Mass Comm Law Exam #1

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Three Purposes of Law in Society

1. Bring a measure of order to a chaotic society 2. T o regulate relations between people 3. T o adjust their conf licting interests

Isegoria Parrhesia John Milton

Aeropogitica: Four Points

The right of all citizens in good standing to address the civic assembling bef ore a binding decision is made.

"Frank spe e ch" re late s to the risk A pe rso n is re spo nsible fo r his/he r spe e ch - e ve ryo ne take s a risk e ve ry time the y make a public state me nt

Pu ri ta n wh o wa n te d to g e t i n fo o u t to s o c i e ty a b o u t wh a t h e d i s a g re e d wi th . C a l l e d h i s s p e e c h th e " Ae ro p a g i ti c a ," b a s e d o n th e h i l l Ae ro p a g u s wh e re So c ra te s a rg u e d fo r h i s l i fe a n d fre e e xp re s s i o n Id e a th a t a s e l f-ri g h ti n g p ro c e s s wo u l d o c c u r th ro u g h o p e n d e b a te o f c o n tro ve rs i a l i s s u e s , s o c e n s o rs h i p wa s n o t n e c e s s a ry.

1. Pri o r R e s tra i n t i s a d e fe n s i ve to o l to s to p i d e a s d a n g e ro u s to th e s ta tu s q u o 2. Pri o r R e s tra i n t we a k e n s c h a ra c te r - yo u c a n ' t fu l l y d e fi n e s o me th i n g u n l e s s yo u k n o w wh a t th e o p p o s i ti o n i s 3. Pri o r re s tra i n t d o e s n o t wo rk - th e mo re s o me th i n g i s c e n s o re d , th e mo re p e o p l e wi l l wa n t to i n ve s ti g a te i t. 4. Pri o r re s tra i n t d i s c o u ra g e s l e a rn i n g a n d th e s e a rc h fo r th e tru th .

John Locke Cato

John Stuart Mill

" So c i a l C o n tra c t Th e o ry" Th e g o ve rn me n t s e rve s th e p e o p l e , n o t th e o th e r wa y a ro u n d . Le tte rs o f To l e ra ti o n : -It d o e s n ' t ma tte r wh a t yo u d o to s o me o n e , yo u c a n ' t c h a n g e wh a t th e y b e l i e ve o n th e i n s i d e -" i t i s o n e th i n g to p e rs u a d e , a n o th e r to c o mma n d "

wro te " Le tte rs o f To l e ra n c e " a b o u t fre e d o m o f re l i g i o n Le tte r 15: " O f Fre e d o m o f Sp e e c h ; th a t th e s a me i s i n s e p a ra b l e fro m Pu b l i c Li b e rty" -p e o p l e h a ve th e ri g h t to c ri ti c i z e b a d g o ve rn me n t -to d o p u b l i c mi s c h i e f i s o n l y th e p re ro g a ti ve o f tyra n n y -Fre e d o m o f s p e e c h i s th e g re a t b u l wa rk o f s o c i e ty

" M a rk e tp l a c e o f Id e a s " - 4 R e a s o n s to Pro te c t Fre e Exp re s s i o n 1. An o p i n i o n ma y c o n ta i n tru th - i f yo u s i l e n c e th a t o p i n i o n , th e tru th ma y b e l o s t. 2. A p a rti c l e o f tru th ma y e xi s t wi th i n a wro n g o p i n i o n . If yo u s i l e n c e th a t wro n g o p i n i o n , yo u a re l i k e l y to l o s e th a t p a rti c l e o f tru th . 3. Eve n i f a n a c c e p te d o p i n i o n i s th e tru th , th e p u b l i c te n d s to h o l d i t n o t o n ra ti o n a l g ro u n d s b u t a s a p re j u d i c e , u n l e s s fo rc e d to d e fe n d i t. 4. A c o mmo n

Mass Comm Law Exam #1

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" Th e s ys te m o f Fre e Exp re s s i o n " (D e mo c ra c y) - 19 70

Thomas I. Emerson
Rodney Smolla's "Six Principles of Free Expression"

1. Pa rti c i p a ti o n i n s e l f-g o ve rn me n t 2. A fre e a n d u n fe tte re d ma rk e tp l a c e o f i d e a s i s th e b e s t wa y to c o n d u c t a s e a rc h fo r tru th . 3. Th e o p p o rtu n i ty fre e e xp re s s i o n p ro vi d e s fo r i n d i vi d u a l s to s a y wh a t' s o n th e i r mi n d s a n d e xp re s s th e i r c re a ti vi ty, th e ms e l ve s , a n d wh o th e y a re th ro u g h a rt, s c i e n c e , e tc . -" Be a l l yo u c a n b e " -s e l f-re a l i z a ti o n 4. C a th a rs i s , s a fe ty va l ve th e o ry - i t h e l p s ma i

1. N e u tra l i ty Pri n c i p l e 2. Emo ti o n Pri n c i p l e 3. Symb o l i s m Pri n c i p l e 4. H a rms Pri n c i p l e a .p h ys i c a l b .re l a ti o n a l c .re a c ti ve 5. C a u s a ti o n Pri n c i p l e 6 . Pre c i s i o n Pri n c i p l e

5 Sources of American Law

1. Common Law 2. Equity Law 3. Statutory Law 4. Cons titutional Law 5. Adminis trative Law

Common Law

Principle s and rule s o f law that de rive the ir autho rity no t fro m le gislatio n, but fro m co mmo n usage and custo m -Base d o n pre ce de nt, "stare de cisis," "le t the de cisio n stand"

Equity Law
Statutory Law
Constitutional Law Administrative Law

C o u rts a re e mp o we re d to d e c i d e c a s e s o n th e b a s i s o f e q u i ty o r fa i rn e s s a n d a re n o t b o u n d b y th e ri g i d p re c e d e n ts th a t e xi s t i n c o mmo n l a w. R u l e s a re mo re fl e xi b l e . Yo u c a n c re a te n e w l a ws a n d a n ti c i p a te u n d e r e q u i ty l a w. Exa mp l e : R e s tra i n i n g O rd e r M o re p o we r i s g i ve n to th e j u d g e .

La rg e r s c a l e - d o e s n ' t d e a l wi th i n d i vi d u a l , c a s e -b y-c a s e l a w. It a n ti c i p a te s p ro b l e ms . C o mmo n a n d Eq u i ty a s s e s s i n c i d e n ts a fte r th e y h a p p e n , wh i l e s ta tu to ry l a w p re d i c ts . Al l c ri mi n a l l a ws a re s ta tu to ry.

Th e s u p r e m e l a w o f th e l a n d . Eve r yth i n g a n s we r s to th e U.S . Fe d e r a l Co n s ti tu ti o n , e ve n s ta te co n s ti tu ti o n s . It i s p o we r fu l b e ca u s e th e p e o p l e a l l h a ve a s a y i n e s ta b l i s h i n g /ch a n g i n g th e co n s ti tu ti o n . ( 2 /3 vo te n e e d e d i n co n g r e s s a n d 3/4 vo te o f a l l s ta te s n e e d e d to p a s s ch a n g e .)

Th e e xe c u ti ve b ra n c h o f g o ve rn me n t. Th e p re s i d e n t c a n ma k e a n e xe c u ti ve o rd e r th a t b e c o me s a l a w. Ad mi n i s tra ti n g Ag e n c i e s c a n to o . Exp e rts i n th e te c h n i c a l a re a c re a te th e l a ws fo r th a t a re a (FC C , IR S, SEC ) Emp o we re d b y c o n g re s s . Yo u c a n c h a l l e n g e a n y re g u l a to ry l a w - th e fi rs t s to p to c h a l l e n g i n g i s th e a g e n c y.

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Precedent
How to Use/Avoid Precedent Distinction of Facts vs. The Law Distinction of State Court vs. Federal Court

An established rule or law set by a previous case. Courts should follow precedent when it is useable and possible.

1. Ac c e p t/Fo l l o w 2. M o d i fy/U p d a te : So c i e ty h a s c h a n g e d a n d s o p re vi o u s l a w mu s t b e mo d i fi e d to ma k e i t mo re a p p ro p ri a te to to d a y. 3. D i s ti n g u i s h : Sp e c i fy th e fa c ts . M a k e th e a rg u me n t th a t th i s c a s e i s d i ffe re n t fro m th e o th e r c a s e . 4. O ve rru l e : C o me o u t a n d s a y th e p a s t p re c e d e n t wa s wro n g a n d i s re ve rs e d .

Fa c ts a re e s ta b l i s h e d i n th e tri a l /l o we r c o u rts a n d th e a p p e l l a te c o u rts a c c e p t th e l o we r c o u rt' s fa c tu a l fi n d i n g s a n d th e n a p p l y th e l a w. Ap p e l l a te c o u rts d o n o t d o a n y fa c t-fi n d i n g . If th e y d o n ' t h a ve e n o u g h i n fo /fa c ts to d e te rmi n e th e l a w, th e y s e n d i t b a c k to th e l o we r c o u rts to fi n d mo re fa c ts .

Ea c h o f th e s ta te s a n d D C h a s th e i r o wn c o u rt s ys te m. U S s u p re me c o u rt i s n o t b i n d i n g o n s ta te l a ws . Sta te l a ws a re s p e c i fi c to th e i r o wn s ta te s . Exc e p ti o n : If th e s e s ta te s a re fo u n d to b e i n c o n fl i c t wi th th e U .S. c o n s ti tu ti o n th e c a s e wi l l b e d e te rmi n e d b y th e U .S. s u p re me c o u rt.

Judicial Review
Statutory Construction
Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

Power of the court to declare a law void if it violates the constitution. Not often used. Judges responsibility to determine the "lawmakers intent" when a statute is challenged.

Forbade false, scandalous and malicious publications against U.S. Government, Congress, the President, and restrained those who sought to stir up sedition or urged resistance to federal laws.

Espionage Act of 1917

During the time o f WWI, fre e d o m o f e xp re s s io n wa s limite d . The Es p io na g e Ac t s a id it wa s a c rime to inte rfe re with the wa r e ffo rt, to a tte mp t to c a us e d is lo ya lty o r re fus a l o f d uty in the a rme d fo rc e s , o r willfully o b s truc t the re c ruiting o f the e nlis tme nt s e rvic e . Co uld n' t c ritic iz e invo lve me nt in WWI.

Mass Comm Law Exam #1

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Ame n d me n t to th e Es p i o n a g e Ac t.

Sedition act of 1918

Smith Act of 1940 (Alien Registration Act)
Five Freedoms of Expression in the 1st Amendment

M a d e i t a c ri me to a tte mp t to o b s tru c t th e re c ru i ti n g s e rvi c e . Al s o c ri mi n a l to p ri n t, wri te , o r p u b l i s h d i s l o ya l /p ro fa n e l a n g u a g e th a t wa s i n te n d e d to c a u s e c o n te mp t o f th e g o ve rn me n t, th e c o n s ti tu ti o n , th e fl a g o r th e u n i fo rm o f th e a rme d fo rc e s . U n l a wfu l to c ri ti c i z e U .S. G o ve rn me n t

Made it a crime to advocate the violent overthrow of the government. To cons pire, organiz e or even be a member of a group that advocates government overthrow. Aimed at Communis t Parties in the U.S.

1. Freedom to es tablis h and exercis e religion 2. Freedom of s peech 3. Freedom of the pres s 4. The right to as s emble 5. The right to petition the government

1. Ab s o l u ti s t - n o l a w s h o u l d a b ri d g e fre e s p e e c h , n o e xc e p ti o n

7 legal theories/strategies to interpret or apply

Bad Tendency/Indirect Causation/Presumptive Intent

2. Ad H o c Ba l a n c i n g - R i g h ts c a n c o n fl i c t, c o u rts mu s t b a l a n c e th e m 3. Pre fe rre d Ba l a n c i n g - g i vi n g o n e fre e d o m p ri o ri ty o ve r a l l o th e rs . As s u me d Fre e Sp e e c h p ro te c ti o n . 4. M i e k l e J o h n i a n Th e o ry: Fre e e xp re s s i o n mu s t b e p ro te c te d a l wa ys . We c a n n o t c o n d u c t s e l f-g o ve rn a n c e wi th o u t fre e s p e e c h . Pu b l i c v. Pri va te Sp e e c h : Pri va te s p e e c h c a n b e re g u l a te d . 5. M a rk e tp l a c e o f

A wa y to s e ttl e c ri mi n a l l a w. If th e c o u rt th o u g h t yo u h a d th e i n te n t to d o a n i l l e g a l a c ti vi ty, e ve n i f yo u d i d n ' t, i t i s s ti l l i l l e g a l a n d yo u c o u l d b e c o n vi c te d . N o b u rd e n o f p ro o f. N o t u s e d a n ymo re - d a n g e ro u s b e c a u s e a n y s p e e c h c a n b e s h u t d o wn fo r a n y p re s u mp ti o n .

Schenk . U.S.
Whitney v. California

c l e a r a n d p re s e n t d a n g e r wi th n o b u rd e n o f p ro o f = b a d te n d e n c y th i n k i n g M e mb e rs o f s o c i a l i s t p a rty d i s tri b u te d 15,0 0 0 a n ti -wa r p a mp h l e ts . Sc h e n k wa s tri e d a n d p ro s e c u te d fo r vi o l a ti n g th e Es p i o n a g e Ac t. J u s ti c e H o l me s s a i d i t wa s a ma tte r o f p ro xi mi ty a n d d e g re e ; In o rd i n a ry ti me s i t mi g h t h a ve b e e n o k a y, b u t th e c o u n try wa s a t wa r a n d h e u s e d th e U .S. ma i l a s a to o l o f d i s tri b u ti o n . H o l me s l a te r c h a n g e d h i s mi n d s a yi n g th e q u e s ti o n

C l e a r a n d Immi n e n t D a n g e r wi th b u rd e n o f p ro o f Wh i tn e y a tte n d e d me e ti n g s a n d wa s a me mb e r o f a C o mmu n i s t La b o r Pa rty wh o wa n te d to ta k e d o wn g o v. wi th vi o l e n t me a n s . Sh e wa s b u i l d i n g o f b re a k i n g a C A l a w, b u t n e ve r ra i s e d 1s t a me n d me n t. Bra n d i s e wro te c o n c u rri n g o p i n i o n s a yi n g th a t h a d s h e ra i s e d th e 1s t a me n d me n t, h e r c o n vi c ti o n ma y n o t h a ve b e e n c o n s ti tu ti o n a l . H e r a d vo c a c y wa s p ro ve n b e c a u s e s h e wa s a me mb e r o f th e p a rty.

c l e a r a n d p ro b a b l y d a n g e r wi th n o b u rd e n o f p ro o f = b a d te n d e n c y th i n k i n g

Dennis v. U.S.

11 C o mmu n i s t p a rty me mb e rs c o n vi c te d fo r a d vo c a ti n g th e vi o l e n t o ve rth ro w o f th e g o ve rn me n t. D e fe n d a n ts s a i d th i s s ma l l n u mb e r o f C o mmu n i s ts s u re l y d i d n ' t ra i s a " c l e a r a n d p re s e n t d a n g e r" to th e wh o l e n a ti o n . C h i e f J u s ti c e u s e d a n o th e r va ri a ti o n : c l e a r a n d p ro b a b l e d a n g e r wi th o u t b u rd e n o f p ro o f C o u rts o p i n i o n a n d i n te rp re ta ti o n - D e n n i s wa s c o n vi c te d

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Yates v. U.S.
Brandenburg v. Ohio

a d vo c a c y o f a b s tra c t d o c tri n e v. a d vo c a c y o f s p e c i fi c p l a n o f i l l e g a l a c ti o n wi th b u rd e n o f p ro o f 1s t ti me U .S. s a i d p ro o f wa s n e c e s s a ry Wa s s p e e c h a d vo c a ti n g s p e c i fi c i l l e g a l a c ti o n , o r j u s t a n a b s tra c t i d e a

Ad vo c a c y o f i d e a s v. p ro ve n i n te n t a n d p ro ve n i n c i te me n t o f u n l a wfu l c o n d u c t. C a u s a ti o n Pri n c i p l e . 4 Pro n g s (Al l mu s t b e me t to s h u t d o wn s p e e c h ) 1. In te n t: D i d th e s p e a k e r i n te n t to c a u s e th e u n l a wfu l a c ti o n ? 2. Il l e g a l Ac ti vi ty: D i d th e s p e e c h h a rm o r b re a k a c ri mi n a l l a w? 3. Immi n e n c e : C l o s e ti me p e ri o d b e twe e n s p e e c h a n d u n l a wfu l a c ti vi ty 4. Li k e l i h o o d : H o w p ro b a b l e i s i t th a t th e s p e e c h c a u s e d th e h a rm/a c ti o n ?

Prior Restraint
Near v. Minnesota
NY Times v. Sullivan (Pentagon Papers Case)

P r e p u b l i ca ti o n ce n s o r s h i p o f ce r ta i n o b j e cti o n a b l e m a te r i a l s . 1 s t a m e n d m e n t m e a n s th e r e i s n o p r i o r r e s tr a i n t e xce p t i n e xtr e m e ti m e s l i ke wa r , n a ti o n a l s e cu r i ty i s s u e s , o r i f s p e e ch i n ci te s u n l a wfu l a cti vi ty

tried to res train printing of content that violated s tate s taute of " public nuis ance" Only in s pecific ins tances can it be prior res trained exception, not rule

The paper tried to publis h controvers ial government info in a public paper. It was allowed becaus e the government could not fully s upport that it would harm the nation.

U.S. v. Bell
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Test for Time, Place, and Manner

the court upheld an injunction barring Bell from promoting ad selling unlawful tax advice on the internet

Pri n c i p a l c e n s o re d s c h o o l p a p e r b y re mo vi n g 2 p a g e s th a t d i s c u s s e d te e n p re g n a n c y o n th e g ro u n d s o f p ri va c y a n d e d i to ri a l b a l a n c e . U .S. Su p re me C o u rt ru l e d th a t th e c e n s o rs h i p wa s p e rmi s s i b l e b e c a u s e i t wa s a s c h o o l -s p o n s o re d p u b l i c a ti o n a n d h a d l e g i ti ma te p e d a g o g i c a l c o n c e rn s

1. R u l e s mu s t b e c o n te n t n e u tra l - c a n ' t p i c k a n d c h o o s e wh a t i s a l l o wa b l e 2. C a n n o t b e a c o mp l e te b a n o n th e c o mmu n i c a ti o n - th e re mu s t b e a mp l e a l te rn a ti ve me a n s o f c o mmu n i c a ti n g 3. R u l e s mu s t b e j u s ti fi e d b y s u b s ta n ti a l s ta te i n te re s t - mu s t b e o b vi o u s i t' s a ffe c ti n g p e o p l e , a n d th e s ta te mu s t p ro vi d e l e g a l re a s o n i n g a n d p ro ve wh y th e s p e e c h s h o u l d b e s h u t d o wn 4. ru l e s mu s t b e n a rro wl y ta i l o re d - d o e s n o t s h u t d o wn a n y mo re s p e e c h th a n th e

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Traditional Public Forum

Public places that have been devoted to as s embly and s peeches . Example: s treet corners , public parks , s idewalks (highes t level of 1s t amendment protection

Designated Public Forum Public Property that is not a Public Forum Hate Speech "Fighting Words"

Places created by the government to be used for expressive activities Example: city-owned auditoriums, meeting hall

government has a lot of power to regulate s peech in thes e areas example: military bas e, airport terminals , pris on, mailbox

Wo r d s th a t a r e wr i tte n o r s p o ke n th a t a tta ck i n d i vi d u a l s o r g r o u p s b e ca u s e o f th e i r r a ce , e th n i ci ty, r e l i g i o n , g e n d e r , o r s e xu a l o r i e n ta ti o n . "Wo r d s s p o ke n i n a fa ce -to -fa ce co n fr o n ta ti o n th a t a r e l i ke l y to cr e a te wo r d s th a t te n d to i n ci te a n i m m e d i a te b r e a ch o f p e a ce "

Gitlow v. New York

Rice v. Paladin End Inc.
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)

G i tl o w p u b l i s h e d l e ft-wi n g ma n i fe s to , a d vo c a ti n g o ve rth ro w o f N Y g o ve rn me n t. In c o rp o ra ti o n D o c tri n e c a me o u t o f th i s : Al l a me n d me n ts a p p l y a t th e fe d e ra l a n d s ta te l e ve l Al th o u g h G i tl o w vi o l a te d s ta te l a w, h e c o u l d s ti l l u s e fe d e ra l l a w (1s t a me n d me n t) a s d e fe n s e

Publication of "Hitman" was NOT allowed because the writers intent was to help people commit and conceal murder

A J e h o va h ' s Wi tn e s s c a l l e d a c i ty ma rs h a l a " d a mn fa s c i s t" H e wa s p ro s e c u te d fo r vi o l a ti n g a c i ty o rd i n a n c e a g a i n s t o ffe n s i ve s p e e c h a n d n a me -c a l l i n g . H e c a l l e d o n 1s t a me n d me n t ri g h ts , b u t wa s s ti l l c o n vi c te d b e c a u s e h i s wo rd s we re i n te n d e d to " b re a c h th e p e a c e " a n d d i d n o t e xp re s s ma j o r ideas

RAV vs. St. Paul

Struck down city ordinance that banned cross burning because it was too broad (neutrality standard)