Introduction: The world of science and engineering is filled with signals such as images from remote space probes,

voltages generated by the heart and brain and countless other applications. What is DSP? Digital signal processing, is used in a wide variety of applications. It is hard to. Get exact definition of DSP. et us first loo! at the dictionary meanings of these words" Digital: #perating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form of numbdrs. Signal: $ variable parameter by which information is conveyed through an electronic circuit. Processing: To perform operations on data according to programmed instructions. This leads%to a simple definition of DSP. Definition of DSP: DSP is defined as changing or analysing information which is measured as discrete se&uences of numbers. System: System is associated with signals. System is nothing but physical device that performs an operation on a signal.

$s shown in 'igure, when we apply an input signal to the system, the system will process the signal and we get the expected response. This phenomenon is called as signal processing

The different bloc!s of this system are as follows" 1. Input signal: It is the signal generated from some transducer or from some communication system. It may be biomedical signal li!e ()G or ((G. Generally input signal is analog in nature. It is denoted by x *t+. 2. Anti-aliasing filter: $nti%aliasing filter is basically a low pass filter. It is used for the following purposes. *a+. It removes the high fre&uency noise contain in input signal. *b+ $s the name indicates, it avoids aliasing effect. That means it is used to band limit the signal. . Sample and hold circuit

$s the name indicates, this bloc! ta!es the samples of input signal. It !eeps the voltage level of input signal relatively constant which is the re&uirement of $D). Sometimes amplifiers are used to bring the voltage level of input signal up to the re&uired voltage level of $D). !. Analog to digital con"erter #AD$%: $s the name indicates, this bloc! is used to convert analog signal into digital form. This is re&uired because digital signal processor accepts the signal which is digital in nature. &. Digital signal processor: It processes input signal digitally. In a simple languages processing of input -signal ma!ing modifying the signal as per re&uirement. 'or this purpose DSP processors li!e $DSP ./00 or T1S 2.0 can be used. '. Digital to analog con"erter #DA$% : The output of digital signal processor is digital in nature. 3ut the re&uired final output is analog in nature. So to convert digital signal into analog signal D$) is used. 4. (econstruction filter: #utput signal of D$) is analog that means it is a continuous signal" 3ut it may contain high fre&uency components. Such high fre&uency components are unwanted. To remove these components, reconstruction filter is used. $dvantages of Digital over $nalog Signal Processing " 1.)ersatility " Digital systems can be reprogrammed for other applications *where programmable DSP chips are used+. 1oreover, digital systems can be ported to different hardware. 2. (epeata*ility: Digital systems can be easily duplicated. These systems do not depend upon . )omponent tolerances and temperature. . Simplicity" It is easy to built any digital system as compared to an analog one. !. Accuracy: To design analog system, analog components li!e. 5esistors, capacitors and inductors are used. The tolerance of these components reduce accuracy of analog system. 6hile in case of DSP, much better accuracy is obtained. &. (emote processing: $nalog signals are difficult to store because of problems li!e noise and distortion. 6hile digital signal can be easily stored on storage media li!e magnetic tapes, dis!s etc. Thus compared to analog signals, digital signals can be easily transposed. So remote processing of digital signal can be done easily. '. Implementation of algorithms: The mathematical processing algorithms can be easily implemented in case of digital signal processing. 3ut such algorithms are difficult to implement in case of analog signals.

+. ,asy up gradations: 3ecause of the use of software, digital signal processing systems can be easily upgraded compared to analog system. -. $ompati*ility: In case of digital systems, generally all applications needs standard hardware. Thus operation of dsp system is mainly dependent on software. 7ence universal compatibility is possible compared to analog systems. .. $heaper: In many applications, the digital systems are comparatively cheaper than analog systems. imitations of Digital Signal Processing 1. System comple/ity" The digital signal processing system, ma!es use of converters , li!e $D) and D$). This increases the system complexity compared to analog systems. Similarly in many applications, the time re&uired for this conversion is more. 2. 0and1idth limitation: In case of DSP system, if input signal is having wide bandwidth then it demands for high speed $D). This is because, to avoid aliasing effect, the sampling rate should be at least twice the bandwidth. Thus such signals re&uire fast digital signal processors. 3ut always there is a practical limitation in the speed of processors and $D). . Po1er $onsumption" $ typical digital signal processing chip contains more than 8 la!h transistors. Thus power dissipation is more in dsp systems compared to analog systems. 'or small applications digital signal processing systems are expensive compared to analog systems. $omparison *et1een Digital and Analog Signal Processing: Table S%/ shows comparison between digital and analog signal processing Table S%/ " $omparison *et1een digital and analog signal processing Digital Signal Processing 1ore :ersatile .. 1ore 5epeatability 2. 1ore $ccuracy 8. . 2. $nalog 9ignal Processing ess versatile ess repeatability

ess accuracy 8. Such signals can be easily stored It is difficult to store analog signals ; l i neln,tical processing algorithm can be 9.It is difficult to implement mathematical ea"il<ir implemented. Processing algorithms.

=. >p gradation can be done easily 4. >nis ersal compatibility is possible 1ore system complexity ?. 5e&uires more power consumption. P

>p gradation is difficult >niversal compatibility .s n it possible ?. ess system comolexity @.5e&uires less power consumption.