath 6nly ) and ' are correct RispostaB RispostaC 3low rate of !reathing avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres 1,),',4 and * are correct RispostaD -yanosis $!lueing of lips and finger nails% spea4 soothingly and get the person to !reathe slowly 1and * are !oth false Ch !"

!reathe into a plastic or paper !ag 1,),' and 4 are correct, * is false

1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false

1,) and 4 are correct, ' is false

1 is false, all others are correct

) and 4 are false

0ear, anxiety and distress

#!use of alcohol there is a low -6-pressure in the !lood 4*000 0T the time !efore !ecoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss

Bxtreme low rate of !reathing he/she is flying a tight turn C0000 0T

0atigue there is an increased !lood flow to the !rain "0000 0T

040 # pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of time may even the pilot is emotionally aroused !ecome unconscious( 7yperventilation is li4ely to occur, when: 040 Breathing pure oxygen $without pressure% will !e sufficient up to an altitude 40000 0T of: 040 TF- $Time of Fseful -onsciousness% is: the length of time during which an individual can act with !oth mental and physical efficiencyG measured from the moment at which he/she is exposed to hypoxia 040 The ,Bffective 8erformance Time, or ,Time of Fseful -onsciousness, after !etween '0 and C0 seconds a decompression at '* 000 ft is: 040 The time !etween inade uate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called varies individually and depends on ca!in TF- $Time of Fseful -onsciousness%( 2t pressure altitude 040 #fter a decompression to 4' 000 0T the TF- $Time of Fseful *-1* seconds -onsciousness% will !e approximately: 040 0lights immediately after 3-FB#-diving $compressed gas mixtures, are for!idden !ottles% $I10 m depth% 040 8ain in the Doints $,!ends,% is a symptom of: decompression sic4ness 040 #fter a ca!in pressure loss in approximately '* 000 0T the TF- $Time of Fseful -onsciousness% will !e approximately: 040 +ou suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sic4ness symptoms( .hat should you do !efore flying & 040 0lying immediately following a dive with 3-FB# diving e uipment $I 10 m depth% is for!idden !ecause it: 040 3ymptoms of decompression sic4ness 040 >ecompression sic4ness symptoms may develop due to '0 -40 seconds see4 prompt aeromedical advice

the time after pressure loss until the time !etween the start of decompression sic4ness sets in hypoxia and death

approximately ' minutes is the same amount of time for every person '0-4* seconds can !e performed without any danger !arotrauma 10-1* seconds nothing, you may fly immediately

approximately * minutes is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure 4*-C0 seconds

less than )0 seconds varies individually and does not depend on altitude C0-H0 seconds

are allowed, if '"000 0T are not should !e avoided !ecause exceeded hypoxia may develop air-sic4ness hypoxia '-4 minutes * minutes or more

can cause decompression sic4ness even when prevents any dangers caused !y >-3 flying at pressure altitudes !elow 1" 000 0T $decompression sic4ness% when clim!ing to altitudes not exceeding '0 000 0T are !ends, cho4es, creeps and neurological are only relevant when diving symptoms ca!in pressure loss when flying at higher sudden pressure surges in the ca!in at altitudes altitudes $a!ove 1"000 0T% !elow 1"000 0T

delay your next flight for C hours see4 aeromedical advice only if the symptoms !ecome apparent has no influence on altitude will always lead to hypoxia flights can only develop at altitudes of more than 40000 0T emergency descents after a ca!in pressure loss are flatulence and pain in the middle ear fast flights from a high-pressure <one into a low pressure area when flying an unpressurised aeroplane sinuses hyperventilation !arosinusitis 8ilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to prevent !arotrauma in the middle ear is only caused !y colds and their effects

040 The function of the Bustachian tu!e is to e ualise the pressure !etween the: middle ear and the external atmosphere

040 >isruptions of pressure e uali<ation in air-filled cavities of the head $nose, !arotrauma ear etc(% are called: 040 Barotrauma caused !y gas accumulation in the stomach and intestines can pressure pain or flatulence !arotitis lead to: 040 .hat counter-measure can !e used against !arotrauma of the middle ear& -lose the mouth, pinch the nose tight and 2ncrease rate of descent !low out there!y increasing the pressure in the mouth and throat( #t the same time try to swallow or move lower 5aw 040 Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose is caused !y differences in pressure !etween only arises in flying and not in diving the sinus cavities and the outside air pressure

sinuses of the nose and the external atmosphere nose, throat and the external atmosphere em!olism hypoxia decompression sic4ness 3top clim!ing, start descent

is an irritation of the sinuses caused !y the over-use of nasal

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA descend to a lower altitude RispostaB clim! to a higher altitude 040 Bven at normal ca!in altitudes $i(e( around "000 ft% you can get severe a!dominal pain and flatulence after eating gas forming foods or fi<<y drin4s( The correct counter-measure is: 040 # !arotrauma of the middle ear RispostaC sprays perform ,valsalva manoeuvre, RispostaD use supplemental oxygen Ch !"

040 Trapped intestinal gases can cause severe pain( .hen is this the case&

040 .hich counter-measure can a pilot can use against a !arotrauma of the middle ear& 040 Barotrauma of the middle ear most li4ely will occur 040 Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied !y 040 The ris4 of a !arotrauma of the middle ear is more li4ely to occur 040 The 3eat-of-the-8ants 3ense is including receptors in the

is more li4ely, when the pilot is flying with a is only caused !y large pressure changes during causes severe pain in the sinuses is to !e expected during rapid respiratory infection and during descent clim! decompressions, !ut an emergency descent immediately following the decompression will eliminate the pro!lem Eore fre uent when flying a!ove 1" 000 0T #t lower altitudes( 6nly in pressuri<ed aircraft when >uring descent as well as during in a non-pressuri<ed aircraft( flying at higher flight levels( clim!, when the ca!in pressure altitude exceeds ) 000 0T 3top descending, clim! again and then 2ncrease the rate of descent 3top chewing and swallowing Fse drugs against a cold descend with reduced sin4 rate movements when descending rapidly during a long high altitude flight when clim!ing in sudden steep turns a reduction in hearing a!ility and the feeling di<<iness of increasing pressure with colds and rapid descents with colds and fast clim!s semicircular canals the nose is pinched a !acterial infection of the middle ear noises in the ear with colds and slow ascents utriculus and sacculus you !reath through the mouth a dilatation of the Bustachian tu!e a!out '0 items allow the pilot to determine the a!solute vertical at flight condition useful for instrument and contact flight acceleration of the stomach $nausea% JT $<onal time%( ), ' and 4 are correct , 1 is false .ait at least C0 minutes to nightadapt !efore he ta4es off the danger of a ,greying out, will ma4e it impossi!le to determine the height a!ove the terrain 0aster, deep inhalation, sta!!ing pain around the heart( can !e used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space pain in the 5oints after a decompression s4in only !arotrauma exists in the sinuses an infection of the middle ear caused !y rapid decompression unlimited are important senses for flight training in 2Ethe only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in 2Epressure of the heart on the diaphragm FT- $universal time coordinated%( ), ' and 4 are false, only 1 is correct 3elect meals with high contents of vitamin B and pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information =ising of the !lood pressure, pupils narrowing, sta!!ing pain around the heart( can !e used as a reference for determining attitude when operating in visual and instrument meteorological conditions will effect the pilots !inocular vision

muscles, tendons and 5oints sensitive to the position and movement of !ody parts 040 B uali<ation of pressure is limited !etween the middle ear and the am!ient, the Bustachian tu!e is !loc4ed when: 040 # !arotrauma of the middle ear is: an acute or chronic trauma to the middle ear caused !y a difference of pressure on either side of the eardrum 040 The maximum num!er of unrelated items that can !e stored in wor4ing a!out 1 items memory is: 040 The proprioceptive senses $seat-of-the-pants sense% are important for motor are completely unrelia!le for orientation coordination( They when flying in 2E040 The so-called ,3eat-of-the-8ants, sense is not suita!le for spatial orientation when outside visual references are lost 040 3ensory input to the ,3eat-of-the-8ants, sense is given !y su!cutaneous pressure receptors and 4inesthetic muscle activity sensors 040 0lying from 0ran4furt to Eoscow you will have a lay-over of 4 days( .hat AT $local time%( time measure is relevant for your circadian rhythm on the '( day& 040 6rientation in flight is accomplished !y 1( eyes )( utriculus and sacculus '( 1, ), ' and 4 are correct semicircular canals 4( 3eat-of-the-pants-3ense 040 .hat should a pilot do to optimise his/her night vision $scotopic vision%& @ot smo4e !efore start and during flight and avoid flash-!lindness 040 >uring poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to perception of distance and speed is difficult instruments !ecause: in an environment of low contrast 040 .hat are clearly discerna!le indications of stress&

very limited - only ' items indicate the difference !etween gravity and ;forces only to !e used !y experienced pilots with the permission to fly in 2E!lood rushing into legs EBJ $middle european time%( only 1 and 4 are correct #void food containing high amounts of vitamin # his attention will !e distracted automatically under these conditions

8erspiration, flushed s4in, dilated pupils, fast Aowering of the !lood pressure( !reathing( can give false inputs to !ody orientation when visual reference is lost is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the correct !ody position in space

040 The ,3eat-of-the-8ants-3ense,

040 2lluminated anti-collision lights in 2E-

can cause disorientation

can cause colour-illusions

will improve the pilots depth perception

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA 040 # shining light is fading out $i( e( when flying into fog, dust or ha<e%( .hat The source of light moves away from him 4ind of illusion could the pilot get& 040 # pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways only( #pproaching a larger and wider runway can lead to: 040 The impression of an apparent movement of light when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the dar4 is called 040 ;enerally, the time re uired for dar4 adaptation is: an early or high ,round out, ,auto4inesis, '0 min RispostaB The source of light stands still RispostaC The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed a flatter than normal approach with the ris4 of ,duc4ing under, ,oculogyral illusion, 1/10 sec RispostaD The light source will ma4e the pilot !elieve, that he is clim!ing the ris4 to land short of the overrun ,oculografic illusion, 10 min Ch !"

a steeper than normal approach dropping low ,white out, 10 sec

040 .hich pro!lem may occur, when flying in an environment of low contrast difficult to estimate the correct speed and si<e impossi!le to detect o!5ects $fog, snow, dar4ness, ha<e%& Fnder these conditions it is: of approaching o!5ects 040 # pilot approaching an upslope runway may feel that he is higher than actual( This illusion may cause him to land short( is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long

040 The area in front of a threshold descends towards the threshold( 8ossi!le danger is: 040 .hat illusion may occur if an aircraft is flying into fog, snow or ha<e& 040 #daptation is 040 The time re uired for complete adaptation is 040 The re uirement of good sunglasses is to 040 3canning at night should !e performed !y:

approach is higher than normal and may to drop far !elow the glide path result in a long landing 6!5ects seem to !e farther away than in 6!5ects will appear closer than they really are reality the ad5ustment of the eyes to high or low the change of the diameter of the pupil levels of illumination for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and full dar4 adaptation '0 min for low levels of illumination '0 minutes a!sor! enough visi!le light to eliminate glare fit to the pilots individual taste without decreasing visual acuity slight eye movements to the side of the o!5ect scanning with one eye open

040 # pilot accustomed to landing on a wide runway may find, when approaching to a narrow runway, that he/she is at a: 040 0lic4ering light when reflected from spinning rotor !lades 040 #lcohol, even when ta4en in minor uantities

greater height than he actually is with the lower than actual height with the tendency to tendency to land short overshoot can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea has no effect can ma4e the !rain cells to !e more suscepti!le to hypoxia will stimulate the !rain, ma4ing the pilot resistant to hypoxia

040 # pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is flatter than normal approach with the at a greater height than he actually is( To compensate he may fly a tendency to undershoot 040 The proprioceptive senses $,3eat of-the-8ants-3ense,% give incorrect information, when outside visual reference is lost 040 .hen assessing an individual9s ris4 in developing coronary artery disease, 1, ), ' and 4 are correct the following factors may contri!ute: 1(o!esity )(distress '(smo4ing 4(family history 040 =esonance of the !ody parts can result from: vi!rations from 1 to 100 7< 040 7ypoxia will effect night vision 040 3tress management programmes usually involve: 040 The meta!olisation of alcohol 040 .hat does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells& 040 The fovea is at approximately *000 0T the prevention and/or the removal of stress is a uestion of time 7igh speed the area of !est day vision and no night vision at all

compensatory glide path and land long is a natural human instinct, always indicating the correct attitude ) and ' are correct, 1 and 4 are false

no pro!lem to estimate the impro!a!le to get visual illusions correct speed and si<e of approaching o!5ects esta!lishes a higher than normal esta!lishes a slower than normal approach speed approach speed with the ris4 of stalling out approach is lower than normal to mis5udge the length of the and may result in a short landing runway 6!5ects will appear !igger in si<e 6!5ects seem to move slower than than in reality in reality the reflection of the light at the the ad5ustment of the crystalline cornea lens to focus light on the retina for day and night: '0 min for night 10 sec and for day '0 min eliminate distortion in aircraft increase the time for dar4 windshields adaptation concentrated fixation on an avoiding food containing ?itamin o!5ect $image must fall on the # fovea% greater height and the impression lower height and the impression of landing short of landing slow can !e avoided when the stro!e- should !e avoided, !ecause it may lights are switched on destroy the optic nerve will have no effect at all may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of hypoxia are much !etter to !e identified compensatory glide path and stall higher than normal approach with out the tendency to overshoot can !e used, if trained, to avoid can neither !e used for motor spatial disorientation in 2Ecoordination in 2E- and ?E6nly ' is correct, 1, ) and 4 are 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false false acceleration along the longitudinal !ody axis and causes the auto4inetic phenomena only the prevention of stress angular velocity and causes hyperventilation the use of psychoactive drugs

vi!rations from 1C 7< to 1" 47< less than day vision only the removal of stress is uic4er when accustomed to drin4 it 6xygen deficiency the area of the !lind spot $optic disc%

can !e accelerated even more !y can !e influenced !y easily coffee o!tained medication #cceleration Toxic influence $alcohol, nicotine, medication% where the optic nerves come the area of !est day vision and together with the pupil !est night vision

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 2n order to completely resynchronise with local time after <one crossing, circadian rhythms re uire 040 The retina of the eye RispostaA less time when flying from east to west is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the photoreceptors essential for vision throat and the middle ear ;ravity and linear acceleration angular accelerations The Bustachian tu!e and the tympanic mem!rane $ear drum% The cochlea RispostaB more time when flying from east to west filters the F?-light RispostaC a!out one day per )(* hours of time shift is the muscle, changing the si<e of the crystalline lens nose, throat and the external auditory canal Ainear acceleration and angular acceleration relative speed and linear accelerations The cochlea The sacculus and utriculus The cochlea The sacculus and utriculus RispostaD a!out one wee4 per )(* hours of time shift only regulates the light that falls into the eye sinuses and the throat #ngular acceleration gravity The saccules and utricles The Bustachian tu!e The eustachian tu!e The Bustachian tu!e Ch !"

040 The Bustachian tu!e is the passage way !etween the 040 .hich force$s% affect$s% the otoliths in the utriculus and sacculus& 040 The semicircular canals of the inner ear monitor 040 .hich part of the ear could !e affected !y air pressure changes during clim! and/or descent& 040 .hich part of the inner ear is responsi!le for the perception of sound&

nose, throat and inner ear ;ravity alone movements with constant speeds The semicircular canals The semicircular canals The semicircular canals The cochlea gives the impression of hearing Between )0 E7< and )0 000E7< 6toliths -ochlea the side effects only have to !e considered

040 .hich part of the vesti!ular apparatus is affected !y changes in gravity and The sacculus and utriculus linear acceleration& 040 .hich part of the vesti!ular apparatus is responsi!le for the detection of The semicircular canals angular acceleration& 040 The vesti!ular apparatus reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity 040 .hich is the audi!le range to human hearing& Between )0 7< and )0 K7< 040 .hich of the following components !elong to the middle ear& 6ssicles

reacts to pressure changes in the reacts to vi!rations of the cochlea middle ear Between )0 K7< and )0 K7< Between )0 7< and )0 E7< Bndolymph Tympanic mem!rane medication has no influence on pilotLs performance 3emicircular canals Bxternal auditory canal

040 Through which part of the ear does the e uali<ation of pressure ta4e place, Bustachian tu!e when altitude is changed& 040 -oncerning the effects of drugs and pilotLs performance the primary and the side effects have to !e considered 040 .hat is understood !y air-sic4ness& 040 0lying a coordinated level turn will

040 .hich sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling out of a prolonged level turn& 040 7ow can a pilot overcome vertigo, encountered during a real or simulated 1, ) and ' are correct 1and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false instrument flight& 1( Bsta!lish and maintain an effective instrument crosschec4( )( #lways !elieve the instrumentsG never trust your sense of feeling( '( 2gnore arising illusions( 4( Eove the head sidewards and !ac4 and forth to ,sha4e-off, illusions( 040 >i<<iness and tum!ling sensations, when ma4ing head movements in a tight ,8ilotMs vertigo, ,@ystagmus, turn, are symptoms of 040 ,8ilot9s vertigo, is the condition of di<<iness and/or tum!ling is the sensation to 4eep a rotation after sensation caused !y contradictory impulses to completing a turn the central nervous system $-@3% 040 .hat can a pilot do to avoid ,0lic4er vertigo, when flying in the clouds& 3witch stro!e-lights off >im the coc4pit lights to avoid reflections 040 .hat do you do, when you are affected !y ,pilotMs vertigo,& 1( Bsta!lish and maintain an effective instrument cross-chec4( )( Believe the instruments( '( 2gnore illusions( 4( Einimi<e head movements( 040 .hat is the correct action to counteract vertigo& 1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false

only the primary effect has to !e consideredG side effects are negligi!le # sensory conflict within the vesti!ular #n illness caused !y evaporation of gases in the #n illness caused !y reduced air #n illness caused !y an infection system accompanied !y nausea and vomiting !lood pressure of the middle ear ma4e the !odyMs pressure receptors feel an first give the impression of clim! , then the ma4e the !lood !eing pooled in ma4e the seat-of-the-pants sense increased pressure along the !odyMs vertical impression of descent the head feel a decreased pressure along axis the !odyMs vertical axis Turning in the opposite direction 0lying straight and level -lim!ing Turning into the original direction 6nly 4 is correct 1, ), ' and 4 are correct

,0lic4er-vertigo, is the sensation of clim!ing caused !y a strong linear acceleration Bngage the autopilot until !rea4ing the clouds 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false

,6culogravic illusion, announces the !eginning of airsic4ness 0ly straight and level and avoid head movements 6nly 4 is false

Believe the instruments

=educe rate of !reathing until all symptoms disappear, then !reathe again normally

-oncentrate on the vertical speed =ely on the information from the indicator semicircular canals, since these will !e transmitting correct

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA there is contradictory information !etween the instruments and the vesti!ular organs !an4ing ,8ilot9s, ?ertigo( 040 The ris4 of spatial disorientation increases when: RispostaD Ch !" information the pilot is !uc4led tightly to his/her seat and the pilot is performing an information from the vesti!ular cannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft effective instrument cross-chec4 organ in the inner ear are ignored !y the 3eat-of-the-8ants-3ense and is ignoring illusions clim!ing descending flying straight and level 3udden incapacitation( ,3eat-of-the-8ants, illusions( ;raveyard spin( RispostaB RispostaC

040 .hich flight-manoeuvre will most li4ely induce vertigo& Turning the head while 040 .hat is the name for the sensation of rotation occurring during flight and which is caused !y multiple irritation of several semicircular canals at the same time& 040 .ithout visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover from a spin& 7e will get the illusion of 040 .hen accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will

spinning into the opposite direction give the illusion of clim!ing $!ody tilting !ac4wards, nose of the a/c going up%

spinning into the same direction give the illusion of !an4ing

straight and level flight give the illusion of straight and level flight

040 # pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may experience: 040 2n his/her !ehaviour, the ,ideal professional pilot, is: 040 Fsing a chec4list prior start is a contri!ution to

the illusion of clim!ing or descending !oth ,person, and ,goal, oriented

the feeling of rotation ,person, rather than ,goal, oriented

the illusion to turning neither ,person, nor ,goal, oriented wor4load, !ecause using chec4lists will increase the pilotLs wor4load prior ta4e-off 1, ), ' and 4 are correct

safety, !ecause the concentration on the stress, !ecause time pressure prior ta4e-off is chec4 list items will draw the pilotLs attention always present to flight related tas4s, reducing distraction from personal stress 040 .hich of the following symptoms may a pilot experience when su!5ected to 1, ) and ' are correct 4 and * are correct hypoxia& 1( 0atigue( )( Buphoria( '( Aac4 of concentration( 4( 8ain in the 5oints( *( 8ain in the inner ear 040 .hen drugs against sleep disorders and/or nervosity have !een ta4en and the effect they have on reaction time and the effect they have on hearing the pilot intends to fly, attention has to !e paid to perceptional awareness

clim!ing and turning into the original direction of the spin give the illusion of descending $!ody tilting downwards, or forwards, nose of the aircraft going down% the impression of stationary o!5ects moving to the right or left ,goal, rather than ,person, oriented frustration

6nly * is false

040 The reason why a pilot should not ta4e antihistamines is !ecause they only 1 cause: 1( >rowsiness and di<<iness )( 7ypoglycaemia '( 7yperventilation 4( 0latulence .hich of the following lists all the correct answers & 040 The consumption of medicines or other su!stances may have conse uences 1, ), ' and 4 are correct on ualification to fly for the following reasons: 1( The disease re uiring a treatment may !e cause for dis ualification( )( 0light conditions may modify the reactions of the !ody to a treatment( '( >rugs may cause adverse side effects impairing flight safety( 4( The effects of medicine do not necessarily immediately disappear when the treatment is stopped( 040 ?itamin # and possi!ly vitamins B and - are chemical factors and essential 1 and ' are correct, ) and 4 are false to good night vision: 1( ?itamin deficiencies may decrease night vision performance )( #n excess inta4e of vitamin # will improve night vision performance significantly '( 8ilots should !e carefully concerned to ta4e a !alanced diet containing sufficient vitamin # 4( ?itamin deficiencies may decrease visual acuity in photopic vision !ut not in scotopic vision 040 -igarette smo4ing has particular significance to the flyer, !ecause there are a mild car!on monoxide poisoning long-term and short-term harmful effects( 0rom cigarette smo4ing the pilot decreasing the pilotLs tolerance to hypoxia can get: 040 # pilot who smo4es will loose some of his capacity to transport oxygen * - "% com!ined with hemoglo!in( .hich percentage of his total oxygen transportation capacity would he give away when he smo4es one pac4 of cigarettes a day& 040 0lying at pressure altitude of 10 000 ft, a pilot, !eing a moderate to heavy a!ove 10 000 0T smo4er, has an oxygen content in the !lood e ual to an altitude

' and 4

the fact that there is no difference in the uality of sleep produced under the influence of those drugs compared to normal drugfree sleep ), ' and 4

schedule only those pilots, who show no reactions to these medications

1 and '

1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false

' and 4 are false, 1 and ) are correct(

6nly ) is false(

1, ), ' and 4 are correct

6nly 4 is false

1 and ' are false, ) and 4 are correct

a mild car!on dioxide poisoning increasing the a mild car!on monoxide pilot9s tolerance to hypoxia poisoning increasing the pilotLs tolerance to hypoxia 0(* - )% 1) - 1"%

a suppressed desire to eat and drin4 )0 - )*%

of 10 000 0T

lower than 10 000 0T

of 1*000 0T when !reathing 100% oxygen

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hich of the following applies when alcohol has !een consumed& RispostaA RispostaB Bven after the consumption of small amounts >rin4ing coffee at the same time will increase of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may the elimination rate of alcohol !e lost intensify the effects of the drugs compensate for side effects of drugs is approx( 0(01*% per hour and cannot !e expedited >altonLs law it competes with oxygen in its union with haemoglo!in a reduction of car!on dioxide in the !lood hyperventilation grey-out sensory stimulation a!out 1 items attention not move the head suddenly while we are turning clim! noise induced hearing loss is approx( 0('% per hour RispostaC 3mall amounts of alcohol increase visual performance RispostaD Ch !" #cute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100% oxygen is ta4en show undesired effects only increase the rate of alcohol during night flights elimination from the !lood depends on weather you get some definitely depends on the amount sleep in !etween drin4s and composition of food which has !een eaten 7enryLs law ;rahamLs law it prevents the excretion of cata!olites in the 4idneys acidosis spatial disorientation !lac4-out selective attention a!out '0 items sensation !reath deeply !ut control the respiratory fre uency turn pres!ycusis $effects of aging% it distur!s gaseous diffusion at the alveoli capillary mem!rane hypochondria hypoglycaemia red-vision the recognition of information unlimited appreciation 4eep !reathing normally spin a ruptured ear drum

040 #lcohol, when ta4en simultaneously with drugs, may 040 #lcohol meta!olism $elimination rate%

040 The type of hypoxia, which occurs at altitude is a explained !y: 040 -ar!on monoxide, a product of incomplete com!ustion, is toxic !ecause 040 7yperventilation causes 040 #nxiety and fear can cause 040 6ne of the first effects to !e noticed on gradual exposure to high positive radial accelerations is 040 The first stage in the information process is 040 The capacity of the short-term memory is 040 The a!ility of detecting relevant information which is not presented in an actively monitored input channel is 4nown as 040 To prevent vertigo in flight we should 040 .hen accelerating in level flight we could experience the sensation of a 040 #ny prolonged exposure to noise in excess of H0 d! can result in: 040 8res!ycusis results in:

Boyle EariotteLs law it prevents the a!sorption of food from the digestive tract an excess of car!on dioxide in the !lood hypoxia loss of consciousness perception very limited - only one item perception loo4 towards the sides when we ma4e a turn descent conductive hearing loss

reduction in the perception of high tones first reduction in the perception of low tones first

040 The human ear is capa!le of perceiving vi!rations !etween the fre uencies 1C - )0000 7< 040 The intensity of a sound is measured in 040 The o<one-layer is situated in the 040 The !arometric pressure has dropped to 1/) of the pressure at sea level at 040 .hich of the following laws explains !u!!les of nitrogen coming out of solution in !ody tissues due to a decrease in atmospheric pressure& 040 # pilot can !e descri!ed as !eing proficient, when he/she: deci!els stratosphere 1" 000 feet 7enry9s law

0 - 1C 7< hert< troposphere 10 000 feet Boyle9s law is a!le to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the entire flight

reduction in the perception of all will not affect a pilot9s hearing if tones e ually he/she is wearing ear-plugs all the time )0000 - 40000 7< '0 - 1*000 dB cycles per second thermosphere )* 000 feet >alton9s law curies ionosphere '0 000 feet ;ay Aussac9s law is capa!le of maintaining a high level of arousal during a great !ul4 of the flight The composition of every crew should !e geared to a command of the official aeronautical language of the destination country( rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations ), ' and 4

has automated a large part of the necessary flight dec4 routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources 040 .ith regard to the practice of Bnglish, which of the following statements is #ll pilots should master it !ecause the correct& aeronautical world needs one common language(

4nows how to invest the maximum resources in the automation of tas4s in real time Be familiar with normal procedures in Bnglish 2t is necessary and sufficient to since only this allows for effective management have a command of any of the of any flight9s communication( official languages of the 2-#6(

040 .hich of the following statements !est fits the definition of an active error& produced !y the operator and can !e rapidly produced either !y a front-line operator or !y a essentially results from the #ctive error is: detected via the effects and conse uences remote operator and results in a hidden or latent application of a !ad rule or the which it induces on the overall action conse uence at a specific moment of the action poor application of a good rule !y airplane designers 040 .hat are the main conse uences of latent errors& They: -1: remain 1,) and 4 undetected in the system for a certain length of time( -): may only manifest themselves under certain conditions( -': are uic4ly detecta!le !y the frontline operator whose mental schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out 1 and ) 1 and '

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda formal errors( -4: lull the pilots into security( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 .hich of the following statements fits !est the concept of latent error& Aatent errors: RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !"

have !een present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to understand as a result of the time lag !etween the generation and the occurrence of the error 040 # system is all the more relia!le if it offers good detecta!ility of errors( The ) and 4 latter is the result of: -1: tolerance of the various systems to errors( -): the sum of the automatic monitoring, detection and warning facilities( -': the relia!ility of the Ean-Ean and Ean-Eachine lin4s( -4: the alerting capa!ility of the Ean-Eachine interface( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 To avoid wrong decisions !y the pilot, an aircraft system should at least !e report its malfunction a!le to 040 .hen can a system !e said to !e tolerant to error& .hen: the conse uences of an error will not seriously 5eopardise safety 040 .hy must flight safety considerations consider the human error ) and ' mechanism& -1: 2t is analysis of an incident or accident which will ma4e it possi!le to identify what error has !een committed and !y whom( 2t is the process where!y the perpetrator is made responsi!le which may lead to elimination of the error( -): 2f we have a !etter understanding of the cognitive error mechanism, it will !e possi!le to adapt procedures, aircraft interfaces, etc( -': 2t is error management procedure which ena!les us to continuously ad5ust our actions( The !etter we understand the underlying mechanism of an error, the !etter will !e our means for detecting and adapting future errors( -4: 3ince error is essentially human, once it has !een identified !y the use of procedures, a person will !e a!le to anticipate and deal with it automatically in the future( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 The normal rate of !reathing when at rest is 1) to )0 cycles a minute 040 The main function of the red !lood cells is 040 #ltitude-hypoxia, when !reathing am!ient air, should not usually occur $indifferent phase% 040 ,The Bends, as a symptom of decompression sic4ness consists of: 040 The primary symptom of >ecompression sic4ness/illness is: 040 The part$s% of the eye responsi!le for night vision 040 The fovea 040 .hen the optical image forms in front of the retinaG this results in: 040 #ttitudes are defined as: 040 .ithin communication, what element suggests that a message has !een received and understood & 040 The process of responding to a sender !y confirming the reception of a message is called 040 >uring paradoxical sleep 040 # fatigued pilot 040 Eotor programmes are: to transport oxygen !elow ' 000 m pain in the 5oints the Bends are the rods is an area in which cones predominate myopia tendencies to respond to people, institutions or events either positively or negatively 0eed!ac4( feed!ac4 rapid eye movements can !e o!served

are rarely made !y front-line operators, and are are mainly associated with the conse uently readily identified and detected !y !ehaviour of front-line operators the monitoring, detection and warning lin4s and are only detected after advanced pro!lem-solving 1, ) and 4 1 and '

rapidly may !e detected via their immediate conse uences on the action in progress ' and 4

report the deviation its safety system is too permea!le to error

correct the deviation its safety system has ta4en account of all statistically pro!a!le errors ) and 4

tolerate the deviation latent errors do not entail serious conse uences for safety 1 and 4

' and 4

)* to '0 cycles a minute to participate in the process of coagulation of the !lood up to * 000 m pain in the thorax and a cough the -ho4es are the cones is sensitive to very low intensities of light hypermetropia the conditions necessary for carrying out an activity -oding( redundancy

') to 40 cycles a minute the cellular defence of the organism !etween ' 000 m and * 000 m -@3-distur!ances red coloured chee4s and lips are rods and cones is an area in which rods predominate pres!yopia the genetic predispositions for thin4ing and acting 3ynchroni<ation( synchroni<ation

C0 to 100 cycles a minute to contri!ute to the immune response of the organism !etween * 000 m and 1 000 m loss of peripheral vision neurological damages to the -@3 is the cornea is the area responsi!le for night vision astigmatism a synonym for !ehaviour Bncoding( transference the rhythm of the heart is very regular considera!ly increases the a!ility to concentrate stored routines that ena!le patterns of !ehaviour to !e

the tone of the muscles is similar to that in the respiration is very regular wa4ing state will show signs of increased irrita!ility is acting similar as when encountering a state of will get precordial pain depression stored routines that ena!le patterns of rules that ena!le us to deal with novel situations rules that ena!le us to deal with !ehaviour to !e executed without continuous preconceived situations

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA conscious control RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD executed only under continuous conscious control to remem!er our own name approximately sinusoidal reduce failures a couple of days the tendency not to perceive relevant information to alter that model unnecessarily fre uently Ch !"

040 .or4ing memory ena!les us, for example, 040 The relationship !etween arousal and flying performance is 040 2n a complex tas4 high levels of arousal 040 2n the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately 040 The 9coc4tail party effect9 is

to remem!er a clearance long enough to write to store a large amount of visual information for to ignore messages for other it down a!out 0(* seconds aircraft approximately the form of an inverted F approximately linear increasing approximately exponential narrow the span of attention )0 seconds the a!ility to pic4 up relevant information unintentionally to give undue weight to information that confirms the model distur! the climate of cooperation on !oth our past experiences and the sensory information we receive Eaintain manual straight and level flight and solve a pro!lem( 7is/her self-concept is going to change !ecause of new roles and tas4s which have to !e incorporated( is most important for the ac uisition of complex perceptual motor s4ills =egard the automatic system as additional crew mem!ers that needs to !e crosschec4ed as well By reinforcing successful efforts at all levels of flying proficiency to high levels of arousal -areless negligence or un5ustified selfconfidence improve performance * minutes lead to !etter decision-ma4ing 1 hour

040 6nce we have constructed a mental model we tend

040 ?ery high am!ition and need for achievement 040 6ur mental model of the world is !ased 040 .hich of the following tas4s are possi!le to do simultaneously without mutual interference& 040 # copilot has passed an upgrading course to !ecome a captain( .hich psychological conse uence is most li4ely& 040 -ognitive and physical rehearsal of actions during training: 040 7ow can a pilot avoid automation complacency&

the a!ility to drin4 too much at social gathering the tendency to !elieve information that reinforces our mental model of the world to give undue weight to information that to give e ual weight to contradicts the model contradicting and confirming information fulfil the re uirements of stress resistance always promote teamwor4

040 7ow can the process of learning !e facilitated& 040 Eental training is helpful to improve flying s4ills 040 # high level of motivation is related 040 .hat is meant !y the term 9complacency9&

improves the coping process with personal failures entirely on the sensory information we receive entirely on past experiences on !oth our past experiences and our motor programmes Aisten attentively and solve a pro!lem( Tal4 and rehearse a fre uency in =ead and listen attentively( wor4ing memory( 7is/her self -concept is going to !e sta!ili<ed The increased command #n upgrading does not have any !ecause of the higher status as a captain( authority leads to a higher of the mentioned psychological professionalism( conse uences( is most important for self-control leads to an increased error rate is more effective than practical training #lways try to enhance your aviation related #lways fly the whole flight @othing, !ecause it is system4nowledge during low wor4load periods manually to remain in maninherent machine loop By increasing the psychological pressure on the By punishing the learner for By reinforcing errors student unsuccessful trials only for student pilots only for instructor pilots only at a certain level of flying experience to high levels of intelligence to complacency to monotony states To uestion possi!le solutions #n agreement !etween captain and co-pilot due to -rew =esources Eanagement ) and ' are correct 8hysiological conse uences on pilots !ecause of fear of flying 4 is correct

040 9Bnvironmental capture9 is a term used to descri!e which of the following 1 and ) are correct 1, ) and ' are correct statements& 1(The tendency for a s4ill to !e executed in an environment in which it is fre uently exercised, even if it is inappropriate to do so )(The tendency for a s4ill ac uired in one aircraft type to !e executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is inappropriate to do so '( The tendency for people to !ehave in different ways in different social situations 4( The gaining of environmental s4ills 040 # high degree of coc4pit automation may alter the traditional tas4s of the the attention of the coc4pit crew will !ecome it is guaranteed that the crew maintains always pilots in a way, that reduced with the conse uence of 9!eing out of situational awareness the loop9 040 2t is desira!le to standardi<e as many patterns of !ehaviour $operating procedures% as possi!le in commercial aviation mainly !ecause 040 .hen a pilot is facing a pro!lem during flight he should 040 The decision ma4ing in emergency situations re uires firstly: such !ehaviour reduces errors even under adverse circumstances ta4e as much time as he needs and is availa!le to ma4e up his mind distri!ution of tas4s and crew coordination this lowers the a!ility re uirement in pilot selection always ma4e up his mind uic4ly to give himself as much spare time as possi!le speed of reaction

-rew -oordination can !e neglected on long haul flights without compromising safety

the crew can pay more attention to solve the pro!lem in an a!normal situation without monitoring the automatic systems this reduces the amount of it ma4es the flight dec4 easier to training re uired design avoid ma4ing up his mind until ma4e up his mind !efore the very last minute consulting other crew mem!ers informing #T- thoroughly a!out the whole crew to focus on the the situation pro!lem

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !" 040 .hich of the following a!ilities will not improve efficient decision ma4ing #!ility to persuade others to follow your own -ommunicational s4ills and social competence( #!ility to search for and examine #!ility to thin4 ahead and specify on the coc4pit& point of view( all availa!le information alternative courses of action( regarding a situation( 040 The assessment of ris4 in a particular situation will !e !ased on su!5ective perception and evaluation of external factors only the emergency chec4list only situational factors only situational factors 040 6nce a pilot has developed a certain way of thin4ing a!out a pro!lem he find it difficult to get out of that way of find it difficult to stic4 to his/her interpretation find it easy to interpret the data in find it impossi!le to get out of that will pro!a!ly thin4ing and difficult to try a different of the data different ways way of thin4ing, whatever interpretation of the data happens 040 To maintain good situational awareness you should: $1% !elieve only in ), ' and 4 are correct all answers are correct 1 and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct your own interpretation of the data $)% gather as much data as possi!le from every possi!le source !efore ma4ing inferences $'% uestion whether your hypothesis still fits the situation as events progress and try to ma4e time to review the situation $4% consider ways of testing your situational hypothesis to see whether it is correct 040 >oing a general !riefing in the pre-flight phase the captain should particular re uirements in the field of crew complete delegation of all duties to depart on schedule to avoid inade uate handling of emphasi<e coordination due to specific circumstances flight controls 040 >uring the pre-flight phase in the coc4pit the captain notices that his copilot The captain lets the copilot fly and o!serves The captain flies the first leg !y himself and The captain lets the copilot fly The captain lets the copilot fly and on the one hand is rather inexperienced and insecure !ut on the other hand his !ehaviour without any comments explains each action to the copilot in order to and gives him detailed encourages him fran4ly to as4 for highly motivated( .hich 4ind of leadership !ehaviour most li4ely is 4eep him informed a!out his decisions instructions what to do any support that needed inappropriate& 040 .hich one of the following statements characteri<es a democratic and tries to clarify the reasons and causes of the mainly tries to reconcile all persons involved in 4eeps a neutral position and does decides what to do and pushes his cooperative leadership style& 2f conflicts evolve, the leader conflict with all persons involved the conflict and tries to re-esta!lish a pleasant not participate in arguing own opinion through and friendly atmosphere within the team 040 2nformal roles within a crew evolve as a result of the interactions that ta4e are explicitly set out !y the crew will always impair the captain9s characteri<e inefficient crews place among crew mem!ers influence 040 .hich !ehaviour does most li4ely promote a constructive solution of #ctive listening( =esponding with counter-arguments( 3taying to the own point of view( ;iving up the own point of view( interpersonal conflicts& 040 The team spirit of a coc4pit-crew most li4ely depends on !oth pilots respecting each other and striving !oth pilots wearing the same uniform !oth pilots flying together very !oth pilots having the same for the same goals often for a long period political and ideological attitude 040 >uring the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the captain starts to smo4e a 7e should not further discuss this issue !ut 7e should learn to accept the captain smo4ing 7e should repeat his worries 7e should !ring a ca!in crew cigarette in the coc4pit( The flying copilot as4s him to stop smo4ing should come !ac4 to this conflict during the cigarettes in the coc4pit a!out smo4ing in the coc4pit and mem!er in to ar!itrate !ecause he is a non-smo4er( The captain tells him: 9This is your pro!lem9, de!riefing should argue with the captain and continues smo4ing( .hat should the copilot do& a!out this pro!lem until the conflict is solved 040 7ow would you call the leadership style of a captain who primarily is Aow tas4-orientation and high relationship- 7igh tas4-orientation and low relationship7igh tas4-orientation and high Aow tas4-orientation and low interested in a friendly atmosphere within his crew, who is always orientation orientation relationship-orientation relationship-orientation constructive and encouraging, who usually compromises in interpersonal conflicts, who trusts in the capa!ilities of his crew-mem!ers, and who leaves the crew freedom for own decisions, even if this ma4es the process more difficult& 040 2f the copilot continuously feels unfairly treated !y the captain in an duly point out the pro!lem, reconcentrate on free<e the communication and thus avoid spea4 up and point at internally retire and thin4 positive un5ustified way, then he should his duties and clear the matter in a more immediate confrontation conse uences if unfair !ehaviour appropriate occasion persists 040 .hat does not apply to a constructive and helpful feed!ac4& 0eed!ac4 should always state !luntly the 2t should !e individually tailored to the 2t should !e formulated 2t should !e actual and specify in personal failings of the receiver receiver9s !ac4ground su!5ectively and personally $929 regard to the concerned situation instead of 9one9% 040 .hich statement is correct& 8ro!lems in the personal relation !etween There is no relation !etween inade uate 2nconsistent communication 8ro!lems in the personal relation crew mem!ers very li4ely hamper their communication and incidents or accidents( !ehaviour improves flight safety( !etween crew mem!ers hardly communication process( hamper their communication process( 040 Eetacommunication is defined as those tools, other than the actual words, !alancing the own ideas and interests with those having an assessment active listening which compliment those words in order to of the interlocutor conversation communicate 040 Ear4 the two most important attri!utes for a positive leadership style: $1% ) and ' 1 and 4 1 and ' ) and 4 dominant !ehaviour $)% examplary role-!ehaviour $'% mastery of

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda communication s4ills $4% ,Aaisse<-faire, !ehaviour 040 @onver!al communication 040 7ow do you understand the statement 9one cannot not communicate9& 040 .hich elements of communication are prone to malfunctioning& 040 >iscussing private matters in the coc4pit 040 @oise induced hearing loss is influenced !y 040 To reduce the ris4 of coronary artery disease, exercise should !e RispostaA supports ver!al communication RispostaB is of no meaning in the coc4pit RispostaC is always used intentionally +ou cannot influence your own communication( The sender RispostaD should !e avoided !y all means in the coc4pit The statement a!ove is a misprint( The receiver Ch !"

Being silent as well as inactive are nonver!al Bach situation re uires communication( !ehaviour patterns which express a meaning( The sender and the receiver as well as coding -oding and decoding and decoding can improve team spirit should !e avoided !y all means in the coc4pit the duration and intensity of a noise

dou!le the resting heart rate for at least )0 minutes, three times a wee4 040 .hich of the following is most true& =egular exercise is !eneficial to general health, !ut the most efficient way to lose weight is !y reducing caloric consumption 040 The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time <one will resynchronise 1 - 1(* hours a day to this new time <one at a rate of a!out 040 The duration of a period of sleep is governed primarily !y the point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to sleep 040 # selective attentional mechanism is re uired !ecause of the limited capacity of the central decision ma4er and wor4ing memory 040 .or4ing memory: is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of its content

is appropriate in any phase of decreases the captains role of flight leadership the duration of a noise !ut not its intensity the suddenness of onset of a the intensity of the noise !ut not noise its duration avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the dou!le the resting heart rate for at triple the resting heart rate for )0 life of the heart least an hour, five times a wee4 minutes, once a wee4 =egular exercise is an impediment to losing =egular exercise is !eneficial to =egular exercise and reduction in weight since it increases the meta!olic rate general health, and is the only caloric consumption are !oth effective way to lose weight essential in order to lose weight ) - )(* hours a day ' - '(* hours a day 4 - 4(* hours a day the duration of your previous sleep the amount of time you have !een awa4e !ecause the capacity of the long term memory is !ecause of the limitations of the limited sense organs is unlimited in si<e is unlimited in duration

the num!er of points you have in your 9credit/deficit9 system !ecause of limitations in our store of motor programmes varies considera!ly in si<e !etween an expert pilot and a novice pilot 040 Eotivation is a uality witch is often considered vital in the pilot9s wor4 to 7owever, excessive motivation leads to Eotivation reduces the intensity of sensory # high degree of motivation # high degree of motivation maintain safety( stress witch adversely affects performance illusions ma4es it possi!le to ma4e up for lowers the level of vigilance insufficient 4nowledge in complete safety 040 .hich of the following statements is correct regarding decision ma4ing& >eciding means choosing !etween >eciding means !eing a!le to come up with >eciding means imposing one9s >eciding means applying an alternatives( original solutions( point of view( automatic procedure( 040 7uman errors are fre uent and may ta4e several forms: an error can !e descri!ed as the mismatch an error of intention is an error of routine an violation is an error which is representational errors in which !etween the pilots intention and the result of always involuntary the pilot has properly identified his/her actions the situation and is familiar with the procedure 040 -oncentration is essential for pilots( 7owever, capacity of concentration is limited 2t only ta4es a little willpower to increase one9s ?igilance is all that is re uired to #ll intellectual processes, capacity of concentration without limits !e attentive including very routine ones, ma4e demands on resources and therefore on one9s concentration 040 The uality of learning: is promoted !y feed!ac4 on the value of one9s depends on long-term memory capacity is independent of the level of is independent of age own performance motivation 040 Aong-term memory is an essential component of the pilot9s 4nowledge and 2t is desira!le to pre-activate 4nowledge The capacity of long-term memory is limited Aong-term memory stores The recovery of information from expertise( stored in long-term memory to have it 4nowledge on a temporary !asis long-term memory is immediate availa!le when re uired and easy 040 #s a cause of accidents, the human factor is cited in approximately 10 - "0 % of has increased considera!ly since 1H"0 - the which is cited in current plays a negligi!le role in aviation accidents percentage of accident in which this factor has statistics, applies to the flight commercial aviation accidents( 2t !een involved has more than tripled since this crew and #T- only is much more important in general date aviation 040 +oung pilots or pilots with little experience of airplanes differ from inexperienced pilots refer to information experienced pilots are less routine-minded than tas4 for tas4, an expert9s flight planning performance experienced pilots in the following way: more than experts when carrying out the young pilots !ecause they 4now that routine wor4load is greater than a decreases with age, and same tas4 causes mista4es novice9s one experience is una!le to mas4 this deficiency 040 #nalysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that: there is hardly ever a single cause responsi!le only front-line operators are involved only pilot training will ma4e it failure of the human factor is possi!le to improve the situation always connected with technical

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 Thin4ing on human relia!ility is changing( RispostaD Ch !" !rea4downs 7uman errors are now considered as !eing 7uman errors can !e avoided( #ll it ta4es is to The individual view of safety has 2t is thought that it will !e inevita!le !e vigilant and to extend one9s 4nowledge gradually replaced the systemic possi!le to eliminate errors in the view of safety near future 8rofessional communication means: using a 8rofessional communication means to exchange The syntax of communication is -ommunication must ta4e priority restricted and specific language, tailored to information as little as possi!le( of little importance to its success( over any other flight activity minimi<e misunderstandings( 6nly the words uttered are under all circumstances important( 3tressors accumulate thus increasing the 3tressors are independent from each other( 3tress should always !e avoided 8eople are capa!le of living li4elihood to exhaustion( under any circumstances( without stress( #ttempt to reduce the stress !y using a Fse moderate administration of tran uilli<ers 2gnore the particular stressors and #lways consult a psychotherapist concept which approaches the entire !ody !efore flight( increase your physical exercises( !efore the next flight( and improves wellness( use all availa!le resources of the crew only trust in oneselfG !eing sure to 4now the demonstrate aggressiveness to always carry out a !reathing own limits stimulate the crew exercise 1,4 and * are correct 1 and 4 are correct 1,) and ' are correct ),4 and * are correct RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC

040 .hich of the following statements concerning communication is valid&

040 .hich of the following statements is true& 040 7ow should a pilot react, when suffering from chronic stress&

040 2n case of in-flight stress, one should: 040 The !ehavioural effects of stress may include: -1: manifestation of aggressiveness( -): a willingness to improve communication( -': a willingness for group cohesion( -4: a tendency to withdrawal( -*: inappropriate gestural agitation( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 The cognitive effects of stress may include: -1: excessive haste( -): an improvement in memory( -': a complete !loc4: action is impossi!le( -4: a ris4 of focusing on a particular aspect( -*: ease of decision-ma4ing( -C: an increase in the rate of mista4es( The com!ination which !rings together all correct statements is: 040 .hat is the effect of stress on performance & -1: 2t always reduces performance( -): 6ptimum performance is o!tained with optimum arousal( -': Bxcessive stress wea4ens performance( -4: 2nsufficient stress wea4ens performance( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 .hat are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the stress reactions& -1: increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline secretion( -): an increase in heart rate, respiration and release of glucose( -': a decrease in stress resistance( -4: activation of the digestive system( -*: secretion of cortisol to mo!ili<e attention( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 .hat are the three phases of ;eneral #daptation 3yndrome & 040 The organism is mo!ili<ed !y a process 4nown as:

1,',4,C

1,),*

),',*,C

',4,*

),',4

1,),'

1,',4

1,),4

1,),'

1,)

),4,*

1,',*

#larm, resistance, exhaustion( ;#3: ;eneral #daptation 3yndrome

#lert, resistance, performance( @#3: @atural #daptation 3yndrome 1,)

alarm, resistance, performance, ;E3: ;eneral Eo!ili<ation 3yndrome( ), '

alert, resistance, exhaustion ;#0: ;eneral #daptation 0unction( 1,),4

040 3tress appears: -1: only in a situation of imminent danger( -): only when ',4 faced with real, existing and palpa!le phenomenon( -': sometimes via imagination, the anticipation of a situation or its outcome( -4: !ecause of the similarity with a formerly experienced stressful situation The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 -ognitive evaluation which leads to stress is !ased on: the evaluation of the situation and the evaluation of capa!ilities to cope with it 040 .hich of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions& -1: noise( -): interpersonnal conflict( -': temperature( -4: an administrative pro!lem( -*: hunger( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 .hich of the following statements concerning stress is correct& 1,',*

the evaluation of the situation and the state of fatigue of the individual 1,',4

the evaluation of the capa!ilities of the individual and the time availa!le ',4,*

the capa!ilities of the individual and the solutions provided !y the environment ),',*

3tress will !e evaluated differently depending 3tress always creates a state of high tension on whether it improves or reduces which decreases cognitive and !ehavioural performance( performance(

040 #cute stress uic4ly leads to

the mo!ili<ation of resources re uired to cope with the stressor 040 The resistance phase of stress reaction is characteri<ed !y: -1: activation of 1 and 4 are correct

3tress is evaluated as a positive mechanism only in connection with precise tas4s of the 4ind encountered in aeronautics a decrease in the amount of resources mo!ili<ed a permanent state of to face the situation incapacitation 1,) and ' are correct ) , ' and 4 are correct

3tress is a necessary way of demonstrating one9s own wor4(

a state of overactivation !eyond the control of willpower ' and 4 are correct

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA RispostaB the autonomic nervous system $#@3%( -): testosterone secretion which ena!les fats to !e converted into sugar( -': a sudden fall in stress resistance( -4: the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when lasting over a prolonged time( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 3tress may !e defined as: a normal phenomenon which ena!les an a poorly controlled emotion which leads to a individual to adapt to encountered situations reduction in capa!ilities RispostaC RispostaD Ch !"

a psychological phenomenon a human reaction which one must which only affects fragile manage to eliminate personalities 040 .hat is a stressor& #n external or internal stimulus which is #ll external stimulation are stressors since they # psychological pro!lem The adaptation response of the interpreted !y an individual as !eing stressful modify the internal e uili!rium developed in a situation of danger individual to his environment 040 .hat triggers stress in humans& The su!5ective interpretation an individual 6!5ective stimulation from the environment 6nly strong excitations of the #lways the awareness of an gives to a situation experienced regards of su!5ective perceptions sensory organs: a flash of light, emotion and a physiological noise, the smell of smo4e activation $e( g( rapid heart rate% 040 .ith regard to the average influence of age on pilot performance, it may !e has little impact when the pilot is a!le to sharply reduces performance without, however, has a ma5or impact owing to the increases in impact as speed of said that age: compensate for it !y his/her flight experience affecting cognitive capa!ilities impairment of memory thought and memory deteriorate 040 6f the following statements, which apply to coordinated cooperation& -1: 2t 1 and ' 1,) and 4 ) and ' 1 and 4 allows for synergy in the actions !etween the captain and the pilot( -): 2t represents the simultaneous execution of a single action !y the various mem!ers of the crew( -': -ommunication here results in synchronised actions and the distri!ution of responsi!ilities( -4: -ommunication is centred around the outside world( .hich of the following lists all the correct statements & 040 .hat are the advantages of coordination& =edundancy, synergy, clarification of -ooperation, cognition, redundancy( 2nteraction, cognition, =edundancy, exploration, ris4y responsi!ility( redundancy( shift( 040 6f the following statements, select those which apply to ,information,( -1: ) and ' are correct 1,),' and 4 are correct ),' and 4 are correct only 1 is correct 2t is said to !e random when it is not intended for receivers( -): 2t is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver( -': 2t is measured in !its( -4: Bach !it of information reduces uncertainty !y a uarter( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 -oaction is a mode of coordination which recommends: wor4ing parallel to achieve one common wor4ing parallel to achieve individual o!5ectives sustained cooperation on actions the application of procedural o!5ective and the formulation of 4nowledge in the conduct of commitments concerning flight specific actions situations 040 3uccess in achieving the o!5ectives of a message re uires: the matching of ver!al, non-ver!al and differences in contexts for the sender and the a form of the message, which different codes !etween form and contextual meanings receiver should not match the expectation meaning of the receiver 040 2n order to ma4e communication effective, it is necessary to: -1: avoid the only ) is correct 1,) and ' are correct ' and 4 are correct ) and 4 are correct synchroni<ation of ver!al and non-ver!al channels( -): send information in line with the receiver9s decoding a!ilities( -': always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only( -4: avoid increasing the num!er of communication channels, in order to simplify communication( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 .hich of the following statements regarding interpersonal interactions are 1 and ' are correct 1 and ) are correct ) and ' are correct ' and 4 are correct correct& -1 2f the sender finds the receiver competent, he/she tends to reduce ver!al redundancy content of his sentences -) 2f the interlocuter is of nonnative tongue, the sender will reinforce what he is saying !y using more complicated words so as to optimi<e understanding -' 2f he/she finds him incompetent, he tends to simplify the content of sentences -4 3implification of chec4 list in a crew who 4now each other essentially ta4es place in the case of interpersonal conflict The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 8rofessional languages have certain characteristics, for example: -1: They 1 and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct ) and ' are correct only 4 is correct use a limited voca!ulary ( -): They are rich and adapted to the context, which sometimes lead to am!iguities( -': Their grammar is rather complicated and complex( -4: -ontext provides meaning, therefore reduces the ris4 of am!iguities( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 .ith regard to communication in a coc4pit, we can say that: communication uses up resources, thus communication is always sufficiently automated communication is only effective all the characteristics of limiting the resources allocated to wor4 in to ena!le an activity with a high wor4load if messages are 4ept short and communication, namely output,

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda progress RispostaA RispostaB element to !e carried out at the same time RispostaC RispostaD sufficiently precise to limit their duration, precision, clarity, etc( num!er are sta!le and are not much affected !y changes in wor4load 1 and ) are correct ) and ' are correct Ch !"

040 The intended recipient of a message must: -1: give priority and adapt to the ' and 4 are correct sender9s situation( -): ac4nowledge the receipt only in case of dou!t( -': !e a!le to re5ect or postpone a communication attempt if the pilot is too !usy( -4: sta!ili<e or finish a challenging manoeuvre !efore starting a discussion( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 .hat are the communication ualities of a good !riefing& # good !riefing ),' and 4 are correct must: -1: contain as much information and !e as comprehensive as possi!le( -): !e of a standard type so that it can !e reused for another flight of the same type( -': !e short and precise( -4: !e understanda!le to the other crew mem!er$s%( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 .hich of the following statements concerning chec4 list is correct& The most important items should !e placed at the !eginning of a chec4 list since attention is usually focused here

1,) and 4 are correct

1 and ) are correct

1, ) and 4 are correct

1 and 4 are correct

040 .hich of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a 1, 4 and * are correct chec4 list& -1: The longer a chec4 list, the more it must !e su!divided into logical parts( -): The tric4iest points must !e placed in the middle of the chec4 list( -': -hec4 lists must !e designed in such a way that they can !e lumped together with other tas4s( -4: .henever possi!le, a panel scan se uence should !e applied -*: -ritical points should have redundancies( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 The use of chec4 lists should !e carried out in such a way that: their execution should not !e done simultaneously with other actions 040 #ccording to =asmussen9s model, errors in rule-!ased control mode are of the following type$s%: 040 #ccording to =asmussen9s model, errors are of the following type$s% in s4ill-!ased control mode: 040 The planning and anticipation of future actions and situations ma4es it possi!le to: -1: create a precise reference framewor4( -): avoid saturation of the cognitive system( -': automate planned actions( -4: activate 4nowledge which is considered necessary for the period to come( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 The purpose of action plans which are implemented during !riefings is to: errors of technical 4nowledge routine errors 1, ) and 4 are correct

The most important items must !e placed at the The most important items must end of chec4 list, allowing them to !e 4ept near !e placed in the middle of chec4 at hand so that they are uic4ly availa!le for any list so that they come to !e supplementary chec4 examined once attention is focused !ut !efore concentration starts to wane 1, ) and ' are correct 1, ) and * are correct

#ll the items of a chec4 list are e ually importantG their se uence is of no importance

1, ' and * are correct

their execution may !e done simultaneously with other actions routine errors 4nowledge errors 1 and ) are correct

their execution should !e com!ined with other important tas4s handling errors handling errors ) and 4 are correct

they should only !e carried out when time is availa!le creative errors creative errors ' and 4 are correct

initiate procedures and reactions for situations that are most li4ely, ris4y or difficult during the flight

define general planning of the flight plan

allow everyone to prepare their own reactions in a difficult situation 1, ) and ' are correct

040 2n order to overcome an overload of wor4 during the flight, it is necessary 1, ) and 4 are correct 1 and ' are correct to: -1: 4now how to use one9s own reserve of resources in order to ease the !urden on the crew( -): divide up tas4s among the crew( -': a!andon automatic mode and instead process as much information as possi!le consciously( -4: drop certain tas4s and stic4 to high-level priorities( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 .or4load may !e said to: -1: !e accepta!le if it re uires more than H0 % of ) and ' are correct 1and 4 are correct the crew resources( -): !e accepta!le if it re uires C0 % of the crew resources( -': depend on the pilot9s expertise( -4: always correspond to the amount of resources availa!le The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 The availa!le cognitive resources of the human !rain: are limited and ma4e it impossi!le to perform are limited !ut ma4e it possi!le to easily two attentional tas4s at the same time perform several tas4s at the same time 040 Eental schemes correspond to: memorised representations of the various the memorisation of regulatory procedures procedures and situations which can !e associated with a particular situation

activate a collective mental schema with respect to nonprocedural actions to !e carried out ' and 4 are correct

1 and ' are correct

) and 4 are correct

are virtually unlimited memorised procedures which develop and change rapidly

allow for twin-tas4s operation without any loss of effectiveness daily planning of pro!a!le dangerous situations

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA reactivated !y the pilot at will cognitive, associative and autonomous an effort to understand the causes and find means of recovery for errors committed 1, ) and ' RispostaC during change-over to a new machine cognitive, associative and 4nowledge associative, autonomous and expert in aviation, the elimination of errors on the part the elimination of latent errors of front-line operators !efore they can effect performance 1and ' ), ' and 4 RispostaB RispostaD Ch !"

040 The ac uisition of expertise comprises three stages $ #nderson model%: 040 2mprovement of human relia!ility should entail:

automatic, cognitive and 4nowledge the analysis of modes of human failures ' and 4

040 .hat are the various means which allow for !etter error detection& -1: 2mprovement of the man-machine interface( -): >evelopment of systems for chec4ing the consistency of situations( -': -ompliance with cross-over redundant procedures !y the crew( -4: #daptation of visual alarms to all systems( The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 .hat means can !e used to com!at human error& -1: =educing error-prone mechanisms( -): 2mproving the way in which error is ta4en into account in training( -': 3anctions against the initiators of error( -4: 2mproving recovery from errors and its conse uences( The com!ination of correct statements is: 040 -oncerning the relation !etween performance and stress, which of the following statement$s% is $are% correct&

1, ) and 4

' and 4

1 and )

), ' and 4

# moderate level of stress may improve performance(

# student will learn faster and !etter under severe stress(

040 3tress is a fre uent aspect of the pilot9s 5o!( Fnder which of the following 1, ) and ' are correct circumstances does it occur& 1( 3tress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan of action and does not immediately have a solution )( 3tress occurs with inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual capa!ilities '( 3tress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not !e a!le to find a solution for the pro!lem he/she faces( 040 >ivided attention is the a!ility: 1( to execute several mental activities at 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false almost the same time $i(e( when switching attention from outside the aircraft to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel% )( to monitor the progress of a motor programme $i(e( flying or taxiing the airplane% on a relatively su!conscious level, while ma4ing a radio call at the same time $re uiring a rather conscious level% ' (to select information and chec4 if it is relevant to the tas4 in hand( #t the same time no other operation can !e performed( 4( to delegate tas4s to the copilot while concentrating on the procedures 040 7ypoxia is: a physical condition caused !y a lac4 of oxygen to meet the needs of the !ody tissues, leading to mental and muscular distur!ances, causing impaired thin4ing, poor 5udgement and slow reactions 040 7yperventilation is due to an excessive rate of !reathing and can produce di<<iness, tingling sensation in the fingers the following symptoms: and toes, nausea and !lurred vision 040 2n order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scu!a diving, su!se uent )4 hours flights should !e delayed 040 >uring flight in 2E-, the most relia!le sense which should !e used to visual sense, interpreting the attitude overcome illusions is the: indicator 040 3patial disorientation will !e most li4ely to occur during flight: if the !rain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not !elieve the instruments 040 The chemical su!stance responsi!le for addiction to to!acco is nicotine 040 2t is inadvisa!le to fly when suffering from a cold( The reason for this is: the tissue around the nasal end of the Bustachian tu!e is li4ely to !e swollen thus causing difficulty in e ualising the pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area( 8ain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents

6nly 1 is false

>omestic stress will not affect the pilot9s performance !ecause he is a!le to leave this type of stress on the ground( 1 and ) are correct, ' is false

# well trained pilot is a!le to eliminate any 4ind of stress completely when he is scheduled to fly( 1 is correct, ) and ' are false

1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false

1 and ' are correct, ) and 4 are false

6nly ' is false

a condition of lac4ing oxygen in the !rain often produced during steep turns a physical condition caused !y a causing the circulatory system to compensate !y when pilots turn their heads in a lac4 of oxygen saturation in the decreasing the heart rate( direction opposite to the direction !lood while hyperventilating( in which the aircraft is turning reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity ' hours after non decompression diving ,3eat-of-the-pants-3ense, when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross chec4 car!on monoxide although the change in air pressure during a clim! at lower altitudes is very small, it increases rapidly at high altitudes( 2f the tissue in the Bustachian tu!e of the ear is swollen, gentle descents at high altitude would result in damage to the ear drum a state of overconfidence and reduced heart rate 'C hours after any scu!a diving vesti!ular sense when flying in light rain !elow the ceiling tar !lue finger-nails and lips 4" hours after a continuous ascent in the water has !een made visual sense !y loo4ing outside

when flying in !right sunlight a!ove a cloud layer the com!ination of nicotine, tar and car!on monoxide swollen tissue in the inner ear !ecause it will seriously affect will increase the rate of meta!olic peripheral vision production resulting in hyperventilation

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA 040 # large num!er of medical preparations can !e !ought without a doctorLs # pilot using any of these preparations prescription( 2n relation to using these preparations, which of the following should get professional advice from a flight is correct: surgeon if he intends to fly and self-medicate at the same time 040 The total pressure of a mixture of gases is e ual to the sum of the partial >altonLs law pressures of the gases in the mixture( This is: 040 The ca!in pressure in airline operation is normally !etween C 000 to " 000 feet 040 7uman !ehaviour is determined !y: 040 -onscious perception RispostaB They have no side effects which would give pro!lems to a pilot during flight RispostaC RispostaD The side effects of these types of They will cause a condition of preparations are sufficiently over-arousal negligi!le as to !e ignored !y pilots 7enryMs law Boyle EariotteLs law normally !etween 4 000 to * 000 always e uivalent to sea level feet the social environment cultural influences involves the transfer of relates to the correct recognition information from the receptor to of colours the !rain only interpersonal relations good maintenance of aircraft they are not constrained !y time ma4ing a flight over unfamiliar territory the development of s4ills from constant practice of flight manoeuvres conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform 2ncorrect anticipation of an air traffic controllerLs instructions the a!ility to interpret the flight instruments Ch !"

;rahamLs law normally !etween ) 000 to ' 000 feet

!iological characteristics, social environment !iological characteristics and cultural influences is a mental process involving experience and relies upon the development of intuition expectations good 5udgement physical s4ills

040 Eost accidents are mainly caused !y lac4 of: 040 8ilots are more easily inclined to ta4e greater ris4s when:

they are part of a group of pilots and they feel ma4ing decisions independently of others that they are !eing o!served and admired $e(g( air shows% 040 Dudgement is !ased upon: a process involving a pilotLs attitude to ta4e a decision ma4ing process involving physical and to evaluate ris4s !y assessing the sensations and their transfer to manually operate situation and ma4ing decisions !ased upon the aircraft controls 4nowledge, s4ill and experience 040 The relevance of chec4 procedures during flight !ecomes even more flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and flying an aircraft which you have flown recently important when: experiencing mental pressure 040 .hich of the following responses is an example of ,ha!it reversion, # pilot who has flown many hours in an Turning the aircraft to the left when intending to $negative ha!it transfer%: aircraft in which the fuel lever points forward turn it to the right for the 6@ position, may unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position, when flying a different aircraft, where the fuel lever has to point aft to !e in the 6@ position 040 #lthough the anticipation of possi!le events is a good attitude for pilots to mishearing the contents of a reply from an air anticipating that the weather may deteriorate ac uire, it can sometimes lead to ha<ardous situations( .ith this statement traffic controller when a non-standard in mind, select the response !elow which could lead to such a ha<ard: procedure was given !ut a standard procedure was anticipated 040 2n relation to the word LstressLas it affects human !eings, which of the L3tressLis a term used to descri!e how a #ll forms of stress should !e avoided( following responses is correct& person reacts to demands placed upon him/her( 040 The person with overall responsi!ility for the flight is the -1 8ilot in 1 1 and ) -ommand -) -o-pilot -' @avigator -4 #ir traffic controller The correct statement$s% is $are%: 040 2f during flight a pilot is in a mental condition of ,optimum arousal, he/she prepared !est to cope with a difficult tas4 unprepared to handle a difficult situation will !e: 040 -ar!on monoxide is always present in the exhaust gases of engines( 2f a # short exposure to relatively high -ar!on monoxide is easily recognised !y odour pilot is exposed to car!on monoxide, which of the following responses is concentrations of car!on monoxide can and taste( correct& seriously affect a pilotLs a!ility to operate an aircraft( 040 The trend in airplane hull-loss rate over the last three decades seems to !e related to: 040 .hich of the following is @6T a ha<ardous attitude& 040 8ilot stress reactions: the crew >omination the manufacturer Eacho

flying an aircraft which you have flown many times !efore ha!itually missing an item on the chec4list or missing the second item when two items are on the same line

anticipating that the flight will ta4e longer time than planned

anticipating the se uence of items on a chec4 list(

=eactive stressors relate purely to 3elf imposed o!ligations will not a pilotLs physical condition( create stress( ) and ' 4

approaching a condition of complacency or fatigue -ar!on monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed to them for a long period of time(

in a confused mental state .hen exposed to car!on monoxide for a long period of time, the !ody will adapt to it and no adverse physical effects are experienced the year of manufacture 2mpulsivity do not change with the environment or different situations !ut mainly with the characters themselves

the num!er of engines #nti-authority are related to an internationally recogni<ed list of stressors where the top-ten items should !e avoided !y every means

differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a seem to !e always the same for most pilots person manages the particular stressors

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hat aircraft e uipment mar4ed a su!stantial decrease in hull loss rates in the eighties& 040 2ncapacitation is most dangerous when it is: 040 6ne negative aspect of the highly automated coc4pit results in: RispostaA ;8.3 insidious complacency among the crewmem!ers >EB o!vious pilots disregarding the automatic e uipment RispostaB 33= sudden constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring tas4s 1 in 10000 times Aiveware - Bnvironment Aiveware - Bnvironment The aural or visual significance attri!uted in long term memory( !asic principles governing the effects of ha!it and experience is never negative '( RispostaC T-#3 intense less experienced crews !ecause of more transparent system details 1 in 100000 times Aiveware - Aiveware Aiveware - Aiveware The separation of figure and !ac4ground( !asic principles regarding to the relationship !etween motivation and performance is always !eneficial )( and '( RispostaD Ch !"

040 .hich of the following human error rates can !e descri!ed as !oth realistic and pretty good, after methodical training 040 Between which components, with reference to the 37BAA -oncept, covers pilot misinterpretation of the old three-point altimeter& 040 The errors resulting from an illogical indexing system in an operations manual are related to an interface mismatch !etween 040 .hich of the following provides the !asis of all perceptions& 040 The ,gestalt laws ,formulates:

1 in 100 times Aiveware - 7ardware Aiveware - 3oftware The intensity of the stimuli( !asic principles governing how o!5ects are mentally organi<ed and perceived can !oth !e !eneficial and negative 1( and '(

1 in 1000 times Aiveware - 3oftware Aiveware - 7ardware The aural or visual significance attri!uted in short term memory( !asic principles governing the relationship !etween stress and performance is always negative 1( and )(

040 The effect of experience and ha!it on performance 040 3ituations particularly vulnera!le to ,reversion to an earlier !ehaviour pattern, are: 1( when concentration on a particular tas4 is relaxed )( when situations are characterised !y medium wor4load '( when situations are characterised !y stress 040 The most dangerous characteristic of the false mental model is, that it 040 0ixation or tunnel vision is primarily to !e expected when: 040 .hich of the following concepts relating to human relia!ility is true &

is fre uently extremely resistant to correction will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation will only occur under conditions can easily !e changed of stress stress is high stress is medium stress and motivation are medium stress and motivation are low 2f e uipment is designed in such a way that it =esponse to a particular stressful influence does Bxpectation has no influence on 8erformance is totally can !e operated wrongly, then sooner or later, not vary from one person to another( perception( independent of motivation( it will !e( 1 1,),' ),4 '

040 2n order to perceive colour vision, it is necessary: -1: for there to !e considera!le amount of light $am!ient luminosity% -): at night to loo4 at the point to !e o!served at an angle of 1*N -': to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light -4: to avoid white light 040 The retina allows for colour perception as a result of the: cones located in its central part 040 #ccommodation, which ena!les a clear image to !e o!tained, is accomplished !y which of the following& 040 2n civil air transport, linear accelerations $;x%: - 1: do not exist - ): have slight physiological conse uences - ': may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of consciousness - 4: may cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis 040 .ith regard to the humidity of air in current in a pressuri<ed ca!in, we 4now that it: -1: varies !etween 40 and C0% -): varies !etween * and 1*% -': may cause dehydration effecting the performance of the crew -4: has no special effects on crew mem!ers 040 The following occurs in man if the internal !ody temperature increases to '"N-: The crystalline lens ),4

rods located in its central part The rods 1

crystalline lens The cones ',4

rods located in its peripheral <one The retina '

),'

1,'

),',4

1,4

impairment of physical and mental performance

apathy

considera!le dehydration

040 .hich of the following mechanisms regulate !ody temperature when ',4 1,',4 exposed to extreme high environmental temperatures& -1: 3hivering -): ?aso-constriction of peripheral !lood vessels -': 3weating -4: ?aso-dilation of peripheral !lood vessels 040 The following can !e o!served when the internal !ody temperature falls shivering, will tend to cease, and !e followed the appearance of intense shivering !elow '*N-: !y the onset of apathy 040 .e can o!serve the following in relation to a state of hypothermia: reasoning pro!lems as soon as !ody a su!stantial increase in internal !ody

),'

nothing significant happens at this temperature( The first clinical signs only start to appear at 'HN1

mental disorders, and even coma profuse sweating a rapid fall in am!ient greater capacity for adaptation

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA temperature falls !elow '1NRispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !" temperature whereas peripheral temperature at temperature than in a hot atmosphere the s4in is sta!le 2t is caused !y pressure differentials !etween 2t is caused !y an increase in the partial pressure 2t is more li4ely to occur during 2t is mainly associated with a sin4 gases in hollow cavities of the !ody and the of oxygen associated with a decrease in altitude ascent then during a rapid descent rate which exceeds the a!ility of am!ient pressure the !ody to !alance its internal pressures age, o!esity and scu!a diving are ris4 factors scu!a diving does not pose any pro!lem for a gender is the prime ris4 factor, physical activity after su!se uent flight with two out of every three decompression reduces the ris4s women !eing sensitive to it of decompression sic4ness symptoms 1, ) and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ) and ' are correct, 4 is false only ' is correct

040 .hich of the following statements concerning !arotrauma are correct&

040 .ith regard to decompression sic4ness associated with flight, we 4now that:

040 >ecompression sic4ness can normally !e prevented !y: 1( avoiding ca!in altitudes a!ove 1" 000 0T )( maintaining ca!in pressure !elow " 0000T when flying at high altitudes '( performing physical exercises !efore and during the flight 4( !reathing 100 % oxygen for '0 min prior and during the flight 040 0ollowing a rapid decompression at '0(000 feet, the time of useful !etween 4* seconds and 1 minute '0 seconds consciousness would !e a!out: 040 #fter a rapid decompression at '* 000 feet, the time of useful consciousness '0 to C0 seconds is a!out: 040 #fter 3-FB# diving $more than '0 feet of depth% you have to wait a period )4 hours of time !efore flying again( This period is at least: 040 0lying immediately after 3-FB# diving involves the ris4 of getting: decompression sic4ness without having a decompression 040 .hich statement is correct regarding alcohol in the human !ody& Dudgement and decision ma4ing can !e affected even !y a small amount of alcohol( 040 .hich statement is correct& 1( 3mo4ers have a greater chance of suffering from coronary heart disease )( 3mo4ing to!acco will raise the individuals physiological altitude during flight '( 3mo4ers have a greater chance of decreasing lung cancer 040 3mo4ing cigarettes reduces the capa!ility of the !lood to carry oxygen( This is !ecause: 1,) and ' are correct

' to * minutes 1* seconds or less C hours hyperventilation # small amount of alcohol increases visual acuity( 1 and ) are correct, ' is false

* to 10 minutes * minutes( 1) hours hypoxia

10 to 1) minutes 10 minutes( 4" hours stress

#n increase of altitude decreases .hen drin4ing coffee, the human the adverse effect of alcohol( !ody meta!oli<es alcohol at a faster rate than normal( 1 and ' are correct, ) is false ) and ' are correct, 1 is false

hemoglo!in has a greater affinity for car!on car!on monoxide in the smo4e of cigarettes monoxide than it has for oxygen assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli 1 is correct, ) is false

040 -6 $car!on monoxide% present in the smo4e of cigarettes can lead to: 1( 1 and ) are !oth correct reduction of time of useful consciousness )( hypoxia at a lower altitude than normal 040 -ar!on monoxide in the human !ody can lead to: 1( loss of muscular power 1, ) , ' and * are correct )( headache '( impaired 5udgement 4( pain in the 5oints *( loss of consciousness 040 .hich of the following operations are performed more effectively !y 1,4 people than !y automatic systems & 1( Oualitative decision-ma4ing )( .aiting for an infre uent phenomenon '( Eonitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded 4( >etections of unusual conditions $smell, noise, etc(% 040 .hich of the following operations are performed more effectively !y 1,),' automatic systems than !y people & 1( .aiting for an infre uent phenomenon )( Aong term controlling of a set value $e(g holding of tra5ectory% '( Eonitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded $e(g( holding of flight path% 4( Oualitative decision-ma4ing 040 #s a result of automation in coc4pits, communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew mem!ers 040 The performance of the man machine system is a!ove all: a com!ination which is !ased on decreasing the pilot9s wor4load and increasing his time for supervision

car!on monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli 1 is false, ) is correct

the smo4e of one cigarette can cause an o!struction in the respiratory tract 1 and ) are !oth false

1, ) and 4 are correct

) and ' are correct, 1 is false

1, ), ', 4 are correct

1,)

',4

),',4

),4

',4

),',4

it is easier for the captain to monitor the wor4 of the need for communication the first officer and vice versa !etween crew mem!ers has !een decreased a !alanced com!ination !etween someone a com!ination which must ma4e actively engaged in his wor4 and automated the pilot availa!le for the sphere systems which serve to control the pilot9s in which he is most ualified,

communication and coordination have clearly improved in manman and man-machine relations a com!ination in which the pilot must 4eep the main repetitive tas4s and automated systems

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA wor4load 040 .hich of the following draw!ac4s are associated with automation & 1( =educed competence in manually controlling the aircraft )( 2ncreased li4elihood of slips while programming automatic systems '( >ifficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestic4 4( ;eneral decrease in technical relia!ility 040 .hich of the following are the most favoura!le solutions to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance $hypovigilance%& 1( Keep active open communication !etween man and machine )( Fse of amphetamines '( =educing the intensity of the light 4( 6rganising periods of rest during the flight 040 .hat are main signs indicating the loss of vigilance & 1( >ecrease in sensory perception )( 2ncrease in selective attention '( 3ensation of muscular heaviness 4( >ecrease in complacency .hich of the following lists all the correct statements & 040 .hat is ,divided attention,& 1,) 1,4 RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !" namely chec4ing departures from under his control in line with rulethe normal operating range !ased !ehaviour ),',4 1,'

1,4

1,)

1,'

',4

1 and '

1 and 4

) and '

) and 4

#lternative management of several matters of Base of concentrating on a particular o!5ective interest may occur at any moment of the flight essentially occurs several minutes after the intense ta4e-off phase ),4

>ifficulty of concentrating on a particular o!5ective

040 .hich of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct & 7ypovigilance: 040 .hat are the main factors which !ring a!out reduced or low vigilance $hypovigilance% & 1( The monotony of the tas4 )( Tiredness, the need for sleep '( # lac4 of stimulation 4( Bxcessive stress 040 .hich of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct&

1,),'

The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one9s attention !eing dispersed tends to occur at the end of the only affects certain personality mission as a result of a relaxation types in the operators9 attention 1,' ',4

040 .hich of the following are primary sources of motivation in day-to-day professional life & 1( Being in control of one9s own situation )( 0ear of punishment '( 3uccess $achievement of goals% 4( 3ocial promotion, money 040 .hich of the following statements summarises the impact that motivation 2t increases the mo!ilisation of energy and may have on attention & thus facilitates the uality of alertness and attention 040 .hat are the effects of distress $overstress% & 2t increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, !ut may focus attention 040 The level of automation of !ehaviour-patterns facilitates the saving of routine errors $slips% resources and therefore of attention( 6n the other hand, it may result in: 040 .hat is the main adverse effect of expectations in the perception Bxpectations often guide the focus of mechanism & attention towards a particular aspect, while possi!le alternates are neglected 040 .ith regard to the level of automation of !ehaviours in the attention the more !ehaviour is automated, the less it mechanism, we 4now that: re uires conscious attention and thus the more it frees mental resources 040 .hat are the various factors which guide attention & 1( The level of 1,',4 automation of !ehaviour )( =esponse time '( The salience of the information 4( Bxpectations 040 2n order to minimi<e the effects of crossing more than '-4 time <ones with a ),' layover more than )4 hrs, it is advisa!le to: 1( #dapt as uic4ly as possi!le to the rhythm of the arrival country )( Keep in swing with the rhythm of the departure country for as long as possi!le '( Eaintain regular living patterns $wa4ing ,sleeping alternation and regular meal pattern % 4( Try to sleep as much as possi!le to overcome negative arousal effects 040 -oncerning circadian rhythm disruption $5et lag%, ad5ustment to destination ) and 4 time: 1( Ta4es longer when travelling west rather than travelling east )( Ta4es longer when travelling east rather than travelling west '( ?aries little

Bxcessive motivation in com!ination with high levels of stress will limit attention management capa!ilities 1,),',4

Too much motivation may result in Eotivation will reduce the tas4 hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention automation process 1,),' ',4

Aow motivation will guarantee ade uate attention management capa!ilities ),4

2t only facilitates attention in extreme cases $ris4 Eotivation has only a small of death% effect on attention, !ut it facilitates alertness 2t reduces vigilance and focuses attention 2t activates resources stored in memory mista4es decision-ma4ing errors

2t stimulates attention !ut may lead to phases of low arousal

2t has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action They always lead to routine errors The unconscious mechanism of The attention area is enlarged, attention leads to focus on all thus it will lead to an uncertainty relevant information in regard to necessary decisions the more !ehaviour is automated, the more it the more !ehaviour is automated, the less !ehaviour is automated, re uires attention and the more it frees resources the more it re uires attention and the less it re uires attention and the less it frees resources the more it frees resources 1,4 1,) ),',4

1,'

),4

1,4

1 and '

1 and 4

) and '

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA !etween individuals 4( ?aries su!stantially among individuals .hich of the following lists all the correct statements & 040 .hat seem to !e the main roles of deep sleep & 2t essentially allows for physical recovery and the reconstitution of neuron energy reserves 040 .hat are the main effects of a lac4 of sleep loss on performance & 2t increases fatigue, concentration and attention difficulties, the ris4 of sensory illusions and mood disorders 2t reduces the a!ility to manage multiple matters Tiredness is a su!5ective sensation which is reflected in hypovigilance or in poor management of intellectual capa!ilities RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !"

040 .hat is the effect of tiredness on attention &

040 .hich of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct &

2t is confined to physical recuperation associated 2ts main role is associated with with fatigue activities of memory activities and restoration of attention capa!ilities 2t increases fatigue and concentration 2t causes muscular spasms difficulties, !ut facilitates stress management !y muscular relaxation, 2t increases the a!ility to manage multiple 2t leads to one9s attention !eing matters dispersed !etween different centres of interest Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual Tiredness is the conse uence of a overload diminution of performance

?ia physical recovery, it is characterised !y an alternation of dream phases and paradoxical phases 2t reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss greater than 4" hours 2t has no specific effects on attention Tiredness is an o!5ective psychophysiological symptom of a reduction in attention capa!ilities ),4

040 .hich of the following solutions represent antidotes to conflicts & 1( 1,),4 3ee4ing ar!itration )( #ctively listening to other people '( #!andoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level 4( Becoming aware of cultural influences 040 .hat elements esta!lish synergy within the crew & 3ynergy must !e !uilt up from the start of the mission $!riefing% and !e maintained until it comes to an end $de!riefing%

1,),'

),',4

3ynergy esta!lishes itself automatically within the crew, right through from !riefing to de!riefing

040 .hich of the following statements !est characterise a synergetic coc4pit& 1( 1,4 >ecisions are ta4en !y the captain, !ut prepared !y the crew )( There is little delegating of tas4s '( -ommunications are few in num!er !ut precise and geared purely to the flight 4( 0luid, consensual !oundaries exist in regard to leadership-style, which fluctuate !etween authority and laisse<faire 040 .hich of the following statements !est characterise a self-centered .ithout ta4ing note of what the other coc4pit & mem!ers are doing, each one does his own thing while at the same time assuming that everyone is aware of what is !eing done or what is going on 040 .hat may !ecome the main ris4 of a ,laisse<-faire, coc4pit & 2nversion of authority 040 .hat is characteri<ed !y a ,laisse<-faire, coc4pit &

1,',4

3ynergy is independent of the natural individual characteristics of the group mem!ers $communication, mutual confidence, sharing of tas4s, etc(% ),'

2t is only the captain9s status which allows the esta!lishment of synergy within the crew

),4

The egoistic and self-centered personality of the The communication !etween .hile decreasing communication, captain often leads to a synergetic coc4pit crew mem!ers always increases the independence of each mem!er when the captain ta4es charge of !olsters the crew9s synergy a situation 2ncreased captain9s authority #ppearance of aggressiveness The captain9s authority rules all the actions or decisions associated with the situation >isengagement of the co-pilot The high level of independence granted to each mem!er !y the captain uic4ly leads to tension !etween the various crew mem!ers 1,',4

# passive approach !y the captain allows Bach mem!er carries out actions and ma4es decisions, choices and actions !y other crew choices informing the other mem!ers a!out mem!ers them

040 .hat are the most fre uent and the least appropriate reactions on the part of ),',4 a co-pilot when faced with a highly authoritarian captain & 1( 3elf-assertion )( # scapegoat feeling '( >elayed reactions to o!served discrepancies 4( >isengagement 040 .hat are the most fre uent results of an self-centred captain on the flight 2n a two-pilot flight dec4, the co-pilot is dec4 & ignored and may react !y disengaging, showing delayed responses or demonstrate the scapegoat effect 040 #n autocratic coc4pit is descri!ed !y: The captain9s excessive authority considera!ly reduces communications and conse uently the synergy and cohesion of the crew

1,)

',4

7igh group performance despite the strained relations

8erformance is very poor as selfcentred !ehaviour leads to an increase of cooperation and efficiency >espite the overly strong authority of the Bach of the mem!ers chooses The atmosphere is relaxed than4s captain, everything functions correctly owing to what 5o! to do without telling the to a captain who leaves complete his natural leadership others and in the !elief that freedom to the various mem!ers everyone is aware of what he is of the crew doing

# ma5or ris4 of authority inversion if the co-pilot is unassertive

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hat optimises crew co-operation & 1( 3haring and common tas4 )( -onfidence in each others capa!ility '( 8recise definition of functions associated with each crew mem!ers role 040 .hat distinguishes status from role & RispostaA 1,),' 1 RispostaB 1,) RispostaC ),' RispostaD Ch !"

040 .hat characterises the notion of role &

.hile role defines- via !ehaviour- the functions that must !e performed !y individuals, status defines the en5oyment of a hierarchical position and its recognition !y the group The function and !ehaviour associated with the particular role

.hile role defines the en5oyment of a hierarchical position and its recognition !y the group, status defines - via !ehaviour- the functions that must !e performed !y individuals 6nly the functions associated with role

Fnli4e status, role is fixed and is not modified either !y the situation in flight or !y the interactions of a new crew

Fnli4e status, role is fixed and is modified either !y the situation in flight or !y the interactions of a new crew

040 The needs of an individual lead to:

a change in the individuals motivation and conse uently to an adaptation of the !ehaviour

preservation from dangers only if social needs are !eing satisfied

040 -ontrary to a person9s personality, attitudes:

#re the product of personal disposition and form part of personality and that, as a result, past experience with reference to an o!5ect or they cannot !e changed in an adult a situation 1,),4 # !ehavioural expedient associated with the desynchronisation of the coordinated actions

040 .hich of the following elements ma4e up the personality of an individual & 1,),',4 1( 7eredity )( -hildhood environment '( Fp!ringing 4( 8ast experience 040 .hat is synergy in a crew & The coordinated action of all mem!ers towards a common o!5ective, in which collective performance is proving to !e more than the sum of the individual performances 040 .hich of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct & -onflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an accepta!le collective solution 040 .hich of the following is most li4ely to !e overloo4ed should a pilot ma4e analysis of the current actual situation and a rushed decision & instead applying a decision prepared !eforehand 040 2n terms of decision-ma4ing, the intention to !ecome integrated into the the attempt to agree on decisions made !y team, to !e recognised as the leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to: other crew mem!ers 040 .hat strategy should !e put in place when faced with an anticipated period # strategy of preparing decisions of time pressure & 040 .hich !iases relate to human decision ma4ing& 1( 8ersonal experience 1,),' tends to alter the perception of the ris4 of an event occurring )( There is a natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it '( The group to which an individual !elongs tends to influence the particular decision 4( There is natural tending to select only o!5ective facts for decision-ma4ing purposes 040 7a!its and routine can influence decision-ma4ing in a way that: a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment of achieving the !est possi!le result 040 >ecision-ma4ing can !e influenced !y the following factors: 1( people tend 1 and ' to conform to opinions expressed !y a ma5ority within the group they !elong to )( people always 4eep the future decisions in line with those their superiors have made in the past '( people more easily tend to select data which meet their expectations 4( people rarely !ase decisions on their personal preferences !ut rather on rational information .hich of the following lists all the correct answers &

The characteristic !ehaviour The hierarchical position of the associated with the description of function and the associated the various roles of a particular !ehaviour status no change in his motivation and prolonged suppression of all !asic conse uently to the persistence of needs in favour of high selfthe individuals !ehaviour in actuali<ation regard to the desired outcome are non-evolutive adaptation are essentially driving forces procedures regardless of the !ehind changes in personality result of the actions associated with them ),' ),',4 The uncoordinated action of the crewmem!ers towards a common o!5ective The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into uestion the general a!ilities of one of the involved parties the captain9s superior 4nowledge, 5ustified !y his/her status

The coordinated action of unrelated individual performances in achieving a nonstandard tas4 .hatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution -onflicts are negative in must necessarily involve an additional party if it themselves and can only lead to a is to !e effective general detachment of involved parties the s4ills of air traffic controllers the need to ta4e account of every possi!le result or outcome an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own a!ility to lead # non-se uential strategy 1,)

the improvement of internal ris4 the suggestion of a se uential assessment capa!ilities solution in which everyone can contri!ute what he/she 4nows # Aaisse<-faire strategy # strategy of no commitment ',4 1,),4

one always wants to see previous experience confirmed !y new decisions

professional pilots will never uestion esta!lished procedures

one always selects a choice in accordance with the company9s usual practices ) and 4

) and '

1 and 4

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 >ecision-ma4ing is a concept which represents: RispostaA RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !" a voluntary and conscious process of an automated or automation-li4e act of applying an automatic process of selection a spontaneous act of see4ing the selection, from among possi!le solutions, for defined procedures from among the various solutions most effective solution in a given a given pro!lem to a given pro!lem situation when faced with a defined pro!lem 040 2n decision-ma4ing, the selection of a solution depends: 1( on o!5ective and 1,),',4 1,),4 1,' 4 su!5ective criteria )( on the o!5ective to !e achieved '( on the ris4s associated with each solution 4( a!ove all on the personality of the decisionma4er 040 >ecision-ma4ing results in: a choice !etween different solutions for a choice always !ased on the experience of the an o!5ective choice concerning a su!5ective choice concerning achieving a goal 82applica!le solutions for a given applica!le solutions end 040 .hat would !e the priority aim in the design of man-machine interfaces To reduce the ris4s of the appearance or non- To eliminate the ris4 of latent errors occurring To cater systematically for the To put in place redundant alarm and in the creation of their application procedures for com!ating pro!lems detection of errors entailing serious conse uences of errors in order to systems associated with human error & conse uences analyse their nature and modify ergonomic parameters 040 The main strategies for safely adapting to time constraints are the: 1( 1, ), ' and 4 only 1 ) and 4 1 and ' 8rioritisation of tas4s )( 8reparation of actions '( #pplication of procedures 4( Fse of time management s4ills .hich of the following lists all the correct statements & 040 .hat happens in pro!lem-solving when the application of a rule allows for #ctions return to an automatic mode # switch is made to 4nowledge mode in order to # switch is made to 4nowledge- # second monitoring rule must !e the situation to !e resolved & refine the results !ased mode in order to continue applied monitoring of the pro!lem 040 2n pro!lem-solving, what determines the transition from rules-!ased The unsuita!ility of the 4nown rules for the #ttentional capture Knowledge of rules which apply The unsuita!ility of the automated activities to a 4nowledge-!ased activity & pro!lem posed to the pro!lem posed actions 040 Fnder what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to rule- .hen detecting, that an automated !ehaviour 0ailure of all the 4nown rules The appearance of a situation or #n automated cognitive chec4 !ased level & will no longer lead to the intended outcome pro!lem which is un4nown and procedure completely new 040 .hich of the following errors occur at rules-!ased level & 1(6mission )(The ),4 1,) ',4 1,' application of a poor rule '( #ttentional capture 4( The poor application of a good rule 040 Brrors which occur during highly automated actions may result from: 1( the 1,4 1,) ',4 ),',4 capture of a poor action su!program )( a mista4e in the decision ma4ing process '( the application of a poor rule 4( an action mode error 040 The descriptive aspect of errors according to 7ollnagel9s model descri!es 1,),4 1,' ),4 1,),' various directly o!serva!le types of erroneous actions which are: 1( =epetition and omission )( The forward leap and the !ac4ward leap '( 2ntrusion and anticipation 4( 2ntrusion 040 .hat are the main characteristics of active errors & They: 1( are detecta!le ),' 1,) ',4 1,4 only with difficulty !y first-line operators )( have rapid and direct conse uences on the action in progress '( are down to first-line operators 4( have an impact on the overall action whose timing may !e affected significantly 040 The maintenance of man9s internal e uili!rium is called: 7omeostasis 7eterostasis 7omeothermy 8oi4ilothermy 040 The main limit$s% of long-term memory is $are%: >ata retrieval as a result from a loss of access the uantity of data which may !e stored to the stored information the instantaneous inputting in memory of all information collected during the day, which comes to saturate it ) ,' the data storage time

040 .hat are the main limits of short-term memory & 2t is: -1: very sensitive to 1,' ,4 1,) ,' interruptions and interference -): difficult to access -': limited in si<e -4: su!5ect to a !iochemical !urn-in of information 040 2f a pilot has to perform two tas4s re uiring the allocation of cognitive the sharing of resources causes performance a person reaches his limits as from simultaneous the only way of not seeing resources: on each tas4 to !e reduced tas4s, and performance will then tail off performance tail off is to switch to 4nowledge-!ased mode for the two tas4s

),4

the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to rules-!ased mode for the two tas4s

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 #ction plans $3689s% in a coc4pit must: RispostaA !e shared !y the mem!ers of the crew and updated at each modification in order to maintain maximum synergy RispostaB !e tailored to the individual pilot9s needs in order to facilitate the normal operation of the aircraft RispostaC only !e tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current E-- procedures RispostaD Ch !" only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect individual operators coc4pit philosophies the tas4 and the day9s parameters $weather report, aircraft load, type of flight, etc% ), ',4

040 .or4load essentially depends on:

the current situation, the pilot9s expertise and the pilot9s experience and the ergonomics of the the pilot9s 4nowledge the ergonomics of the system system 1,),',4 1,)

040 # pilot !ecomes s4illed when he/she: -1: trains or practises regularly -): 1,),4 4nows how to manage himself/herself -': possesses all the 4nowledge associated with his aircraft -4: 4nows how to 4eep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected 040 Ean possesses a system for maintaining his internal e uili!rium in the face 7omeostasis of variations !rought a!out !y external stimulations( This internal e uili!rium is called: 040 3tress is a!ove all: the !est adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for responding to the various situation which he may have to face 040 3tress is a reaction to adapt a specific situation( This reaction may include various psychological and physiological elements which one can learn to manage 040 The individual9s perception of stress depends on: the su!5ective evaluation of the situation and one9s a!ilities to cope with it 040 3tress is a response which is prompted !y the occurrence of various @oise, temperature $low or high%, humidity, stressors( 6f these, which can !e called physiological & sleep deprivation 040 ;eneral #daptation 3yndrome is characterised !y the following phases: -1: 1,',4 alarm -): alert phase -': resistance phase -4: exhaustion phase -*: vigilance phase 040 The following course of action must !e ta4en if gastrointestinal or ),' cardiopulmonary complaints or pain arise !efore ta4e-off: -1: ta4e the standard medicines and advise the doctor on returning from the flight -): assess your own a!ility to fly, if necessary with the help of a doctor -': if in dou!t a!out fitness to fly - do not flyP -4: reduce the ca!in temperature, and drin4 !efore you are thirsty so as to avoid dehydration 040 .hich of the following systems are involved in motion sic4ness & -1: ),',4,* 7earing -): The vesti!ular system -': ?ision -4 The proprioceptive senses ,3eat-of-the-8ants-3ense,% -*: The gastrointestinal system 040 2n the a!sence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in illusion of relative movement which you sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called: 040 .hich of the following illusions are !rought a!out !y conflicts !etween the 1,4 visual system and the vesti!ular system & -1: 2llusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft -): #uto4inetic illusion $fixed point viewed as moving% -': 2llusions when estimating the si<e and distance of o!5ects -4: 2llusions of rotation 040 The vesti!ular system is composed of -1: two ventricles -): a saccule -': a ),',4 utricle -4: three semicircular channels 040 .hich of the following statement$s% is/are correct & - 1: The retina has rods 1,' in its peripheral <one and cones in its central <one - ): The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has rods - ': The rods allow for night-vision - 4: The cones are located on the peripheral <one of the retina 040 The procedure to !e followed in the event of decompression when flying allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order a!ove 10,000 ft must: to prevent hypoxia

7eterostasis

2sothermy

Eetastasis

a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control

is always lin4ed to excessive fear

a response !y man to his a phenomenon which is specific to pro!lems, which automatically modern man leads to a reduction in his performance can only !e controlled !y medical is purely physiological and treatment automatic the pilot9s increasing level of arousal 7eat, humidity, fatigue, administrative pro!lems 1,),4,* the conditions of the current situation only Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce ),',4,*

the o!5ective evaluation of the situation and one9s a!ilities to cope with it @oise, hunger, conflicts, a death ),',4

1,'

1,4

1,),4

1,),'

),',4

1,),*

auto4inetic illusion

cognitive illusion

somato-gravic illusion

),',4

',4

1,4 1

),' ),'

1,',4 4

allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent disorders due to hypoxia

ma4e it possi!le to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100 % oxygen

ma4e it possi!le to eliminate the ris4 of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hat is the ,Time of Fseful -onsciousness, for a rapid decompression at )*,000 ft & 040 The Time of Fseful -onsciousness may vary according to: 1: physical activity of the su!5ected crew ): the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in uestion ': the strength and time of decompression 4: the ca!in temperature 040 3afety is often improved !y applying the principles of -=E, e(g(: RispostaA Between ' and * minutes depending on the physical activities of the su!5ected pilot 1,' RispostaB #!out 1" seconds 1,) RispostaC Between )* seconds and 1 minute '0 seconds ',4 RispostaD #!out '0 seconds 4 Ch !"

040 #n efficient flight dec4 $synergetic coc4pit% will !e o!served when:

expression of one9s dou!ts or different opinion for as long as this dou!t can not !e re5ected on the !ase of evidence decisions are ta4en !y the -aptain with the help and participation of the other crew mem!ers

un uestioned o!edience to all the -aptain9s decisions the plan of action is defined !y the -aptain !ecause of his experience level

a!stention from any suggestion which might !e untimely

040 #n non-synergetic coc4pit:

is characterised !y withdrawn crewmem!ers is characterised !y a highly efficient crew, and unclear communication communicating appropriately with the outside intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance !y improving attitudes towards flight safety and human relationship management a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a hypothesis or decision is poorG # pooling of !lood in the lower portions of the !ody, and hence less !lood availa!le not intended to change the individual9s attitude at all

040 -=E $-rew =esource Eanagement% training is:

the avoidance of any conflict in order to preserve the crew9s synergy the -aptain delegates the decisions do not need to !e decision ma4ing process to other discussed !ecause of a common crew mem!ers synergy !etween the crew mem!ers always results from an overis not very dangerous as each relaxed atmosphere person chec4s everything personally intended solely to alter an is mainly of relevance to pilots individual9s personalityG with personality disorders or inappropriate attitudes a tendency not to loo4 for information which would reassure oneself a!out a decision #n increase in !lood pressure in the upper part of the !ody $a!ove heart-level% ),4 a tendency to agree with the decision made !y the group 7yperoxygenation of the !lood which may lead to sensory disorders ),',4

040 The confirmation !ias of decision ma4ing is

a tendency not to see4 for information which confirms a 5udgement #n improvement of peripheral vision

040 .hat is the main pro!lem caused !y positive $:;<% accelerations&

040 .hich of the following statements are correct & 1 7ypothermia affects 1,',4 1,),' physical and mental a!ilities( ) Ean has effective natural protection against intense cold( ' 3hivering ma4es it possi!le to com!at the cold to a certain extent, !ut uses up a lot of energy 4 >isorders associated with hypothermia appear at a !ody temperature of less than '*N040 =ods $scotopic visual cells% allow for: good night-vision after adaptation to dar4ness good, virtually instantaneous night-vision $'0 min% $scotopic vision% 040 6f the following alternatives, which effects are due to positive acceleration ),',4 1,),' $: ;<%& - 1: >ecrease in heart rate - ): 8ooling of !lood into lower parts of the !ody - ': >rop in !lood pressure a!ove heart-level - 4: >ownward displacement or deformation of soft or mo!ile organs 040 .hat is hypoxia & #ny condition where the oxygen The total a!sence of oxygen in the !lood of the concentration of the !ody is !elow normal !ody limits or where the oxygen availa!le to the !ody cannot !e used due to some pathological condition 040 To optimise one9s night-vision performance, it is necessary: - 1: to spend 1,',4 1,),4 some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination - ): to increase the instrument panel lighting !y reducing the coc4pit lighting - ': not to focus on the point to !e o!served - 4: to avoid !linding sources of light 040 ?isual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to !inocular vision interactions !etween cones and rods 040 .hat could !e symptoms of hypoxia $when flying without oxygen% a!ove 1),000 ft& 7eadache, fatigue, di<<iness, lac4 of coordination 7eadache, thirst, somnolence, collapse

precise vision of contours and colours 1

red vision, !oth during the day and at night 1,',4

The respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sic4ness

# state characterised !y an excessive supply of oxygen which may !e due to malad5ustment of the mas4 )

),',4

peripheral vision Buphoria, headache, improvement in 5udgement, loss of consciousness ',4

the high sensitivity of the retina Trem!ling, increase in !ody temperature, convulsions, slowing of the rate of !reathing ),'

040 .hich of the following characteristics apply to short-term memory & - 1: 2t 1 is limited in time and si<e - ): 2t is unlimited in time and limited in si<e - ': 2t is sta!le and insensitive to distur!ances - 4: 2t is limited in time and unlimited in si<e

1,'

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .ith regard to short-term memory, we can say that: RispostaA it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and is limited in its capacity for storing and retaining data an illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for several seconds in the dar4, may - without a frame of reference appear to move associated with the tas4 of mental construction of the environment RispostaB it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and is limited in terms of the time for which it retains data !ut not in its storage capacity the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed reference point moving into the opposite direction of the acceleration due mainly to a conflict !etween the various sensory systems ),',4 RispostaC it is a sta!le form of wor4ing memory, and thus not very sensitive to any distur!ance a conflict !etween the visual system and !odily sensations RispostaD it mainly contains procedural 4nowledge Ch !"

040 #uto4inetic illusion is:

poor interpretation of the surrounding world

040 2llusions of interpretation $cognitive illusions% are:

040 .hich of the following statements are correct & -1: Eodern aircraft allow ),' for *0 - C0% relative humidity in the ca!in air under any conditions of flight, which is satisfactory for the !ody -): Thirst is a symptom of dehydration -': >ehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as di<<iness and fatigue -4: >rin4ing excessive uantities of water must !e avoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will otherwise !e lost 040 .ith regard to central vision, which of the following statements are ),4 correct & -1: 2t is due to the functioning of rods -): 2t ena!les details, colours and movement to !e seen -': 2ts very active !oth during the day and at night -4: 2t represents a <one where a!out 1*0(000 cones per mm are located to give high resolution capacity 040 .hich of the following statements is correct & 10% of information processed !y man enters via the visual channel 040 .hat is the procedure a!ove 10(000 ft altitude when faced with explosive decompression& 040 .hat is the approximate Time of Fseful -onsciousness for a seated pilot following a rapid decompression at '*,000 ft & 040 .hat is the Time of Fseful -onsciousness & >on an oxygen mas4 and descend to !elow 10,000 ft 4* seconds The length of time during which an individual can act with !oth mental and physical efficiency, measured from the moment at which he/she loses his/her availa!le oxygen supply >escend to the lowest possi!le level and land as soon as possi!le

due mainly to a poor interpretation of instrumental data 1,),4

solely induced in the a!sence of external reference points 1,4

1,),4

),',4

1,'

7earing is the sense which collects most information in man 0irst inform #T-

1) seconds

40% of information processed !y The 4inesthetic channel provides man enters via the visual channel the most important information for flying >escend to !elow 10,000 ft and -hec4 the ca!in altitude, don an signal an emergency oxygen mas4 and maintain level flight * minutes ' seconds The period of time !etween the start of hypoxia and the moment that the pilot !ecomes aware of it

The time ta4en to !ecome aware of hypoxia due The pilot9s reaction time when to gradual decompression faced with hypoxia

040 .hich is the procedure to !e followed when symptoms of decompression sic4ness occur& 040 .hat is decompression sic4ness&

>escend to the lowest possi!le level and wait 6nly medical treatment is of use for the symptoms to disappear !efore clim!ing again # condition resulting from the formation of # fre uent disorder in commercial aviation due # disorder which is solely nitrogen !u!!les in !odily tissues and fluids to the pressurisation curve of modern aircraft encountered !elow 1",000 ft after a ca!in pressure loss at high altitude ) and ' are correct 1, ) and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct

6nly the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary The formation of air !u!!les in !odily tissues, with no conse uences for people9s capa!ilities 1, ' and 4 are correct

040 .hich of the following statements are correct: -1: 3cu!a diving may !e practiced without restriction -): Eany medicines have effects which are incompati!le with flight safety -': #n ade uate amount of fluid should !e drun4 when flying -4: #lcohol has no effect on the inner ear( 040 To facilitate and reduce the time ta4en to access information in long-term memory, it is helpful to: 040 -oncerning the capacity of the human long-term memory

mentally rehearse information !efore it is needed its storage capacity is unlimited

learn and store data in a logical and structured way

040 .hich of the following statements a!out long-term memory are correct& -1: 1 and 4 are correct 2nformation is stored there in the form of descriptive, rule-!ased and schematic 4nowledge( -): The period of time for which information is

structure irrelevant information as much as possi!le !efore committing it to memory it is structurally limited in terms of storage it is structurally limited in terms capacity, !ut unlimited in terms of storage time of storage time !ut not in terms of capacity 1 and ) are correct ), ' and 4 are correct

avoid to rehearse information which we 4now we will need soon its mode of storing information is passive, ma4ing memory searches effective ) and 4 are correct

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA retained is limited !y the fre uency with which this same information is used( -': 2t processes information uic4ly and has an effective mode of access in real time( -4: 8re-activation of necessary 4nowledge will allow for a reduction in access time( 040 The a!ility of the human eye to read alphanumeric information: is limited to the foveal area of the retina RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !"

is limited to daytime using the rod cells

is almost e ually shared !y the entire retina

040 The relationship which exists !etween crew error and flight safety:

040 .hich of the following statements a!out hyperthermia is correct &

is dependent on the social and technical system and also on the operational context created !y the system -omplete adaptation to the heat in a hot country ta4es a!out a fortnight(

is a linear relationship which introduces crew training as the main factor ?asodilatation is the only regulator which is capa!le of reducing !ody temperature( the oxygen saturation of the !lood at that altitude will drop !y *0 % too *(000 and 10(000 feet disorientation remains constant, independent from altitude *% oxygen 1"% oxygen, "0% nitrogen, )% other gases

040 The atmospheric pressure at 1",000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at sea level( 2n accordance with this statement,

the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to 1/) of the pressure of oxygen at sea level 040 +ou clim! from 0 to *0(000 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per 0 and *(000 feet *(000 ft( The a!solute difference in !arometric pressure is greatest !etween: 040 8hysiological pro!lems due to increasing altitude are caused !y: decreased atmospheric pressure 040 The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at '0(000 feet remains decreases with decreasing !arometric at )1 %G !ut the partial pressure of oxygen: pressure 040 #ir at an altitude of 1"(000 feet contains, approximately: )1% oxygen 040 >ry air is a mixture of gases( Their volume percentage is a!out: 040 Boyle9s law is directly applica!le in case of: 040 >alton9s law explains the occurrence of: 040 7enry9s Aaw explains the occurrence of: )1% oxygen,1"% nitrogen, 1% other gases

is governed !y peripheral vision over an area of approximately )0 degrees of angle is independent of the operational has !een evolving for 40 years context, with the latter !eing and has now !ecome independent identical for any flight operation of the social and technical system Bvaporation is more effective 8erformance is not impaired !y an when am!ient humidity is high( increase in !ody temperature to 40N- or more( the oxygen percentage of the air the partial oxygen pressure at that at that altitude will drop !y one altitude will !e dou!led half also 10(000 and 1*(000 feet 4*(000 and *0(000 feet accelerations increases !y expansion 1*% oxygen 1H% oxygen, "0% nitrogen, 1% other gases the occurrence of hypoxia with increasing altitude decompression sic4ness hyperventilation 1,4 Transfer of chemical messages sugar 1 is not correct and ) is correct nitrogen rich in oxygen and lac4ing in car!on dioxide protein 1 is false and ) is correct increased atmospheric pressure decreases significantly with lower temperatures 10% oxygen )*% oxygen, 14% nitrogen, 1% other gases hyperventilation with increasing altitude creeps hypoxia 1,' Bxchange of su!stances !etween the lung and the !lood fat !oth are false oxygen rich in !oth oxygen and car!on dioxide red !lood cells !oth are false

the expansion of trapped gasses in the human the occurrence of decompression sic4ness at !ody with increasing altitude high altitude altitude hypoxia !ends decompression sic4ness diffusion

040 6ur !ody ta4es its energy from: 1: minerals ): protein ': car!onhydrates 4: ),' 1,),',4 vitamins 040 .hat is meant !y meta!olism & The transformation !y which energy is made 2nformation exchange availa!le for the uses of the organism 040 6ne of the waste products of the meta!olic process in the cell is: car!on dioxide protein 040 The !ody loses water via: 1( the s4in and the lungs )( the 4idneys .hich of 1 and ) are correct 1 is correct and ) is not correct the following lists all the correct answers & 040 Fnder normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse from the !lood to the car!on dioxide car!on monoxide alveoli: 040 The !lood in the pulmonary artery is: lac4ing in oxygen and rich in car!on dioxide lac4ing in !oth oxygen and car!on dioxide 040 The thin walls of capillaries are permea!le for: gases platelets 1 is correct and ) is false

040 The circulatory system, amongst other things, allows for: 1( transportation 1 and ) are correct of oxygen and car!on dioxide )( transportation of information !y chemical su!stances .hich of the following lists all the correct statements & 040 6xygen, com!ined with haemoglo!in in !lood is transported !y red !lood cells 040 7aemoglo!in is: 040 3omeone who has anaemia has: 040 The average pulse of a healthy adult at rest is a!out: 040 .ith a heart rate of 1) !eats per minute and a stro4e volume of 10 ml the in the red !lood cells not enough functional haemoglo!in C0 to "0 !eats/min * litres/min

platelets in the platelets not enough platelets '0 to *0 !eats/min C litres/min

!lood plasma dissolved in the plasma not enough plasma H0 to 100 !eats/min 1 litres/min

white !lood cells in the white !lood cells not enough white !lood cells 110 to 1*0 !eats/min " litres/min

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda * litres/min the coronary arteries RispostaA 4*0 ml/min the auricles "0/)0 mm 7g RispostaB RispostaC 4* litres/min ventricles 1"0/1)0 mm 7g RispostaD 1* litres/min the pulmonary veins ))0/1"0 mm 7g in the veins of the upper arm 1 and ) are !oth false ),' and 4 are correct, 1 is false Ch !" cardiac output is a!out: 040 #t rest the cardiac output $the uantity of !lood the heart pumps in one minute% of an adult is approximately: 040 The heart muscle is supplied with !lood from:

040 The normal arterial !lood-pressure of a healthy adult is $systolic/diastolic%: 1)0/"0 mm 7g 040 .hich of the following statements is correct& The !lood-pressure which is measured during flight medical chec4s is the pressure 040 Blood-pressure depends on: 1( the cardiac output )( the resistance of the capillaries .hich of the following lists all the correct answers & 040 The !lood-pressure depends on: 1( the wor4 of the heart )( the peripheral resistance '( the elasticity of the arterial walls 4( the !lood volume and viscosity 040 -hanges in !lood-pressure are measured !y: 040 The pressoreceptors are located in in the artery of the upper arm $representing the pressure at heart level% 1 and ) are correct 1,),' and 4 are correct

in all the !lood-vessels of the !ody $representing in the muscles of the upper arm the pressure in the whole !ody% 1 is correct ) is false 1 is false ) is correct 1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false 1,' and 4 are correct, ) is false

pressoreceptors the carotid and aortic arterial vessels

arteriols the intestines 1,' and 4 are correct, ) is false

adrenal glands the heart 1,) and 4 are correct, ' is false

pacema4ers the lungs 1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false

040 .hen the pressoreceptors signal a lowering of the !lood-pressure there are ),' and 4 are correct, 1 is false adaptation mechanisms which result in: 1( an increase of respiratory activity )( the arteriols to constrict '( an increase of cardiac output 4( the heart rate to rise 040 The physiological effects of accelerations to the human !ody depend on: 1( 1,),' and 4 are correct the duration of the ;-forces )( the onset rate of the ;-forces '( the magnitude of the ;-forces 4( the direction of the ;-forces( 040 8ositive g will cause the !lood-pressure in the !rain to: decrease 040 >uring sustained positive ;-forces the order of symptoms you can expect is: 040 The normal rate of !reathing of an adult at rest is a!out: 040 The volume of air exchanged during a normal !reathing cycle $tidal volume% is a!out: 040 The primary factor in controlling the rate and depth of !reathing is the: 040 The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the !lood can !e descri!ed !y: 040 The transfer of car!on dioxide from the !lood to the alveoli can !e descri!ed !y: 040 The partial pressure of car!on dioxide in the alveoli is: 040 The rate and depth of !reathing is primarily regulated !y the concentration of: 040 # pressuri<ed ca!in helps to prevent: 1( decompression sic4ness ) (the pro!lem of expansion of gases in the intestines '( hypoxia 4( coronary disease 040 7ealthy people are usually capa!le of compensating for a lac4 of oxygen up to: 040 .hen flying a!ove 10(000 feet hypoxia arises !ecause: 040 3aturation of oxygen in the !lood at sea level is approximately H"%( This saturation decreases with: 1( decreasing air pressure )( car!on monoxide poisoning '( increasing altitude 4( increasing air pressure 040 7ypoxia is a situation in which the cells 040 The severity of hypoxia depends on the: 1( rate of decompression )( physical fitness '( flight level 4( individual tolerance grey-out, tunnel vision, !lac4-out and unconsciousness( 1C cycles per minute *00 ml of air pressure of car!on dioxide in the !lood the law of diffusion the law of diffusion lower than in the !lood car!on dioxide in the !lood 1, ) and ' are correct(

1,),' are correct, 4 is false

),' and 4 are correct, 1 is false

1and 4 are correct, ' is false

remain constant unconsciousness, !lac4-out, tunnel vision and grey out( 4 cycles per minute '*0 ml of air partial pressure of nitrogen Boyle9s Aaw Boyles Aaw the same as in the atmospheric air nitrogen in the air 1, ) and 4 are correct(

increase

first increase, then decrease

!lac4-out, grey-out, tunnel vision grey-out, unconsciousness, !lac4and unconsciousness( out and tunnel vision ') cycles per minute 1) cycles per minute 1*0 ml of air 1* ml of air

partial pressure of oxygen in the total air pressure in the !lood !lood >alton9s Aaw 7enry9s Aaw >alton9s Aaw higher than the pressure of car!on dioxide in the !lood water vapour in the alveoli ), ' and 4 are correct( 7enry9s Aaw lower than the pressure of car!on dioxide in the atmospheric air( oxygen in the cells 1, ' and 4 are correct(

10(000 - 1)(000feet the partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level( 1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false

1*(000 feet the composition of the !lood changes 1, ) and 4 are correct, ' is false

)0(000 feet the composition of the air is different from sea level ), ' and 4 are correct, 1 is false

)*(000 feet the percentage of oxygen is lower than at sea level 1, ' and 4 are correct, ) is false

have a shortage of oxygen 1,),' and 4 are correct

are saturated with nitrogen 1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false

are saturated with oxygen ),' and 4 are correct, 1 is false

have a shortage of car!on dioxide 1 and ' are correct, ) and 4 are false

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hich of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct& RispostaA 2t is a potential threat to safety( RispostaB 2t is never a pro!lem at altitudes !elow )*(000 ft( 1,),' and 4 are correct reduced coordination of lim! movements, causing the pilot to spin 1, ) and ' are correct( Eotor coordination( the !lood-pressure can get too high RispostaC RispostaD 2t activates the senses and ma4es 2t has little effect on the !ody, them function !etter( !ecause the !ody can always compensate for it( 1,) and ' are correct 1,) and 4 are correct cyanosis, reducing then pilots a!ility to hear ), ' and 4 are correct( 7earing( the !lood-pressure can get too low scanning sectors of the field of vision 7ypothermia( hyperventilation, causing emotional stress 1, ' and 4 are correct( 3peech( you will get the !ends Ch !"

040 Barly symptoms of hypoxia could !e: 1( euphoria )( decreased rate and depth of !reathing '( lac4 of concentration 4( visual distur!ances 040 6ne of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is: 040 .hich of the following symptoms can indicate hypoxia& 1( Blue lips and finger nails( )( Buphoria( '( 0latulence( 4 (Fnconsciousness(( 040 #mong the functions !elow, which is the most sensitive to hypoxia& 040 +ou are crossing the #lps in a non-pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 1*(000 feet( +ou do not use the oxygen mas4 !ecause you feel fine( This is unsafe, !ecause: 040 >uring a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your visual acuity has decreased( 2n this case you can increase your acuity !y: 040 >uring flight all crewmem!ers have one or more of the following symptoms: 1( !lue lips )( mental distur!ances '( tingling sensations in arms and/or legs 4( reduction of peripheral vision .hich is the possi!le cause& 040 .hich measure$s% will help to compensate for hypoxia& 1( >escend !elow 10 000 0T( )( Breathe 100 % oxygen( '( -lim! to or a!ove 10 000 0T( 4( =educe physical activities( 040 # pilot can prevent hypoxia !y: 040 # pilot should not fly immediately after donating !lood !ecause: 040 7yperventilation is: 040 7yperventilation is:

1,' and 4 are correct impaired 5udgement 1, ) and 4 are correct( @ight vision( your 5udgement could !e impaired

!reathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mas4( 7ypoxia(

closing one eye ;laucoma(

dim the instrument lights 7ypoglycaemia(

1, ) and 4 are correct

1, ) and ' are correct

only 1 is correct

1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false

using additional oxygen when flying a!ove 10(000 feet you have an increased suscepti!ility to fainting an increased lung ventilation

relying on the !ody9s !uilt in warning system recogni<ing any stage of hypoxia the chance you get the !ends is higher after !lood-donation a too high percentage of nitrogen in the !lood

040 2f some!ody starts !reathing faster and deeper without physiological need 040 .hen hyperventilating you should: 040 # pilot can overcome hyperventilation !y:

a normal compensatory physiological an increased heart rate caused !y an increasing reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure !lood pressure $i(e( when clim!ing a high mountain% the !lood turns more al4aline the !lood turns more acid control your rate and depth of !reathing controlling the rate and depth of !reathing and/or !reathing into a !ag descend depending on instruments

swallowing, yawing and applying not exceeding a ca!in pressure the ?alsalva method altitude of )0000 ft your !lood-pressure is too low your heart rate is too low after after !lood-donation !lood-donation a decreased lung ventilation a too high percentage of oxygen in the !lood( an increased heart rate caused !y a reduction of partial oxygen a decreasing !lood-pressure pressure in the !rain the acid-!ase !alance of the !lood will not change apply the ?alsalva method the !lood pressure in the !rain will rise significantly use the oxygen mas4 the use of drugs sta!ili<ing !lood pressure to reduce !lood pressure a lesser selectivity the condition of the !ody itself

increasing the rate and depth of !reathing to eliminate harmful car!on dioxide 040 +ou can overcome hyperventilation !y !reathing into a plastic or paper !ag( to raise the level of -6) in the !lood as fast to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen to increase the amount of The intention is: as possi!le nitrogen in the lungs 040 =ising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means: a lesser sensitivity a greater sensitivity a greater selectivity 040 3u!cutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated !y: the pressure created on the corresponding !ody parts when sitting, standing or lying down 040 The proprioceptors do not orient an individual to his/her surroundings, !ut the relative motion and relative position of informs him/her of his !ody parts 040 # stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation of reflex receptors is called: 040 The amount of light which stri4es the retina is controlled !y: the pupil 040 .hen focussing on near o!5ects: 040 The a!ility of the lens to change its shape is called: 040 The mechanism of accommodation is caused !y: the shape of lens gets more spherical accommodation the functioning of the ciliary muscle around a touch on the s4in indicating the true vertical environmental stressors

a touch on the s4in data processing the ciliary !ody the shape of lens gets flatter !inocular vision the elasticity of the optic nerves

our surroundings control system the cornea the cornea gets smaller depth perception

the condition in the !ody itself change of stimulation level the lens the pupil gets larger adaptation

the functioning of the muscles of the diameter of the pupil

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj 040 8res!yopia is: Domanda RispostaA the lens long sightedness lin4ed with age RispostaB short sightedness 1,) and ' are correct 1 and ' are correct, ) is false distur!ed colour vision visual acuity it is tiring to loo4 continually in the same direction * minutes the fovea a%, !% and c% are correct, d% is false the eye myopia ),' and 4 are correct ) and ' are correct, 1 is false distur!ed adaptation !inocular vision only in the peripheral area of the retina resolution is good enough to see an o!5ect clearly 10 minutes the cones RispostaC RispostaD high intraocular pressure 1,' and 4 are correct 1 is correct, ) and ' are false distur!ed night vision colour vision the reduction in the field of vision with decreasing altitude is due to a lac4 of vitamin # 10 seconds the cones and the rods Ch !"

040 ?isual acuity during flight at high altitudes can !e affected !y: 1( anaemia 1, ), ' and 4 are correct )( smo4ing in the coc4pit '( car!on monoxide poisoning 4( hypoxia 040 ;laucoma 1( can lead to total !lindness )( can lead to undetected reduction 1, ) and ' are correct of the visual field '( reduces visual acuity in its final stage 040 ;laucoma is: high intra-ocular pressure 040 The peripheral vision is important for: detecting moving o!5ects

040 #lthough we have a field of vision of more than 1"0N it is important during only in the foveal area resolution is good flight to use the scanning techni ue, !ecause enough to see an o!5ect clearly 040 The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dar4 is a!out: 040 The photosensitive cells !eing responsi!le for night vision are called: )* - '0 minutes the rods

040 .hen flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourself a%, !%, c% and d% are correct from flash!lindness !y: a% turning up the intensity of coc4pit lights !% loo4ing inside the coc4pit c% wearing sunglasses d% using !linds or curtains when installed 040 .hich scanning techni ue should !e used when flying at night& Aoo4 to the side $10 - 1* deg% of the o!5ect( 040 The Bustachian tu!e connects: the middle ear and the throat

a% and !% are correct, c% and d% are c% and d% are correct, a% and !% are false false

Aoo4 directly at the o!5ect( the auditory duct and the inner ear ),' and 4 are correct, 1 is false

Blin4 your eyes( the semi circular canals 1,) and ' are correct, 4 is false

Aoo4 with one eye( the middle ear and the inner ear 1,' and 4 are correct, ) is false

040 -onductive hearing loss can !e caused !y: 1( damage to the ossicles in the 1,),' and 4 are correct middle ear caused !y infection or trauma )( a damage of the auditory nerve '( an o!struction in the auditory duct 4( a ruptured tympanic mem!rane 040 @oise induced hearing loss $@27A% is caused !y: damage of the sensitive mem!rane in the cochlea due to overexposure to noise 040 Bxcessive exposure to noise damages: the sensitive mem!rane in the cochlea 040 The inner ear is a!le to perceive: 1( angular acceleration )( linear acceleration '( @oise 040 #ngular accelerations are perceived !y: 040 The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to: 040 ?isual distur!ances can !e caused !y: 1( hyperventilation )( hypoxia '( hypertension 4( fatigue 040 >isorientation is more li4ely to occur when the pilot is: 1( flying in 2E- )( fre uently changing !etween inside and outside references '( flying from 2E- into ?E- 4( approaching over still water at night 040 8ositive linear acceleration when flying in 2E- may cause a false sensation of: 040 Ainear acceleration when flying straight and level in 2E- may give the illusion of: 040 -oriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of: 040 .hen turning in 2E- , head movements should !e avoided as much as possi!le( This is a prevention against: 040 # pilot, trying to pic4 up a fallen o!5ect from the coc4pit floor during a tight turn, experiences: 040 Bmpty field myopia is caused !y: 1 and ) and ' are correct the semi circular canals linear acceleration and gravity 1, ) and 4 are correct 1, ) and 4 are correct

a !loc4ed Bustachian tu!e the semi circular canals ) and ' are correct, 1 is false the cochlea angular acceleration 1, ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ) and ' are correct

pressure differences on !oth sides reduced mo!ility of the ossicles of the eardrum the ossicles the eardrum 1 and ) are correct, ' is false the otholiths angular speed 1, ) and ' are correct ), ' and 4 are correct ) is correct, 1 and ' are !oth false the receptors in the s4in and the 5oints constant speed only ), ' and 4 are correct 1, ' and 4 are correct

pitching up clim!ing

pitching down descending

apparent sideward movement of vertigo o!5ects in the field of vision yawing spinning ga<ing in the direction of a flashing light oculogyral illusion !arotrauma o<one at altitude the intensity of the light is varying normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age pressure vertigo pressure vertigo flying over mountainous terrain the colour of the light is varying

simultaneous head movements during aircraft undergoing positive ; manoeuvres coriolis illusion auto4inesis coriolis illusion lac4 of distant focal points auto4inetic illusion atmospheric perspective the si<e of the light is varying

040 .hen a pilot is starring at an isolated stationary light for several seconds in the light is moving the dar4 he might get the illusion that:

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 .hen you stare at a single light against the dar4 $i(e(( an isolated star% you will find the light appears to move after some time( This phenomenon is called: 040 7ow is ha<e effecting your perception& 040 The 9Blac4 hole9 phenomenon occurs during approaches at night and over water, 5ungle or desert( .hen the pilot is lac4ing of visual cues other than those of the aerodrome there is an illusion of 040 +ou fly ?0= from your home !ase $runway width )1 m%, to an international airport $runway width 4* m%( 6n reaching your destination there is a ris4 of performing a: 040 +ou fly ?0= from your home !ase $runway width 4* m% to a small airfield $runway width )1 m%( 6n reaching your destination there is a ris4 of performing a: 040 1( 2n case of conflicting information you can always trust your 3eat-of-the8ants-3ense( )( 2n case of conflicting information !etween the sensory organs and the instruments you must !elieve the instruments( 040 7ow can spatial disorientation in 2E- !e avoided& By 040 .hich procedure is recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation& 040 7ow can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight& RispostaA auto4inetic phenomenon RispostaB !lac4 hole illusion RispostaC coriolis illusion RispostaD leans Ch !"

6!5ects seem to !e further away than in reality( !eing too high and too far away, dropping low and landing short high approach with overshoot

6!5ects will give !etter contrast( !eing too close, landing long

7a<e ma4es the eyes to focus at infinity clim!ing

6!5ects seem to !e closer than in reality( !eing too low, flying a steeper approach than normal low approach with undershoot

high approach with undershoot

low approach with overshoot

low approach with undershoot

high approach with overshoot

high approach with undershoot

low approach with overshoot

1 is false, ) is correct

1 and ) are correct

1 is correct, ) is false

1 and ) are false

maintaining a good instrument cross chec4( =ely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments( Bsta!lish and maintain a good instrument cross chec4( continue on instruments rely on your instruments

!elieving your !ody senses only( Tilt your head to the side to get !etter information from the semicircular canals( #lways try to catch outside visual cues(

moving the head into the direction of the resultant vertical( =ely on the 3eat-of-the-8ants3ense(

040 2f you are su!5ected to an illusion during night flying you should: 040 2f you are disorientated during night flying you must:

dim the coc4pit lighting loo4 outside ), ' and 4 are correct

=ely on good situational awareness !elieving your natural senses( scan the surroundings use your oxygen mas4 descend 1 and ' not advisa!le

loo4ing outside whenever possi!le ignoring the attitude indicator( ;et adapted to low levels of illumination !efore flying and use off-center vision all the time( =ely on the 4inaesthetic sense(

040 # passenger complains a!out a painful inflated !elly at "(000 feet( +ou 1, ) and ' are correct advise him to: 1( un!uc4le and massage the !elly )( stand up and let go the gases out of the intestines '( eat less gas forming food and avoid car!onhydrated !everages !efore flight in the future 4( drin4 a lot of water throughout the flight 040 6n ascent the gases in the digestive tract will expand 040 7aving a serious cold it is !etter not to fly, due to the extra ris4 of: 1( ),' and 4 are correct flatulence )( pain in the ear during descent '( pressure vertigo 4( pain in the nasal sinuses 040 7aving a serious cold, you are going to fly( .hat can you expect& pain in the sinuses 040 8ain in the middle ear during descent may !e eased !y: 040 .hich symptom does not !elong to the following list: 040 The symptoms caused !y gas !u!!les under the s4in following a decompression are called: 040 3ymptoms caused !y gas !u!!les in the lungs, following a decompression are called: 040 3ome hours after a rapid decompression at 0A '00 you experience pain in the 5oints( .hich of following answers is correct& levelling off and possi!ly clim!ing leans creeps cho4es

chec4 your rate of !reathing - do not !reathe too fast only 4 is correct

stay the same 1 and ) are correct

shrin4 1,' and 4 are correct

!e a!sor!ed !y tissues and !lood 1,) and 4 are correct

!ends

cho4es

hypoxia using an oxygen mas4 creeps leans leans This phenomenon is treated !y !reathing 100% nitrogen( only 4 is correct release of loc4ed gases from 5oints

!loc4ing the effected ear with the palm of your increasing the rate of descent hand !ends cho4es !ends !ends cho4es creeps

+ou should as4 for medical advice $flight surgeon% since this is a symptom of decompression sic4ness( 040 Tolerance to decompression sic4ness is decreased !y: 1( 3-FB# diving )( 1, ) and ' are correct 6!esity '( #ge 4( Body height 040 >ecompression symptoms are caused !y: dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the !ody

This symptom indicates decompression sic4ness This phenomenon is treated !y and will disappear when you ta4e some physiotherapy( exercise( ) and 4 are correct 1, ' and 4 are correct low car!on dioxide pressure of inhaled air low oxygen pressure of inhaled air

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA 040 2n the event of rapid decompression the first action for the flight dec4 crew don oxygen mas4s and ensure oxygen flow is: 040 The following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of ), ' and 4 are correct decompression sic4ness: 1( clim! to higher level )( descent to the higher of 10000 ft or E3# and land as soon as possi!le '( !reathe 100 % oxygen 4( o!tain medical advice a!out recompression after landing 040 #dverse effects of car!on monoxide increase as: altitude increases 040 The human circadian rhythm is !ased on a cycle of a!out: 040 >istur!ance of the !iological cloc4 appears after a: 1( !ad night9s sleep )( day flight #msterdam - @ew +or4 '( day flight #msterdam - Dohannes!urg 4( night flight @ew +or4 - #msterdam 040 The effects of sleep deprivation on performance: 1( increase with altitude )( decrease with altitude '( increase with higher wor4load 4( decrease with higher wor4load .hich of the following lists all the correct statements & 040 3leeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns 1( can lead to symptoms of drowsiness, irrita!ility and lac4 of concentration )( will ma4e an individual more prone to ma4e errors 040 -hec4 the following statements: 1( # person experiencing sleep loss is unli4ely to !e aware of personal performance degradation )( 8erformance loss may !e present up to )0 minutes after awa4ing from a short sleep $nap% 040 The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night9s sleep( 1( Bach succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of =BE-sleep( )( 0re uent interruption of the =BE-sleep can harm a human !eing in the long run( 040 1( =BE-sleep !ecomes shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during the night( )( =BE-sleep is more important for the regeneration of mental and physical functions than all the other sleep stages are( 040 # stress reaction is: )4 hours ) and 4 are correct RispostaB descent to the higher of 10000 ft or E3# 1, ) and ' are correct RispostaC transmit mayday call 1 and 4 are correct RispostaD carry out chec4 for structural damage 1 and ' are correct Ch !"

altitude decreases 1(* hours 1,) and ' are correct

air pressure increases 1) hours 1 and ' are correct

relative humidity decreases 4" hours 1,),' and 4 are correct

1 and ' are correct

1,) and ' are correct

1, ' and 4 are correct

), ' and 4 are correct

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 is not correct, ) is correct

1 is correct, ) is not correct

1 and ) are !oth not correct

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 is correct ) is false

1 is false, ) is correct

1 and ) are !oth false

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 is correct ) is not correct

1 is not correct ) is correct

1 and ) are !oth not correct

1 is not correct ) is correct

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 is correct ) is not correct

1 and ) are false

the non-specific response of the !ody to every demand placed on a person 040 # person !eing exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive: distress $stress reactions% 040 ;etting uneasy will effect: 1( attention )( concentration '( memory 4( 1, ), ' and 4 are correct prudence 040 The !iological reaction to stress is identical regardless of the cause of stress( alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion This mechanism occurs in three phases and is referred to, !y 3elye, as the phase ,;eneral #daptation 3yndrome,( The se uence is: 040 #ccording to the different phases of the ,;eneral #daptation 3yndrome, 1,) and ' are correct chec4 the following statements: 1( >uring the alarm phase stress hormones $i(e( adrenalin% will cause a massive release of glucose into the !lood, an acceleration of pulse and !lood pressure as well as an increase in the rate and depth of !reathing )( >uring the resistance phase the parasympathetic system uses a different type of hormone $cortisol% assisting to convert fat into sugar thus providing sufficient energy supply to the !rain and !ody cells for sustained operation( '( >uring the exhaustion phase the !ody has to !e given time to eliminate the waste products which have !een generated excessively during the two preceding phases, 040 2f coping with a stress situation is impossi!le, one will remain in the state distress of: 040 .hich of the following statements concerning stress are true & 1( 1 and ) are !oth true #daptation is a new state of e uili!rium after having coped with a stressful situation( )( #n individual9s anticipation of the situation and his/her perceived a!ilities to cope with it will determine the type and strength of stress( 040 Aearning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot !ecause he is 1 and ) are correct, ' and 4 are false lac4ing experience( Eanifestations of this type of stress are: 1( nervousness

the specific response of the !ody to every demand placed on a person coping stress 1 and ) are correct alarm phase - denial phase - exhaustion phase

the non-specific stimuli causing a the specific stimuli causing a human !ody to respond human !ody to respond eustress stressors 1 and ' are correct exhaustion phase - resistance phase - adaptation phase only 1 is correct ), ' and 4 are correct resistance phase - exhaustion phase - recovery phase ) and ' are correct, 1 is false

1 and ) are correct, ' is false

adaptation 1 is true, ) is false

hypoxia 1 is false, ) is true

eustress 1 and ) are !oth false

1 and ) are false, ' and 4 are correct,

1, ) and ' are correct, 4 is false

1, ) and 4 are correct, ' is false

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA and chanelli<ed attention )( !eing rough at the controls '( smo4e and drin4 much more alcohol than usual 4( airsic4ness, lac4 of sleep 040 The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as stressful depends on the individual9s perception of availa!le a!ilities in comparison to the situational demands 040 #n identical situation can !e experienced !y one pilot as exciting in a positive sense and !y another pilot as threatening( 2n !oth cases: RispostaB RispostaC RispostaD Ch !"

does not depend on his capacity to a!sor! information

the arousal level of !oth pilots will !e raised !oth pilots will loose their motor-coordination

depends on the level of demand !ut not on individual interpretation of the situational demands !oth pilots will experience the same amount of stress

depends on self-confidence alone

040 8lease chec4 the following statements: 1( 8sychosomatic means that mental 1 is correct, ) is false and/or emotional stressors can !e manifested in organic stress reactions( )( 8sychosomatic means that a physical pro!lem is always followed !y psychological stress( 040 1( 8sychosomatic means that a physiological pro!lem is followed !y 1 and ) are !oth not correct psychological stress( )( 8sychosomatic complaints hardly occur in professional aviation !ecause of the strict selection for this particular profession ( 040 .hilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is s4ill !ased !ehaviour 040 The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and s4ill and/or rule !ased !ehaviour conditions of the landing is: 040 The a!ility to monitor information which could indicate the development of is necessary to maintain good situational a critical situation awareness 040 -hec4 the following statements: 1( The first information received determines how su!se uent information will !e evaluated( )( 2f one has made up one9s mind, contradictory information may not get the attention it really needs( '( .ith increasing stress, channeli<ing attention is limiting the flow of information to the central decision ma4er $-@3%( 040 2n an a!normal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for the pro!lem( The chance that he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is: 040 1( Aively information is easier to ta4e into consideration for creating a mental picture than !oring information( )(The se uence in which information is offered is also important for the use the pilot ma4es of it( 040 Eany pilots thin4 up systems to deal with affairs so they don9t have to thin4 up every time what they have to do( 1, ) and ' are correct

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 is false, ) is correct

the pilot feeling threatened, will !e much more relaxed, than the pilot loo4ing forward to what may happen 1 and ) are !oth false

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 is correct ) is not correct

1 is not correct ) is correct

coping !ehaviour 4nowledge !ased !ehaviour

4nowledge !ased !ehaviour pressure !ased !ehaviour

rule !ased !ehaviour automated !ehaviour is responsi!le for the development of inade uate mental models of the real world ) and ' are correct

is dangerous, !ecause it distracts attention from ma4es no sense !ecause the flying the aircraft human information processing system is limited anyway 1and ' are correct 1 and ) are correct

increasing

the same, no matter if he/she has already made up his/her mind 1 is correct, ) is not correct

not applica!le with old and experienced pilots 1 is not correct, ) is correct

decreasing

1 and ) are !oth correct

1 and ) are !oth not correct

this has to !e positively appreciated for it increases consistency in action

040 2f someone hyperventilates due to stress his/her !lood will !ecome: 040 1( Buphoria can !e a symptom of hypoxia( )( 3omeone in an euphoric condition is more prone to error( 040 8lease chec4 the following statements: 1( # stressor causes activation )( #ctivation stimulates a person to cope with it 040 -ar!on monoxide poisoning can !e treated !y:

more al4aline 1 and ) are !oth correct 1 and ) are !oth correct increasing the amount of oxygen !eing physically dissolved in the !lood o<one-converters diffusion 1, ) and '

this is dangerous for every situation is different this has to !e re5ected for the company draws the rules and the procedures they have to comply with less saturated with oxygen more saturated with car!on dioxide 1 is correct, ) is not correct 1 is not correct, ) is correct 1 is correct, ) is not correct decreasing the amount of oxygen !eing com!ined with the hemoglo!in in the !lood avoiding flights along the e uator changes in atmospheric pressure ) and ' 1 is not correct, ) is correct

this has to !e advised against for it reduces flexi!ility at a moment a pro!lem has to !e solved !y improvisation( more acid 1 and ) are !oth not correct 1 and ) are !oth not correct

040 6<one in the air of a pressuri<ed ca!in can !e eliminated !y: 040 The exchange of gases !etween the alveoli and the !lood is due to: 040 The circulation of !lood: 1( transports oxygen to the !ody cells )( withdraws waste products from the cells '( conveys nutrients to the cells .hich of the following lists all the correct answers&

increasing the amount of nitrogen !reathing into a paper !ag !eing physically dissolved in the !lood clim!ing to altitudes a!ove spraying detergents 4*,000 ft inspiration physical exercise 1 and ' 1 and )

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda RispostaA 040 The total gas volume of the lung is the sum of: 1( tidal volume )( 1, ), ' and 4 inspiratory reserve volume '( expiratory reserve volume 4( residual volume .hich of the following lists the correct com!ination& 040 >uring hyperventilation: acidity level of the !lood is reduced 040 7ypoxic hypoxia may !e caused !y: 1( clim!ing to a high altitude without 1, ) and ' using additional oxygen )( malfunction in the oxygen supply system '( loss of ca!in pressuri<ation at high altitude .hich of the following lists all the correct answers& 040 .hich of the following gases is fundamentally responsi!le for @itrogen( decompression sic4ness& 040 .hat is the name of the functional connection !etween neurones& 3ynapse( 040 ;laucoma is due to: 040 .hat can cause spatial disorientation& RispostaB 1 and ) ) and ' RispostaC 1, ) and ' RispostaD Ch !"

al4alinity level of the !lood is reduced 1 and '

oxygen concentration of the !lood is !elow normal ) and '

nitrogen concentration of the !lood is a!ove normal 1 and )

6xygen( By-pass(

-ar!on dioxide( 2nterconnnection( >amage to the eye!all due to high altitude =eference to well-defined external visual references, such as the hori<on( Total loss of hearing in !oth ears due to disease( .hen turning $angular acceleration%( heredity ) and '

3odium( 6cclusion( Bxcess light on the eye!all 0lying in clear daylight conditions( ;radual onset of long-sightedness with age( .hen clim!ing at greater than )000 0T / min learning ), ' and 4

2ncrease in pressure of the li uid within the >rop in pressure of the li uid around the eye eye 0alse perception of orientation of the aircraft >amage to the receptor cells in the eyes( with respect to spatial references( ;radual loss of hearing with age( .hen decelerating in straight, hori<ontal flight( personality 1, ), ' and 4 Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the coc4pit( >uring linear acceleration( development 1, ) and '

040 .hat is meant !y pres!ycusis& 040 .hen might a pilot have the sensation of a nose-low attitude& 040 The uni ue organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or standard !ehaviour of an individual is 4nown as: 040 The causes of human error can !e a!undant and complex( .hich of the following factors could contri!ute to human error& 1( 8ersonality( )( Eotivation and attitudes( '( Bmotional state( 4( Bxternal environmental factors( .hich of the following lists all the correct answers& 040 #mong the external factors that may contri!ute to an error, coc4pit noise and the restriction of the field of view due to windscreen design correspond to: 040 6rganisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human error are: 1( malfunction of technical systems( )( fuel-saving policies( '( rostering( 4( weather phenomena( .hich of the following lists all the correct answers& 040 The autocratic leadership style is synonymous with: 040 .hat human function is most sensitive to lac4 of oxygen&

ergonomic factors(

organisational factors(

psycho!iological factors(

social factors(

) and '

1 and 4

1 and )

' and 4

an authoritarian style @ight vision(

a democratic style Eotor co-ordination( wine or !eer

an anarchic style 7earing( car!onated water(

a ,laisse<-faire, style Touch( no drin4s, as fluids are not important drin4 tea

040 To avoid incapacity due to gastro-intestinal pro!lems, it is recommended non-car!onated water that a simple, easily digested meal !efore !oarding the aircraft should !e accompanied !y: 040 The dry atmosphere of the flight dec4 may cause dehydration, which may drin4 sufficient non-car!onated li uids lead to a reduction in the a!ility to pay attention( To prevent this, it is appropriate to: 040 -affeine may cause an increase in cardiac rhythm, restlessness/nervousness, )*0 mg/day insomnia, anxiety and intestinal irrita!ility( Bxcessive consumption is considered to !e in excess of: 040 2n the case of changes to circadian rhythms, the read5ustment to a new time is most rapid when flying west!ound <one: 040 .hich statement a!out acute and chronic fatigue among the following is incorrect& #cute fatigue generally has psychological roots(

drin4 plenty of coffee

drin4 cool cola drin4s

' mg/day

40-C* mg/day

1*0 mg/day

is most rapid when flying east!ound

is the same in !oth west!ound and east!ound flights

-hronic fatigue may !e caused !y inade uate recuperation from periods of acute fatigue(

occurs immediately, as circadian rhythms do not change depending on direction of flying -hronic fatigue may lead to a #cute fatigue is felt after a period person !eing totally apathetic and of significant exertion or indifferent to what goes on emotional excitement( around them(

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 6f the following statements regarding stress, which is correct& RispostaA 3tress may !e positive, fatigue is always negative( RispostaB 3tress and fatigue are synonymous( RispostaC 3tress and anxiety are the same( RispostaD 3tress is a reaction of the system to maintain homeostatic e uili!rium( cause dysentery hypoxia south-north flights 1 and 4 Ch !"

040 8hysical exercise in high temperatures $tropical climates% may: 040 Eedical conditions such as high !lood pressure, coronary pro!lems and dia!etes are associated with: 040 To resynchroni<e a circadian rhythm, it ta4es more time after:

cause painful muscle and a!dominal cramps cause the pilot to collapse, due to an excess of fluid in the !ody o!esity anorexia nervosa east!ound flights west!ound flights 1, ) and '

increase a pilot9s resistance to decompression sic4ness cholera north-south flights ) and '

040 Bnvironmental sources of stress in the coc4pit could !e: 1( noise and 1, ) and 4 vi!ration )( acceleration '( radiation 4( extreme temperatures .hich of the following lists all the correct answers& 040 To prevent gastro-intestinal pro!lems in tropical climates you should: 1( not 1, ), ' and 4 eat salad or raw vegeta!les )( always peel fruit '( only eat food that has !een properly coo4ed 4( avoid ice-cream .hich of the following lists all the correct answers& 040 By 9long duration acceleration9, we mean that it lasts more than: 1 second 040 @ight vision is significantly reduced $i(e( a loss of more than )*%% at -ompensatory 1*,000 0T in which stage of hypoxia& 040 .hen faced with sustained cold temperature, how does the !ody resist this By intense vasoconstriction( physical stress& 040 Fp to what altitude is !lood oxygen saturation reduction unli4ely to affect a pilot9s 5udgement& 040 By what action could the pressure gradient !etween the middle and the outer ear !e !alanced& 040 Barotrauma is caused !y an increase or decrease in the volume of the gases contained in the !ody9s cavities( .hich, in practice, are the most fre uent locations of such pro!lems& 040 The system which controls !reathing, digestion, heart rate, etc(, over which there is no voluntary control, is: 040 Aoss of elasticity of the crystalline lens due to ageing occurs in: 10,000 0T By swallowing(

1 and )

1, ) and '

) and 4

)0 seconds 2ndifferent

1 minute -linical manifestation phase

* minutes #naemic phase By increasing cardiac fre uency(

By vasodilatation which permits a greater flow By speeding up the meta!olic of !lood to the periphery( rate in the #utonomic @ervous 3ystem( )0,000 0T )*,000 0T By !reathing in( By !reathing out( 0acial sinuses, outer ear and stomach the critical nervous system hypermetropia ) and 4

'0,000 0T By coughing( >ental cavities, outer ear and eyes

0acial sinuses, middle ear and dental cavities 2nner ear, facial sinuses and stomach

the autonomic nervous system pres!yopia

the local nervous system myopia 1 and '

non-existent, as all these functions are under conscious control astigmatism 1, ' and 4

040 .hat factors can lead to a deterioration in vision& 1( 7ypoxia )( 3mo4ing '( 1, ), ' and 4 8oor diet, lac4ing ?itamin # 4( Bxposure to !right lights .hich of the following lists all the correct statements& 040 The damaging effects of noise on the pilot depends on: 1( The intensity of 1, ), ' and 4 the noise )( The fre uency of the noise '( The exposure time to noise 4( 8roper use of the headset in the coc4pit .hich of the following lists all the correct statements& 040 7ow can vertigo !e prevented in conditions of good visi!ility& By loo4ing at the hori<on 040 .hat effect do changes in !arometric pressure have on the facial sinuses& 3imilar to those in the middle ear, !ut unli4e the ear, they are almost e ually affected !y ascents as !y descents( 040 To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes: it is recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans, or periodically focuses on a distant o!5ect such as a wingtip or cloud edge 040 .aiting for ta4eoff on the runway, a pilot is informed !y the tower that the This is a violation( tail wind component is 1) 4t( #ccording to the manual, the limitation is 10 4t max( The pilot ma4es a decision to ta4e-off anyway, as the runway is long( 040 6n approach, !y day, in snowy conditions, without reference to glideslope 5udgement of height is extremely difficult information:

), ' and 4

1 and 4

' only

By closing the eyes momentarily 2dentical to those produced in the middle ear and only common during descents( it is recommended that a pilot focuses on an o!5ect 4nown to !e approximately one metre away This is an error of reasoning(

By loo4ing approximately *N to one side of an o!5ect @one, unless you are suffering from decompression sic4ness( one should concentrate only on instruments This is a decision error(

By avoiding !lin4ing Eild pain, which is never incapacitating( one should !oo4 an appointment with an opthalmologist as soon as possi!le This is neither an error or a violation - the pilot is using his initiative(

there is a ris4 of you underestimating your speed estimation of height and distance there is a ris4 of you entering a is not a pro!lem for a wellspin trained pilot

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 2n order to avoid hypoglycemia: RispostaA RispostaB a pilot should eat regularly and ensure he has a pilot should never eat sugar or sweets a !alanced diet RispostaC RispostaD Ch !" peanuts are recommended a pilot should not ta4e snac4s !ecause of their high energy !etween meals value re uires up to '0 minutes to reach its !est re uires * minutes to reach its !est performance is insensitive to short duration is insensitive to lightning flashes performance light sources in storms control his stress !y following appropriate divert immediately to the nearest airfield persuade himself that this is a use humour to show that he is not procedures $e(g( chec4lists% false alarm to reduce his stress concerned a lac4 of attention due to distraction a lac4 of alertness !oth a lac4 of attention and a lac4 This pilot manages his attention of alertness well( cold drin4s !e ta4en from sealed containers one uses ice cu!es in cold drin4s one eats raw vegeta!les one eats fruit without peeling them, to ensure a supply of vitamins a decision !ias due to ha!its $fre uency !ias% a !ias in selecting data a confirmation !ias a decision !ias due to group $social% pressure

040 @ight vision: 040 #n engine low oil pressure light has 5ust illuminated( The pilot feels some stress !uilding up( 7e should: 040 # pilot experiences difficulties in the control of his aircraft and conse uently omits to monitor the fuel level( This is caused !y: 040 2n tropical <ones, it is recommended that:

040 # pilot meets the ground engineer in charge on the apron( #lthough the pilot has not !een through flight preparation yet, he nevertheless instructs the engineer as to the amount of fuel to !e loaded, since he is used to flying this route( This !ehaviour results from: 040 6n taxiing, !efore ta4eoff, a !riefing: must !e done systematically in order to is not necessary when departing from home !ase is not re uired unless !oth crew refresh the memory of the crew mem!ers and !ecause this is routine mem!ers agree it is essential to co-ordinate actions 040 2n-flight incapacitation of a pilot is most fre uently caused !y: acute gastrointestinal disorders chronic pulmonary disorders cardio-vascular disorders 040 .hen considering the eating-ha!its of pilots: !rea4fast should !ring a!out )*% of the daily low fi!re and low protein/car!ohydratediet is calorie inta4e ideal you avoid head movements and rely on your instruments influence a person9s reaction and response to people, situations, etc( must !e compensated for !y drin4ing water !efore one gets thirsty a heavy supper is !est

is not necessary if the crew mem!ers 4now each other !ehavioural disorders

040 6n experiencing a vesti!ular illusion in straight and level flight, it is recommended that: 040 # person9s attitudes define a set of learned, deep-rooted dispositions $li4es and disli4es% which: 040 The low level of humidity found in a pressurised aircraft ca!in:

040 8lanning:

allows crew mem!ers to anticipate potential ris4y situations incidents in each phase of flight and decide on possi!le responses allows fats to !e transformed into sugars, there!y prolonging the mo!ili<ation of energy in the !ody cause the convergence of light rays onto the retina )* hours the airfield !eing further away than actually is a tendency to loo4 for information which confirms the validity of the decision

040 The resistance phase of stress:

040 The cornea and the crystalline lens of the eye:

040 0ree running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately: 040 .hen the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of: 040 2n the decision-ma4ing process, confirmation !ias results in:

high inta4e of chocolate is recommended !efore flight to prevent reactional hypoglycemia you tilt your head to the side opposite to the turn you close your eyes for a moment you rely on your sensations only, to nullify the stimulus causing the illusion so that the oculo-vesti!ular as humans are much more relia!le conflict disappears than flight instruments is exactly the same as a person9s personality cannot !e modified through do not depend on a person9s past training experiences must !e compensated for !y !reathing in to a re uires a regular supply of water must !e compensated for !y a paper !ag only for those who are in poor regular supply of coffee or tea health( 7ealthy people compensate for this naturally( is unnecessary in the coc4pit, as crew mem!ers in the coc4pit typically results in is dangerous in the coc4pit, as it are so highly trained, they will always 4now plans that are always easy to interrupts flight crew creativity what to do in unusual situations modify when things are not as anticipated is characterised !y the secretion of adrenalin, may cause a person to die !y is very short duration and is increased heart rate and !lood pressure stopping the defence mechanisms unli4ely to give a pilot the of the !ody opportunity to resolve a pro!lem 4eep the retina clean and healthy allow for the regulation of the permit the reception and amount of light admitted into the conversion of visual stimuli to eye images interpreted !y the !rain C hours " hours 'C hours

040 #n experienced pilot:

040 2n order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should:

his/her visual field shrin4ing $i(e( tunnel vision% his/her eyes focusing on infinity aircraft altitude !eing lower than it actually is choosing familiar solutions, even if they are not overestimating the fre uency of a tendency to loo4 for approval !y the !est ones some events other crew-mem!ers, or !y the #Tprepares thoroughly for a flight and is a!le to functions exclusively in a reactive manner, as it see4s complex solutions to avoids using automated systems anticipate the ma5ority of possi!le pro!lems is not resource-consuming pro!lems, thus using his as his experience allows him to capacities up to 100% perform all tas4s manually maintain his competence !y practicing his forget a!out !ad past experiences avoid anticipating events during a drop activities outside wor4 so as professional s4ills and learning from past flight to manage his wor4load to focus on his wor4 !etter

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 # pilot may get the illusion of low altitude on approach although the aircraft is on the correct glidepath: 040 The distri!ution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide 5et aircraft a!out 10% of cases commercial fleet shows that human error is involved in: 040 >uring the cruise, at night, when the wor4load is low, it is recommended the lighting in the coc4pit !e increased in that: order to prevent low vigilance RispostaA experiences when the runway is wider than he is used to RispostaB when the runway is unusually narrow a!out H0% of cases RispostaC on night approaches only a!out **% of cases RispostaD depending on the approach speed of the aircraft all cases, one way or another only those instruments that are vital to flying the aircraft !e lit in order to avoid dividing one9s attention is impossi!le if a pilot wears sunglasses are automatic when pilots are experts )*,000 ft *00 Q 1,000 !rain to all parts of the !ody through sensory nerves Bustachian tu!e and the pinna # carrier ta4e-off -olour !lindness, visi!ility and angular distance from the fovea # mis-shapened cornea # lac4 of accommodation # mis-shapened cornea Tensing the leg muscles and correct use of pilotTs harness 8hysical fitness, heat and hypotension -ognitive and intuitive >airy products and vegeta!les >ifficulty in focussing on near-!y o!5ects 1 hour # complete a!stinence from alcohol re uire immediate termination of flying Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the s4in 0ood or water which has !een contaminated Bacteria on the form of spores via a puncture in the s4in Ch !"

the lighting in the coc4pit !e dimmed in order to the lighting in the coc4pit !e reduce visual fatigue dimmed in order to prevent low vigilance is possi!le at only at distances over )00 m due to !inocular vision should always !e made as uic4ly as possi!le 1",000 ft * - 10 !rain to all parts of the !ody through sensory and autonomic nerves -ochlea and the auditory nerve ;oing into a turn too uic4ly

040 ?ision of terrain relief $e(g( hills, valleys, etc(%:

040 >ecisions made !y pilots in a coc4pit: 040 .hen suffering from 7ypoxia short-term memory impairment starts at approximately at: 040 7aemoglo!in has an affinity for car!on monoxide of (((((((((((((((times over oxygen 040 The 8eripheral @ervous 3ystem passes information from the:

is !ased on !inocular vision at short distances is impossi!le with only one eye and the rules of proportion and perspective for o!5ects that are further away remain valid for a limited time only are always irreversi!le 1),000 ft )10 Q )*0 sensory inputs to the -@3 through sensory and motor nerves 3emi-circular canals and the otoliths =educing !an4 following a prolonged turn 7ypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea # decrease of accommodation # mis-shapened cornea # clouding of the lens 10,000 ft *0 - 1* !rain to the sensory stores through sensory nerves Bustachian tu!e and the semi-circular canals Bunting the aircraft

040 The ?esti!ular #pparatus consists of the: 040 The RAeansS or 3omatogyral illusion can !e caused !y: 040 #mong the factors which affect visual acuity are: 040 8res!yopia is normally caused !y: 040 #stigmatism is caused !y: 040 -ataract is caused !y:

3mo4ing, colour !lindness and angular distance -olour !lindness, alcohol and from the fovea amount of light availa!le # lac4 of vitamin # # lac4 of empty field # lac4 of vitamin # Aac4 of mo!ility of the cornea # lac4 of empty field

# lac4 of accommodation at the cornea 040 #mong the factors that increase tolerance to long-duration g forces are: Bending forward or supine !ody position and -orrect use of pilotTs harness and tensing of the #nti-g suits and correct use of tensing of the a!dominal muscles a!dominal muscles pilotTs harness 040 The a!ility to withstand g forces is reduced !y a num!er of factors, among Aow !lood sugar, o!esity and hypoxia 7ypoxia, fatigue and vi!rations 3mo4ing, o!esity and vi!rations these factors are: 040 .hat are the two types of attention & 3elective and divided 2ntuitive and !ehavioural >ivided and intuitive 040 Trace elements should !e o!tained through: 040 #mong the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are: # !alanced diet 7eadache and lac4 of concentration ?itamin pills >ou!le vision and puffiness around the eyes " hours -ounselling always result in permanent loss of a flying licence Bating plenty of meat and vegeta!les 3evere eye and head aches 1) hours -utting down on the consumption of alcohol result in the loss of a -lass 2 medical classification after successful treatment 2nsect !ites 2nsect !ites 2nsect !ites

040 #pproximately how long will a !lood/alcohol level of C0 mgm/100ml ta4e 4 hours to return to normal & 040 The first step for an individualTs cure of alcoholism is: The admission that he/she is an alcoholic and a willingness to accept treatment 040 8ho!ic states or o!sessional disorders will : re uire successful treatment !efore flying may !e permitted 040 -holera can !e transmitted through: 040 Tetanus is transmitted through: 040 7epatitis U#T is transmitted through:

0ood or water which has !een contaminated >roplets in the air cause !y the !reath of an infected person Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture >roplets in the air cause !y the !reath of an in the s4in infected person 0ood or water which has !een contaminated >roplets in the air cause !y the !reath of an infected person

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 =ecords of radiation are normally 4ept for flights a!ove: 040 ;alactic =adiation is: 040 The effects of ;alactic radiation: 040 Bxcessive inta4e of aspirin can cause: 040 #mong the factors which can cause illusions during the taxi are: 040 The 3omatogravic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of: 040 #uto4inesis can give the pilot the impression that: 040 6ne of the ma5or protective measures against illusions is: 040 The sleep pattern is closely associated with: 040 The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ((((((((((((((((minutes 040 2f a stop-over is more than )4 hours, the correct action is to: 040 #lcohol degrades: 040 The effects of the following are cumulative: 040 Eode Brror is associated with: 040 The two types of fatigue are: 040 The main purpose of lum!ar support is to: RispostaA 4H,000 ft 3teady and reasona!ly predicta!le 2ncreases with altitude ;astric !leeding 4*,000 ft Fnsteady and reasona!ly predicta!le >ecreases with altitude 3ensory loss RispostaB 40,000 ft 3teady !ut unpredicta!le 2s unaffected !y altitude 0its RispostaC **,000 ft Fnsteady and unpredicta!le =emains steady up to 4H,000 ft and thereafter increases Eemory impairment RispostaD Ch !"

=elative movement and coc4pit height a!ove ?isi!ility and distance the ground -lim!ing >escending and turning to the left a star is another aircraft comprehensive !riefing and de-!riefing Body temperature H0 Eove to the new time as soon as possi!le 8aradoxical sleep the aircraft is clim!ing regular eye tests #drenal gland output C0

>istance from the edge of the >istance from the edge of the taxiway and taxi lighting taxiway and coc4pit lighting -lim!ing and turning to the right >escending and turning to the right lights from ships are stars lights are further away than in fact they are( wearing of good uality sun wearing of polaroid sun glasses glasses Blood pressure 7eart rate 1)0 1"0 @o ad5ustment is necessary 3tage ' and 4 sleep -ar!on monoxide, altitude and alcohol 3oftware 7eavy light allow the most comforta!le position for the spine and higher nec4 !ones #ttitude and personality inadapta!le 8ositive 3uccess 3tressful

3tay on home time and, on arrival, move to the 3tay on home time new time 3low wave sleep 3tage ) sleep 3tressors , altitude and pain -hec4 lists 6ppressive negative allow the most comforta!le position for the spine #ttitude adapta!le 8opular and positive 8ersonal advancement

3tressors, car!on monoxide and sleep deficit 3tressors, pain and poor night vision #utomation -hronic short-term produce an even pressure of the discs !y allowing the lower spine to curve naturally( #ttitude and personality adapta!le @egative >ifficulty 7elpful 7ardware 3hort-term oppressive allow the most comforta!le position for the spine and shoulder !ones 8ersonality inadapta!le 8ositive and far-reaching #chievement -onfrontational

040 Behaviour is the outward result of (((((((((((((((((((and is ((((((((((((((((((((((: 040 .ith too much cohesion, ;roupthin4 can have((((((((((((((((((((((( =esults: 040 -ohesion is a ma5or advantage in times of: 040 >ifferences of opinion should !e regarded as ((((((((((((((((((((V

040 -=E and E-- training are designed to improve: 040 7aving made a decision, a -ommander of an aircraft should:

The uality of crew performance #lways try to ma4e time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing #utocratic, Aaisser-0aire and 3ynergistic 6ver-loaded 3ynergistic

040 The three types of #uthority ;radient -oc4pits are: 040 # -aptain running an #utocratic coc4pit is normally: 040 The RidealS coc4pit can !e termed as:

7aving negative influence on the group and are not to !e encouraged 2ndividual achievement 2ndividual efficiency and contri!ution Bxplain the reasons for the decision only if time #s the leader of the crew, never permits in the air need explain the reasons !ehind the decision #uthoritative, Aaisser-0aire and 3ynergistic #utocratic, 0ollowship and 3ynergistic Fnder-wor4ed Bfficient -ohesive A and A Aoss of hypertext 8ac4aging of words -ommunicative A and 7 Aoss of situational awareness 8ac4aging of phrases

The uality and a num!er of individualsT performance Bxplain the reasons for the decision only if as4ed #uthoritative, 0ollowship and 3ynergistic # good leader -o-operative A and B Aoss of perception 8ac4aging of sentences

040 # pilot using a chec4list is an example of the interaction within the 37BAA A and 3 -oncept of: 040 The choice of words and their pac4aging !ecome more important in the Aoss of !ody language coc4pit of an aircraft !ecause: 040 -ommunication efficiency is sensitive to: .or4load and interruptions

HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS


subj Domanda 040 2nternal conflict within oneself is termed as: 040 The use of professional languages offers: RispostaA 2ntra-personal conflict uic4 comprehension and simplified grammar RispostaB 2ntro-personal conflict longer attention span RispostaC 2nter-personal conflict more precise meaning RispostaD 2ntermediate-personal conflict !etter communication even if professionals are not from the same field 10% 1-1WI) 3ym!ology $which includes safety% 6<one Tape presentation is most suita!le for uantitative information the pilot should only attempt a landing at the same aerodrome if the conditions are improved .hen a pilot is sure that the situation !oth inside and outside the aircraft is correct @ever interrupt his/her -aptain at a critical stage of flight Ch !"

040 #pproximately ((((((((((((((((((( of all communication is achieved !y factors "0% other than words $metacommunications% 040 Bxpressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of 1 : 1 W I ) two, good synergy is: 040 .ith reference to the 37BAA Eodel, 3 represents: 3oftware $which includes chec4 lists% 040 Below 10,000 ft(, what gas ma4es up the ma5or part of the atmosphere & 040 .hich of the following statements is correct & @itrogen #nalogue presentation is most suita!le for ualitative or comparative information

'0% 1:1WX) 3ecurity $which includes 3afety% 6xygen

*0% 1-1WX) 3elf-awareness $which includes 3afety% -ar!on dioxide

040 # pilot successfully completes a difficult and stressful landing at an a lower level of stress aerodrome( The next time a landing is attempted under the same conditions and at the same aerodrome, is the pilot li4ely to experience: 040 # definition of 3ituational #wareness with regards to a pilot is: .hen a pilotTs perception e uals reality

>igital presentation is more suited to ualitative #nalogue presentation is most or comparative information suita!le for uantitative information a higher level of stress the same stress level as the first landing .hen the pilot perceives the situation !oth inside and outside the aircraft .hen a pilot is aware of a situation

040 7aving interrupted the -aptain for a sound reason, the co-pilot should:

=emind him/her of his/(her last action !efore Bnsure there is no #T- traffic on the radio that the interruption may !e causing a possi!le distraction !efore continuing 040 #n unnoticed way-point error entered in an aircraft data !ase is an example Aatent failure/error 8ro-active failure/error of: 040 2f one error is allow to effect a whole system, the system is descri!ed as: ?ulnera!le Brror-prone 040 #ctive errors/failures are committed at: 040 Brgonomics are associated with: 040 The first coc4pit tool that tends to suffer as a result of stress: 040 The !est method to avoid -onfirmation Bias is to: the human/system interface and have an immediate effect the human/wor4place interface -oc4pit communications 3earch for information that will falsify the hypothesis

=epeat the interruption twice so that the -aptainTs attention is focussed on the new information =e-active failure/error #ctive failure/error Brror tolerant -orrupted

the human/system interface and have a delayed the system/system interface and effect have an immediate effect cognition communications -oc4pit synergy -oc4pit cohesion

the system/system interface and have a delayed effect information processing -oc4pit entity

040 The phases of learning a Eotor 8rogramme are:

>eli!erately confirm that the receiver has understood the information that has !een passed to him/her -ognitive, #ssociative and #utomatic phases 2nitial, 2nterim and 0inal phases 3ensory filter 3tereopsis 7a!ituation and Brror of -ommission The 37BAA -oncept( 3oftware, hardware, economy and liveware #ircrew

040 3timuli must !e of a certain strength for the receptors to pic4 them up( This 3ensory threshold is called: 040 .e generate Eental Eodels on: 8ast experience and learning 040 The errors of a motor programme are: #ction 3lip and Bnvironmental -apture $7a!ituation% 040 2n 1H1), a psychologist named Bdwards presented a concept of the interface The 37BAA -oncept( 3oftware, hardware, !etween flight crew and other parts of the airspace environment( .hat is environment, and liveware this concept called and the names of those elements involved & 040 .ho in the #viation 2ndustry is responsi!le for flight safety & Bveryone involved

>ou!le-chec4 that you have not 8recise and careful pre-flight fitted the ground over which you !riefings are passing to your map 1st, )nd and 'rd phases 2nduction, 3imulation and 8ractice phases 3ensory strength 3ensory volume 2magination #ction 3lip and Brror of -ommission The 37BAA -oncept( 3oftware, harmony, environment, and location #ircrew and ;round-rew '-> vision -onfirmation error and Brror of -ommission The 37BAA -oncept( 3oftware, hardware, environment and location Eanagement, #ircrew, ;roundcrew and #T-

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