Cram 215sh s13

Team C.R.A.M.
[TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]
1. Table of Contents
1. Problem Formulation .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 1.2 2. 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 1 Problem Analysis .............................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Specifications ............................................................................................................ 1 Considerations .......................................................................................................... 2 Criteria....................................................................................................................... 2 Usage......................................................................................................................... 2 Production................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3 Client Information ..................................................................................................... 3 Waste in Humboldt County ...................................................................................... 3 Up-cycled Projects .................................................................................................... 3 Machine Mechanisms ............................................................................................... 6 Types of Art Making Machines ............................................................................... 11 Art Materials ........................................................................................................... 15 Safety Precautions .................................................................................................. 19 Getting Kids Engaged .............................................................................................. 19
Problem Analysis and Literature Review ................................................................................ 1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9
Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 3
3.
Alternative Solutions............................................................................................................. 20 3.1 3.2 3.3 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 20 Brainstorming ................................................................................................................. 20 Alternative Solutions ...................................................................................................... 20 Two Pendulum Harmonograph .............................................................................. 20 The Whirlpool ......................................................................................................... 21 The Jackson Pollock Machine.................................................................................. 22 The Gravitron .......................................................................................................... 23 Topsy Turvy ............................................................................................................. 23 Shake and Paint....................................................................................................... 24 i
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] 3.3.7 3.3.8 3.3.9 Artistic Explosion ..................................................................................................... 25 Rotary Harmonograph ............................................................................................ 25 Hangmans Last Harmony ....................................................................................... 26
3.3.10 The Tumblr .............................................................................................................. 26 3.3.11 The Spirograph Spinner .......................................................................................... 27 4. Decision Process ................................................................................................................... 28 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5. 5.1 5.2 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 28 Criteria Definitions ......................................................................................................... 28 Decision Choices ............................................................................................................. 28 Decision Process ............................................................................................................. 29 Final Decision Justification ............................................................................................. 32 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 32 Solution Description ....................................................................................................... 32 The Table ................................................................................................................. 33 The Gimbals ............................................................................................................ 34 The Brick Weights ................................................................................................... 35 The Pen Arm Pendulum .......................................................................................... 36 The Writing Platform Pendulum ............................................................................. 37 Cost of Materials ..................................................................................................... 38 Design Cost.............................................................................................................. 39 Maintenance Cost ................................................................................................... 40
Solution Specification ........................................................................................................... 32
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4 5.5
Cost Analysis ................................................................................................................... 38
Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 40 Implementation Instructions ......................................................................................... 40
5.5.1 Assembly ...................................................................................................................... 40 5.5.2 Use ............................................................................................................................... 43 5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 Prototype Performance.................................................................................................. 46 Appendix A: Bibliography ............................................................................................... 47 Appendix B: Brainstorming Notes .................................................................................. 49 Appendix C: AutoCad Drawings ..................................................................................... 52 Appendices:........................................................................................................................... 47
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Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]
Figure 1-1 Black Box Model describes the goal of the project ...................................................... 1 Figure 2-1 Macintosh G4 towers up-cycled into a desk. ................................................................ 4 Figure 2-2 Engine block reused for a Coffee table (http://www.neatorama.com/2006/03/02/engine-block-coffee-table/) ...................................... 4 Figure 2-3 EPS packaging sheets (http://boxbrosla.com/boxtest/product/catalog/moving/shipping-supplies/styrofoam-sheets48-x-24-x-2) ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 2-4 Example of a Gear Train................................................................................................. 6 Figure 2-5 Compound Gear Train (http://www.rlt.com/14010) .................................................... 7 Figure 2-6 Two wheel Pulley System (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml) .. 8 Figure 2-7 Cam Diagram (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml) .. 8 Figure 2-8 Different Cam Shapes (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml) .. 9 Figure 2-9 Figure 2 9 A Class 1 Lever (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml) 10 Figure 2-10 A Class 2 Lever (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml) 10 Figure 2-11 A Parallel Motion Linkage http://lizarum.com/assignments/physical_computing/2008/mechanisms/linkages.html ......... 11 Figure 2-12 An image created by a harmonograph. ..................................................................... 12 Figure 2-13 Two Disc Harmonograph (http://mrhonner.com/2012/05/11/turntableharmonograph/) ........................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 2-14 These are some intricate images produced by a spirograph. (Images by Google Images) .......................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 2-15 SCRAP Humboldt's existing paint spinner machines (Images by SCRAP Humboldt). 15 Figure 2-16 Watercolors (Image from Google Images) ................................................................ 16 Figure 2-17 Acrylic Paint with a high viscosity (http://www.painting-with-a-paletteknife.com/acrylic-paint/) .............................................................................................................. 17 Figure 2-18 Thick oil paint (http://www.artistoilpaint.tdparts.com/) .......................................... 17 Figure 2-19 Home made Paints (http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/ap/Natural_paint_basics.html) ........................................ 18 Figure 3-1 Two Pendulum Harmonograph ................................................................................... 21 Figure 3-2 The Whirlpool Inspiration (http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~cpalumbo/MarylandScienceCenter.html) ................................. 21 Figure 3-3 The Whirlpool Drawing by Alejandro Infanzon-Marin ................................................ 22 Figure 3-4 Drawing of the Jackson Pollock Machine by Aaron Hu ............................................... 22 Figure 3-5 Drawing of The Gravitron by Aaron Hu ....................................................................... 23 Figure 3-6 Drawing of the Topsy Turvy by Aaron Hu .................................................................... 24 Figure 3-7 Drawing of Shake and Bake by Aaron Hu .................................................................... 24 Figure 3-8 Drawing of the Artistic Explosion by Mark Attarian .................................................... 25 Figure 3-9 Drawing of a Rotary Harmonograph by Mark Attarian ............................................... 25 iii
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] Figure 3-10 Drawing of Hangman's Last Harmony by Mark Attarian ........................................... 26 Figure 4-1 Visual Matrix of the decision process of Team C.R.A.M .............................................. 32 Figure 5-1 A Lissajous Figure, which is a visual of harmonic motion between the two pendulum frequencies ................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 5-2 Two Pendulum Harmonograph Diagram (Group Photo)............................................. 33 Figure 5-3 AutoCad design of the card table used ....................................................................... 34 Figure 5-4 AutoCad Drawing of the Gimbals Created by Mark Attarian ...................................... 34 Figure 5-5 The Harmonograph at rest with brick weights attached (Group Photo) .................... 35 Figure 5-6 Two Bolt Clamping Method (Group Photo) ................................................................. 35 Figure 5-7 One Bolt Clamping Method (Group Photo) ................................................................. 36 Figure 5-8 Pen Arm Pendulum ...................................................................................................... 37 Figure 5-9 Writing Platform Pendulum ......................................................................................... 38 Figure 5-10 Design cost pie chart in Hours for Team C.R.A.M for a total of 114 hours ............... 39 Figure 5-11 Unfold the Card Table Legs (Group Photo) ............................................................... 41 Figure 5-12 Insert Pendulums through the table slots (Group Photo) ......................................... 41 Figure 5-13 Pendulum Slot Placement (Group Photo) ................................................................. 42 Figure 5-14 Insure the Gimbal goes into the Gimbal dimple (Group Photo) ............................... 42 Figure 5-15 Paper Platform weight clamping (Group Photo) ....................................................... 43 Figure 5-16 Pen Arm weight single bolt mechanism (Group Photo) ............................................ 43 Figure 5-17 Adjusting weight ........................................................................................................ 44 Figure 5-18 Place paper and writing utensil. ................................................................................ 44 Figure 5-19 Put pendulums into motion. ...................................................................................... 45 Figure 5-20 Drop pen arm and watch. .......................................................................................... 45 Figure 5-21 Possible Parameter Changes ..................................................................................... 46 Figure 5-22 First Graders at Morris Elementary School in Mckinleyville testing the Harmonograph (Group Photo)...................................................................................................... 46 Figure 5-23 Drawings made by our Two Pendulum Harmonograph (Group Photo) .................... 47 Figure 6-1 Brainstorm Notes Page 1 ............................................................................................. 50 Figure 6-2 Brainstorm Notes Page 2 ............................................................................................. 51 Figure 6-3 Brainstorm Notes Page 3 ............................................................................................. 51 Figure 6-4 Brainstorm Notes Page 4 ............................................................................................. 52 Figure 6-5 Table with dimensions ................................................................................................. 52 Table 2-1 Criteria and Constraints .................................................................................................. 2 Table 4-1 Weighted Criteria .......................................................................................................... 29 Table 4-2 Delphi Matrix for Alternative Solutions ........................................................................ 30 Table 5-1 Itemized Materials Cost ................................................................................................ 39 Table 5-2 Maintenance Cost in Dollars ......................................................................................... 40
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1. Problem Formulation
1.1 Introduction
The problem formulation describes the objective of the project using a Black Box model. The solution is discussed in the objective section and the goal of the project is shown in Figure 1-1.
1.2 Objective
The objective of the project is to construct a machine that is both entertaining and safe for adults and children. The art machine should be an example of how to use waste products in a fun and easy way. Figure 1-1 is our Black Box model which describes the change the art machine brings to the world before and after creation.
Input
Adults and children have a lack of knowledge and experience with art machines made out of reused materials in Humboldt County
Output Black Box

Adults and children have knowledge and experience with art machines made from reused materials after using the machine
Figure 1-1 Black Box Model describes the goal of the project
2. Problem Analysis and Literature Review

2.1 Problem Analysis
2.1.1 Introduction
The problem analysis section analyzes the intended purpose and function of the Art Machine. Taken into account are specifications the art machine must follow, considerations for its function and intended purpose, and criteria on which to grade various proposed designs.
2.1.2 Specifications
The specifications for this product are specific characteristics that must be included when designing the machine. The specifications for this project are: The machine must be able to be carried by one or two people The machine must be able to fit in the back of the clie nts 1998 Volkswagen Beetle 1
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] The materials used to build this machine must consist of at least 75% reused material.
2.1.3 Considerations
Considerations are the conditions the project will be under, and must be able to endure in order to function properly. The considerations are: Both children and adults will be using this machine. The machine must be easy to setup and transport The people transporting the machine will most likely be older Our client already has an art spinner, and is looking for an art machine that differs from that.
2.1.4 Criteria
Criteria are design characteristics that are carefully defined in order to weigh different design options against one and another in order to come to a decision.
Table 2-1 Criteria and Constraints
Criteria Durability Reparability Cost Engaging Unique and Cool Art Portability Safety Ease of Use
Constraints Must endure use by children Moving parts must be easily replaceable Must spend under $300 More fun than Tic Tac Toe Must be able to create at least 5 unique designs Machine must be less than 60 lbs, and fit in the trunk of a 1998 Volkswagen Beetle Must be no blatant safety hazards for people of all age Children must be able to operate the machine after being demonstrated on how to use it
2.1.5 Usage
The art machine will be used to entertain and teach both children and adults at both SCRAP Humboldts events as well as at schools and art festivals. The art machine will teach how materials can be diverted from the waste stream to make useful products while also making a cool art product.
2.1.6 Production
A single Art Machine will be produced and used, with various prototypes produced as needed.
2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Introduction
The literature review covers the research done pertinent to the development an art machine for our client, SCRAP Humboldt. References for all research are found in Appendix A. Topics covered are: SCRAP Humboldt, Client Criteria, Waste in Humboldt County, Up-cycled Projects, Machine Mechanisms, Types of Art Machines, Art Materials, Safety Precautions, and Getting Kids Engaged.
2.2.2 Client Information

SCRAP Humboldt is a local chapter of the national nonprofit, SCRAP, and operates out of Arcata, CA. SCRAP is an acronym which stands for (School Community Reuse Action Project). The mission of SCRAP Humboldt is to inspire creative reuse and environmentally sustainable behavior by taking materials out of the waste stream, then providing educational programs and affordable materials to the community. (SCRAP, 2013)
2.2.3 Waste in Humboldt County

Since the Industrial Revolution, more products and waste have been made than ever before. Every year more and more materials are recycled, however recycling is energy intensive (Pichtel, 2010) and it is often more beneficial to collect products out of the waste stream and reuse or repurpose them. Reusing clothing alone can result in a 14%-45% reduction in greenhouse gases produced and overall human toxicity. Reusing products that are more heavily manufactured will provide greater environmental benefits. (Farrant, 2010) In 2010, Humboldt County successfully diverted over 170,000 tons of waste from being landfilled, and in addition landfilled 19,000 tons less garbage than 2004. (Planning Commission, 2010) However, of the 91,000 tons of waste sent to landfills, over 1/3 was sent to a facility 175 miles away in Medford, Oregon, and the remaining 2/3 was sent over 140 miles to a landfill in Redding, California. (Planning Commission, 2010)
2.2.4 Up-cycled Projects

In this section we discuss different materials that have been commonly repurposed from their original intent into something new, and art projects that have used these materials. Upcycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials or products that give the waste object a use beyond its original design. Take for example the desk in Figure 2-1 made out old computers and a spring from the suspension of a car.
Figure 2-1 Macintosh G4 towers up-cycled into a desk.
2.2.4.1 Materials
Many materials can be easily upcycled. Plastic is a material that is recycled but can be used in other ways. There are many different types of plastics, and they can all be upcycled rather than being thrown away or melted down. Wood can be taken out of the waste stream and will provide a variety of good building materials. Old broken furniture that is thrown out can be reused. Construction sites often have a lot of unused wood as well as other materials. Another source of materials is the automotive industry. Cars that are sent to a landfill to be crushed can be salvaged (Cool Gizmo Toys, 2012). For example, an engine block can be used as the base of a coffee table as in Figure 2-2. A more classic example is a car tire that is turned into a rope swing.
Figure 2-2 Engine block reused for a Coffee table (http://www.neatorama.com/2006/03/02/engine-block-coffeetable/)
Glass can be reused in a variety of ways, for example crushed glass held together by cement to make a table surface. Electronics have many parts and can be dismantled to create something completely new such as the computer towers used to make a desk in Figure 2-1. Another example is a hard drive becoming a paperweight. Industrial materials such as combustion products, iron, steel slags, and paper mill residuals could also be used. Most of these materials have chemical, physical, and engineering attributes that make them valuable resources but end up in the waste stream (U.S. EPA, 2008). All these materials have the potential to become something more valuable than if they were thrown away or recycled.
2.2.4.2 Up-cycled Art Projects

Waste materials are an inexpensive way to gather art supplies. Some examples of waste materials used in art projects are magazine collages, old cloths, old jewelry, buttons, electronic parts, scrap metal and much more. The reuse of old containers such as baby wipes can be made into paintbrush holders; they may not be art themselves, but they give the container a new life. Objects such as oatmeal containers, drink-mix cartons, plastic milk containers are great for shaping sculptures of abstractions or animals (Brooks, 2013). Using cardboard packaging, pizza boxes, and used string or twine work well for printing projects. (Brooks, 2013). EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) packaging sheets such as the ones in Figure 2-3, can be used for flat-plane sculptures or paint trays.
Figure 2-3 EPS packaging sheets (http://boxbrosla.com/boxtest/product/catalog/moving/shippingsupplies/styrofoam-sheets-48-x-24-x-2)
2.2.5 Machine Mechanisms

A machine is an apparatus using or applying mechanical power to perform a particular task. One of the most important aspects of the machine is the mechanical mechanisms used to perform the task. A mechanism is a part that has an input of motion and force, and an output of a different motion and force. The point of a mechanism is to make a particular job easier to do. (BBC, 2013) There are five common machine mechanisms: gears, pulleys, cams, linkages, and levers.
2.2.5.1 Gears
Gears are toothed wheels fixed to shafts. The teeth of multiple wheels interlock to transfer motion from the first gear (the driver) to another (the follower). A series of gears is called a gear train as shown in Figure 2-4. The motion of the driver gear in the clockwise direction turns the follower gear in the counterclockwise direction.
Figure 2-4 Example of a Gear Train.
One important aspect of gears is the gear ratio, or velocity ratio. When there are gears of two different sizes, the smaller will rotate faster than the larger. The number of teeth is used to calculate the gear ratio: Gear ratio = number or teeth on follower gear number of teeth on the driver gear (BBC, 2013) Using the gear ratio, we can then figure out the Output speed using: Output speed = input speed gear ratio (BBC,2013) Another type of gear train is the compound gear train as show in Figure 2-5. This type allows for further slowing down the gear speeds in the successive transfers from small gears to large gears.
Figure 2-5 Compound Gear Train (http://www.rlt.com/14010)
2.2.5.2 Pulley Systems

Pulley Systems can be used to change the torque, speed, or direction of rotation of a system. Pulleys consist of at least two wheels and a belt, which rotary motion and force from the driver to the follower shaft shown in Figure 2-6. Like the gears, the smaller wheel in a pulley system will spin faster than the larger wheel, and this difference can be calculated as a velocity ratio: Velocity ratio = diameter of the driven pulley diameter of the driver pulley (BBC, 2013) Using both the velocity ratio and input speed results in the output speed: Output speed = input speed velocity ratio (BBC 2013) The velocity ratio is also important in determining the amount of force, or torque, from the driver pulley to the follower pulley: Output torque = input torque velocity ratio (BBC, 2013) The advantages of a pulley system are that you can twist the belt so the direction of the wheel can be reversed. In addition, pulleys require no lubrication like chains do, though unlike chains, they can slip.
Figure 2-6 Two wheel Pulley System
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)
2.2.5.3 Cams
Cams are shaped pieces usually made of metal or plastic which are fixed to a rotating shaft. (BBC 2013) There are three parts, the cam, the slide, and the follower shown in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-7 Cam Diagram (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)
The cam itself it irregularly shaped, and has the drive shaft off center, so that as the crank turns, the cam rotates to push the follower up. This drives the mechanism, and the follower is held in place by the slide, ensuring it does not move. When the follower is not moving it is said to be dwelling. The shape of the cam determines how frequent the mechanism is driven, as well as if the mechanism falls, rises, or is dwelling examples are shown in Figure 2-8. (BBC 2013)
Figure 2-8 Different Cam Shapes (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)
Ultimately, the cam turns the rotary motion of a crank into a reciprocating motion of a shaft moving up and down.
2.2.5.4 Levers
A lever is one of the simplest types of mechanisms, which are divided into three types, or classes of levers. All levers have a load, which is an object being moved, an effort, which is the work done on the object, and the fulcrum, which is where the object is pivoted. 2.2.5.4.1 Class 1 Levers A class 1 lever has a load and effort on opposite sides of the fulcrum shown in Figure 2-9. It works by using less work to move a weight, which is done by extending the total distance travelled, thereby reducing the amount of work done. This is expressed in the equation for Force, which is Force equals work times distance. By making the distance a smaller amount, the work portion subsequently becomes much smaller as a result.
Figure 2-9 Figure 2 9 A Class 1 Lever (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)
2.2.5.4.2 Class 2 Levers A class 2 lever has an effort and a load on the same side. The load is between the effort and the fulcrum. The best example of this is a wheelbarrow. Again by extending the distance travelled, the overall work done is lowered.
Figure 2-10 A Class 2 Lever (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)
2.2.5.4.3 Mechanical Advantage and Velocity Ratio of Class 1 & 2 Levers Both class 1 and class 2 levers allow a larger output of load for a smaller effort. This is called mechanical advantage. To calculate mechanical advantage, we use the equation: Mechanical advantage = load effort (BBC, 2013) Because you move a large load with smaller effort, it may seem like youre getting something for nothing. However, in order for the lever to work, you must move the load over a longer distance. This is called the velocity ratio, and can be calculated using: Velocity ratio = distance moved by effort distance moved by load (BBC, 2013) 10
2.2.5.4.4 Class 3 Levers Class 3 levers do not have mechanical advantage. They operated with the effort closer to the fulcrum and the effort farther away. They are often used to pick up small things, or things that may be fragile. A good example of a Class 3 Lever is a pair of tweezers.
2.2.5.5 Linkages
A mechanical linkage is a way to manage forces and movement through an assembly of connected bodies shown in Figure 2-12. The body, or link, is considered to be rigid because the links movement is studied using geometry. The link connections are modeled as providing movement, such as rotation or sliding, and are called joints. Linkages can change the direction of motion, the type of motion, and/or the magnitude of a force.
Figure 2-11 A Parallel Motion Linkage http://lizarum.com/assignments/physical_computing/2008/mechanisms/linkages.html
A linkage consists of a system of rigid materials, usually rods, connected by joints or pivots. The moving and fixed pivots limit the ability of the rods to move. The input at one end of the mechanical linkages will be different from the output, in both speed and direction (BBC, 2013).
2.2.6 Types of Art Making Machines 2.2.6.1 Harmonograph

A harmonograph is a machine that uses pendulums to create a geometric image. Most commonly they are used to create curves that show harmonic motion, also known as Lissajous figures, as demonstrated in Figure 2-12. The simplest types of harmonograph uses two pendulums that swing across perpendicular axes, with one pendulum attached to a pen and the other attached to a piece of paper (Ashton 2001). The result is that the pattern the pen draws is a combination of the frequencies of the pendulums. The resulting image not only looks interesting but is a visual representation of harmony between the pendulum frequencies. This visual modeling of frequencies can also be applied to harmonies between musical notes, because if the pendulums are set to the same frequency as the notes, their resulting harmonies 11
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] make visually appealing drawings. In fact, harmonographs were first used to model the frequencies between musical notes before computers. Varying the frequency of the pendulum swings can produce different patterns.
Figure 2-12 An image created by a harmonograph.
In a simple two pendulum harmonograph, there are a few elements that affect the motion and consequently, the image that the machine produces. It is very important to understand the physics of the motion of a pendulum swing. The first property to consider is that a pendulum of a fixed length will always have the same frequency. So as a pendulum falls, the amount of energy of the swing (amplitude) will decay but the frequency will stay the same. This physical property allows the pendulum swing frequency to model musical notes. By adjusting the ratio of the pendulum lengths you can simulate basic harmonics in music (Ashton 2001). Another way to make a harmonograph is to take two discs that are spinning and connect to them two arms within a bell crank linkage. Connect both arms to a pen, which draws on paper. This kind of harmonograph takes advantage of two gears spinning at relative frequencies as opposed to pendulums. Figure 2-13 provides a better visual representation of this type of harmonograph.
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Figure 2-13 Two Disc Harmonograph (http://mrhonner.com/2012/05/11/turntable-harmonograph/)
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2.2.6.2 Spirograph
A spirograph is a type of drawing machine that makes geometric patterns, technically referred to as epitrochoids and ashypotrochoids. Spirographs have been produced as popular toys for young children, as they produce some very interesting patterns with minimal knowledge of mechanics. Spirographs work by drawing from a point inside a circle that rotates within another fixed circle. The patterns produced can be varied by moving the pen closer or
Figure 2-14 These are some intricate images produced by a spirograph. (Images by Google Images)
farther from the center of the smaller gear on the inside. This alters the amount of rotation at a certain point. Figure 2-14 shows some of the images that can be made with a spirograph. Other interesting figures can be produced by superimposing multiple drawings on top of each other. Most of the time these machines are made out of little plastic gears, one big one with teeth on the inside and a smaller one with teeth on the outside. (Kller 2000)
2.2.6.3 Paint spinner

A paint spinner is a very simple type of art machine in operation. It is a rotor with paper and paint on it, and the rotor spins at a high velocity, which sends the paint outwards making splatter-like patterns. Paint spinners can utilize a variety of different spinning sources, including electric motors from fans, or human powered with machines like bicycles. Paint spinners often are used to produce colorful mixes of vibrant colors, but dont work as well with darker colors . SCRAP Humboldt already has two of these machines in use as seen in Figure 2-15.
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Figure 2-15 SCRAP Humboldt's existing paint spinner machines (Images by SCRAP Humboldt)
2.2.7 Art Materials

This section will focus on art materials and their traits. Something to look for in art materials is their permanence or the ability to withstand exposure to light and humidity without darkening, shifting color, or fading. Many things play a role in the permanence of an art project for example, if the paper doesnt absorb the paint the paint will fade off . Paint also has a role in this though; certain paints have a tendency to fade faster than others. The next three sections explore three materials used in art that are relevant to the criteria given by our client. These materials are paint, paper, and pens.
2.2.7.1 Paint
There are many types of paint such as; industrial paint, spray paint, face paint, and the different art paints from acrylic paint to watercolor. Discussed here are paints, what type of painting they are primarily used for, what they are composed of, and their traits. Watercolors are a very easy way to get pastel and vivid colors as shown in Figure 2-16. Painting with watercolors you can essentially paint anything from sharp photorealist paintings and vibrant abstracts to landscapes and cityscapes (McArdle, 2011). Watercolors are made with two main ingredients, Arabic gum which acts as a binder, and finely ground pigment for color. A moisturizer is added to keep the Arabic gum from becoming brittle. For the paint to flow and be absorbed easier a wetting agent is added (McArdle, 2011). A valued trait of watercolors is their ability to let light pass through the paint and reflect the white surface of the paper.
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Figure 2-16 Watercolors (Image from Google Images)
Acrylic paints can be used in many different ways to create a variety of painting styles (McArdle, 2004). They are made with synthetic acrylic resins and pigments and can either be water based or solvent based (Rossol, 1995). Acrylic paints are known because they have higher permanence ratings than oil and watercolor paints (McArdle, 2004). The viscosity or consistency of acrylic paints varies, providing the variety of painting styles that can be achieved with this paint. Heavy body acrylic paints have a buttery consistency that facilitate color mixing and blending and preserves brushstrokes this is shown by the acrylic paint in Figure 2-17. Fluid acrylics have a lower viscosity good for detailed work, watercolor techniques, dry-brush work and staining (McArdle, 2004). For more elevated work acrylic mediums can be added to the paint to obtain the desired consistency. Acrylic paints are also known for their fast drying time (McArdle, 2004). Fast drying time might render the ability of an artist to perform some of the blending and mixing techniques these paints are good for because the paint dries before it is mixed. To prolong the drying time retarding mediums can be added or using open acrylic paints which already have the retarding medium in them (McArdle, 2004).
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Figure 2-17 Acrylic Paint with a high viscosity (http://www.painting-with-a-palette-knife.com/acrylic-paint/)
The last type of paint we will discuss are oil paints. Oil paints are popular because of their long durability, and flexibility in application and working methods (Pellegrini, 2011). They are made up of pigments suspended in an oil medium. Linseed oil, poppy seed, walnut, sunflower, and synthetic oils are generally used (Rossol, 1995). Because they are oil based, water cannot mix with oil paint as shown by the thick oil paint in Figure 2-18 and 2-19. Thus when the paint is dry which can take up to a month due to the fact that oil paints dry from oxidation, they create a tough water resistant layer (Pellegrini, 2011). The long drying period allows oil paints to be workable for a long time. There are various ways of altering the properties of oil paints. For example adding an impasto medium will add body, and adding linseed oil will add gloss and translucency (Pellegrini, 2011). Water mixable oil paints have been made to avoid dealing with oils and solvents, and allow the thinning of the paint with just water.
Figure 2-18 Thick oil paint (http://www.artistoilpaint.tdparts.com/)
2.2.7.1.1 Homemade Natural Paints The project is designed to be interesting, educational and engaging for children. Having materials and directions on how to make paints before using them will educate them on how they can use common materials to make their own paints and keep them engaged while using the art machine. By giving the option to children to make their own paint, gives children more a 17
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] more interesting, educational and engaging experience with the Art Machine. Simple paints can be made by mixing flour, water and a dye. Some dyes that can be used are powdered tempera paint and food coloring, which makes safe paint. Figure 2-20 shows some homemade paints being blended. The primary advantages of natural homemade paints are a lower VOC content in the product, more variability in texture, color, and viscosity, and they are much more sustainable than petroleum based paints (Abdalla, 2005).
Figure 2-19 Home made Paints (http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/ap/Natural_paint_basics.html)
2.2.7.2 Paper
This section will discuss the types of paper available and what type of art they are good for. Bark paper, which is made from the bark of fig and mulberry trees this paper, can be used for bookbinding, drawing, and painting (Blick, 2010). Papyrus is another type of paper, which was used by ancient Egyptians in their tombs and can be traced back to pastel paintings as late as the 17th and 18th centuries (Southwest Art, 2006). Papyrus paper is good for drawing, writing, or painting (Blick, 2011). Next are various types of cotton paper I will discuss the two most common. Watercolor paper, which come in three types: hot-pressed, cold-pressed, or rough (McArdle, 2012). Hot-pressed cotton paper has a smooth texture good for detailed work, rough cotton paper has a rough texture which features pronounced tooth, is washable, and coldpressed is somewhere in the middle, making it good for detailed work as well as washes (McArdle, 2012). Another type of cotton paper is printmaking paper. This paper is strong and sturdy making it good for watercolor, drawing pen, ink artworks, and acrylic paint. Regular art paper, which is heavier than regular paper but isnt as durable and sturdy as other papers. This paper is not typically used for painting because it will buckle or crinkle, however it is good for is pen, pencil or ink drawings (McArdle, 2012).
2.2.7.3 Pens
There are many types of pens from the old quill to the newer ballpoint; in this section we will discuss pens commonly used for art. These include fountain pens, graphic pens, and drafting pens. We will start with fountain pens; these pens were a big advancement because before 18
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] them you had to dip your pen in ink. Fountain pens have a reservoir that contains the ink; the ink then flows down into the nib where it is dispensed by a thin slit (David, 2008). These pens are used for art because you can achieve certain artistic effects that cant be achieved by other pens (David, 2008). The next type of pen we will discuss is a graphic pen, which is made for precise drawing. They produce consistent, graceful and fluid lines, and they contain archival ink or waterproof and fade resistant ink (JetPens, 2013). Graphic pens satisfy the painstaking demands of artist, while requiring no special care or maintenance. Finally drafting pens, these pens are for drawing lines at a consistent width (Cult Pens, 2001). The nibs for these pens come in different sizes to allow drawing lines of varying widths making them good for sketching.
2.2.8 Safety Precautions

This section will discuss the dangers of possible materials that could be used to make Art Machines. Safety is large concern and the section will examine the materials and point out ones that could be potentially harmful and how to prevent harmful substances from being incorporated into the finished product.
2.2.8.1 Metal
Many metals are dangerous and can cause illness or cancer if consumed or inhaled. However for the Art Machine project, metal does not pose much of a threat, most metal products such as Arsenic and Hexavalent Chromium are considered dangerous only when processing such metals (OSHA 2008). Other metals such as lead are dangerous in their product; however their products will not be used in the Art Maker project. The most dangerous aspect in reusing metal is the danger of sharp edges, and diseases on metals such as Tetanus. Tetanus is a serious disease that can attack the human body nervous system. Tetanus can be contacted through dirt and feces, but one of the most well-known ways is contacted through rusty metals and nails. This should be kept in-mind when constructing the Art Machine out of reused metal materials.
2.2.8.2 Paint
Paints can be equally as dangerous as metals in the sense that it can cause serious bodily harm. However, paints are only harmful when being digested or breathed in. The toxicity of paints usually comes from the pigments. Another danger of paints is cleaning them. One of the more well-known solvents for cleaning paints is turpentine which is toxic to humans (Rossol, 2001; Princeton, 2007; Muse 2011). However, other solvents for the Art Machine can be used to clean paint that isnt toxic.
2.2.8.3 Plastic
Plastic is dangerous and can cause serious bodily harm; however this can only be caused by ingesting it. Plastic can be ingested in different ways, such as through their use of containers for items people would consume such as water bottles and plastic food containers. They can also be ingested by breathing in burning plastics.
2.2.9 Getting Kids Engaged

Getting Kids engaged and thinking about art is beneficial to cognitive skills. Skills such as reasoning and problem solving are not things that students suddenly just get out of nowhere, you have to refine and constantly engage those skills. However the interesting part is that there 19
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] seems to be a correlation between an increase in problem solving skills and engagement in art at an early age (Melnick, 2011). This all comes down to learning the processes such as creative thinking or analyzing problems and coming to conclusions. For these types of skills it is not the end result that is important but process. For a kid making art it is not important that they make a good finished result, it is important that they look and the problem they have, that is making something interesting, and thinking of creative ways of solving this problem. These skills are essential in being successful in any field. Art is a very good way in engaging kids early and teaching them some of these skills because it is fun and interactive.
3. Alternative Solutions
3.1 Introduction
The Alternative Solutions section includes information both on both our brainstorming process and the alternative solutions that were generated in those brainstorming sessions.
3.2 Brainstorming
Team C.R.A.M. had one 45 minute brainstorming session. The meeting was structured in the way that we had Aaron Hu as our diligent notetaker, but for the majority of the meeting we kept the session unstructured in the way we approached our ideas. Our notes are detailed in Appendix B. Overall we generated about 15 ideas, and in the post brainstorming session we threw out four immediately as they were too ludicrous to work, but they served to inspire our other ideas. Our post brainstorming portion also involved merging ideas and concepts, force fitting, and finally fleshing ideas more fully in order to get a better sense of what we would present to our client. In addition, we made a list of pros and cons of each idea according to our criteria and constraints in order to get an idea of what each idea best dealt with.
3.3 Alternative Solutions

3.3.1 Two Pendulum Harmonograph
This art machine is comprised with two pendulums. The first pendulum supports a flat surface that you put a piece of paper on. The second pendulum holds a pen, pencil, or marker. As both pendulums swing the pen is dragged across the paper creating a unique design. To make this machine engaging the direction that the pendulums swing can be altered as well as the weights, which will be interchangeable to show how it affects the movement of the pendulum and therefore the drawing. By having these little changes you can create a huge amount of unique designs. In addition, another idea to consider would be to use one pendulum as a metronome, which would make the machine more engaging. This machine easily fits the criteria as being portable, easy to use and safe. It can be made durable and repairable, though it will require 20
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] more planning to do so. The machine also creates a lot of unique art designs. Though it does fit the criteria of being engaging, the biggest drawback of this design is that is takes a bit of time, which could lower how engaging it is for little kids. A detailed drawing of the Two Pendulum Harmonograph is presented in Figure 3-1.
Figure 3-1 Two Pendulum Harmonograph Drawing by Mark Attarian
3.3.2 The Whirlpool

This design was inspired from the big funnels where coins are rolled down at museums as shown in Figure 3-2. In this machine the coins will be replaced by marbles that are covered in paint. It consists of two parts, one part, the funnel, which is suspended by a square shaped table that can be made with reused wood. The other part would be the marble launching mechanism, where the angle of descent is determined. The funnel would have paper inside so whoever is using it has something to take home. A drawing of the proposed design can be seen in Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-2 The Whirlpool Inspiration (http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~cpalumbo/MarylandScienceCenter.html)
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Figure 3-3 The Whirlpool Drawing by Alejandro Infanzon-Marin
3.3.3 The Jackson Pollock Machine

The Jackson Pollock Machine shown in Figure 3-4 is a table comprised of a disk surrounded by circular walls with paper on them. A crank will spin the disk that will have paint reservoirs that allow paint to come out splattering onto the sides of the walls. The disk will be connected to the crank with either a chain or a belt. If a chain were to be used tensioners would be used to keep the chain tight. The chain system will have a cover for protection. It is easily removed and provides easy access for maintenance. The sides of the cylindrical walls have slits at the top to slide paper in, and keep it from falling over while the disk is spinning.
Figure 3-4 Drawing of the Jackson Pollock Machine by Aaron Hu
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3.3.4 The Gravitron

The Gravitron is a machine that uses centrifugal force to make art, a sketch is shown in Figure 3-5. This works because inks are made up of various dyes, and when spun at a high velocity the dyes separate at different rates, leaving streaks of distinct colors across a paper surface. The machine consists of 4 parts; a crank, bike chain, platform and paper. The crank is attached to the chain, which spins the platform for the paper. The crank needs to have a larger radius than the platform to take advantage of mechanical advantage and gear ratios. This means that the bigger gear will spin the smaller gear much faster, resulting in a much greater velocity. Paper rests on the platform and to use this machine, an ink dot must be drawn on the paper. Then, drops of water are added to the paper. When the machine starts spinning, the crank should be turned which make the platform spin faster and the centrifugal force should separate the individual inks out from the ink drop on the paper, leaving a multicolored ink pattern on the paper.
Figure 3-5 Drawing of The Gravitron by Aaron Hu
3.3.5 Topsy Turvy

The Topsy Turvy is shown in Figure 3-6 a device that is similar to the childrens toy top, which spins at a decent speed to keep itself steady. The Topsy Turvy uses a similar design where it uses a spinning force to keep itself from falling over, however it makes art while its spinning by placing crayons on the outside of the top. The top itself can be made out of a circular wheel, weights and crayons. Crayons can also be substituted for pens and fine point markers. The top will use the pen as its spinning point and will make a unique line on paper while spun. The weight helps the top keep it center of balance lower, to improve spin performance. A device can also be made to spin the top at faster speeds.
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Figure 3-6 Drawing of the Topsy Turvy by Aaron Hu
3.3.6 Shake and Paint

The Shake and Paint shown in Figure 3-7 is a tilted marble box, an activity that requires paint, marbles, paper and a box or drawer. Paint is places into the box and marbles dipped in paint are put on top of the paper. Then the box can be tilted to make the marbles move around to get a unique marble pattern on the paper. This box can be made into a machine by adding elements in which people can operate the box without shaking the box.
Figure 3-7 Drawing of Shake and Bake by Aaron Hu
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3.3.7 Artistic Explosion

The purpose of the Artistic Explosion shown in figure 3-8 is to splatter paint onto a medium with compressed air. The parts utilize bike and paintball marker parts. The paint ball marker would be to supply the mechanism to propel the paint with compressed air. Paint would be put in the barrel part of the marker that normally sends paint balls flying. The compressed air would be supplied with bicycle power. A bike crank that moves a piston that compresses air into a tank would be used, thereby priming the mechanism with manual power.
Figure 3-8 Drawing of the Artistic Explosion by Mark Attarian
3.3.8 Rotary Harmonograph

Much like the other harmonographs this machine will record the harmony between two frequencies; however the two frequencies of this machine are two discs moving at different speeds. This machine will be bike powered and the drive will be started with a bike crank. This will have a chain which will transfer the energy to two bike cassettes that are attached to our two disks. By changing the position of the rods the speed and direction of the overall mechanism changes, which results in a variety of different designs. In order to change the relative speed of rotation we can attach a derailleur to the mechanism. Figure 3-9 shows a drawing of the design, but Figure 2-13 also shows a rotary harmonograph.
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Figure 3-9 Rotary Harmonograph Drawing by Mark Attarian
3.3.9 Hangmans Last Harmony

This design is another variation of the harmonograph. The stand resembles a scaffold used for a hanging and off of that will hang the harmonograph pendulum mechanism. Figure 3-10 shows that there is a single piece of wood coming from the top of the scaffold, after that single support there is a universal joint that allows the parts lower to move in any axis. From that universal joint there will be two pieces of wood supporting the flat area for a piece of paper. Under that is another pendulum supported by some line that adds more variation, making a more complex image.
Figure 3-10 Drawing of Hangman's Last Harmony by Mark Attarian
3.3.10 The Tumblr

This design utilizes an old washing machine drum. When combined with a hand crank, the machine spins around, and is lined with paper so that marbles and other objects covered in paint spin with it, thereby creating unique designs. The paddles within the machine drum would 26
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] serve to catch the marbles in a way to prevent them from grouping together as shown in Figure 3-11. The base and stand are sturdy and collapsible to make the machine more portable. In addition, the base would spin in some variation so that there wasnt friction between the washing machine and the base.
Figure 3-11 Drawing of The Tumblr by Alex Saldivar
3.3.11 The Spirograph Spinner

This machine is very simple in form, with only a gear and frame mechanism. A pen is inserted in one of the various gear holes and spun around. This creates varied and unique designs because of how the holes are positioned. The gear and track system serve to allow the mechanism to spin very fast while also being very precise. Figure 3-12 shows an example of a spirograph and Section 2.2.6.2 goes into more detail over the concepts.
Figure 3-12 Picture of a Spirograph (http://www.stephenhobley.com/blog/2010/09/16/upgrading-the-doodledesk-now-with-added-spirograph/)
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4. Decision Process
4.1 Introduction
The Decision Process is a discussion of how the alternate solutions were narrowed down and the final design was chosen. The design process utilized a Delphi Matrix with weighted criteria, and values assigned to each Alternative Solution on how well they met the criteria. The matrix, considerations, and criteria were the deciding factors in our ultimate decision of which design would be the ideal solution.
4.2 Criteria Definitions

Durability: The amount of time the art machine should be functional over a period of time through use by both adults and children. Reparability: Materials and effort required to make repairs. Cost: The money and time required to collect materials and build. Engaging: The time and energy willingly put in by participants. Aesthetically pleasing Art: The amount of variation in the overall art products, as well as how aesthetically pleasing it is. Portability: The ease of which it can be moved. Considerations include overall bulkiness, weight, and ease of assembly/disassembly. Safety: The likelihood of injury while machine is in use and during transportation. Ease of Use: The amount of time a participant is expected to need in order learn how to use the machine. The main consideration is machine complexity.
4.3 Decision Choices

All the alternative solutions are explained in detail and diagramed in Section 3. There are eleven overall alternative solutions: Two Pendulum Harmonograph Rotary Harmonograph Deadmans Last Harmony The Spirograph Spinner The Tumblr Artistic Explosion Shake and Paint Topsy Turvy The Gravitron 28
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] The Jackson Pollock Machine The Whirlpool
4.4 Decision Process

The decision method was based on the Delphi method. The Delphi method began with deciding the weight of the criterion based off of the impact of that criterion in the specifications and considerations; the higher the weight the more important the criterion. The weight of the criteria was decided by a group consensus. Finally, we consulted SCRAP Humboldt to determine that our weighting was in line with their goals. A list of the criteria weights is shown in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Weighted Criteria
Project Criteria Importance out of 10 Safety 10 Engaging 9 Repairability 8 Durability 7 Unique Art 7 Ease of Use 6 Portability 5 Cost 4
Each alternative solution was given a value between one and fifty, according to how well it fulfilled each criterion. A low score meant a solution did not fulfill the defined criterion well. A group consensus was also used to assign scores for the solutions. The score was then multiplied by the weight of the criterion. This final Delphi matrix is presented in Table 4-2. The solutions that scored the best were the Two Pendulum Harmonograph, Hangmans Last Harmony, and the Hurricane Splatter. They were all within 100 points of each other.
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Table 4-2 Delphi Matrix for Alternative Solutions

Criteria Solutions Weight Two Pendulum Harmonograph Rotatary Harmonograph Hangmans Last Harmony 1-10 Value x Weight Value x Weight Value x Weight Durability 7 35 245 40 280 40 280 Repairability 8 45 360 25 200 30 240 Cost 4 30 120 20 80 35 140 Engaging 9 40 360 45 405 35 315 Unique Art 7 40 280 35 245 35 245 Portability 5 45 225 20 100 40 200 Safety 10 40 400 30 300 48 480 Ease of Use 6 35 210 40 240 43 258 Total 2200 1850 2158
List
Criteria Solutions List Weight The Spirograph Spinner The Tumblr Artistic Explosion 1-10 Value x Weight Value x Weight Value x Weight Durability 7 45 315 45 315 20 140 Repairability 8 43 344 35 280 15 120 Cost 4 44 176 40 160 15 60 Engaging 9 30 270 15 135 45 405 Unique Art 7 25 175 5 35 35 245 Portability 5 47 235 5 25 20 100 Safety 10 25 250 20 200 30 300 Ease of Use 6 49 294 40 240 25 150 Total 2059 1390 1520 Criteria Solutions List Weight Shake and Paint Topsy Turvy The Gravitron 1-10 Value x Weight Value x Weight Value x Weight Durability 7 45 315 20 140 40 280 Repairability 8 45 360 20 160 40 320 Cost 4 45 180 20 80 40 160 Engaging 9 10 90 35 315 35 315 Unique Art 7 5 35 20 140 25 175 Portability 5 45 225 40 200 35 175 Safety 10 40 400 30 300 35 350 Ease of Use 6 40 240 30 180 40 240 Total 1845 1515 2015
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Criteria Solutions Weight The Hurricane Splatter The Whirlpool 1-10 Value x Weight Value x Weight Durability 7 35 245 48 336 Repairability 8 40 320 10 80 Cost 4 35 140 10 40 Engaging 9 35 315 20 180 Unique Art 7 30 210 30 210 Portability 5 37 185 15 75 Safety 10 42 420 40 400 Ease of Use 6 40 240 35 210 Total 2075 1531
List
Now that we narrowed the solution to three designs we looked over our criteria and considerations again. Upon doing so, we discovered that one of our considerations had been to make an Art Machine that was unlike the paint spinner that SCRAP Humboldt currently has (refer to Section 2.1.3). With this, we were able to eliminate the Hurricane Splatter because it very closely relates to the paint spinner in form, function, and artistic expression. With two designs left we decided to prototype the two harmonographs. After testing the Hangmans Last Harmony prototype (picture in Appendix C) we decided that this design would work well on a larger scale in a more permanent setting and this did not fit our criteria and considerations.
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Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] The Two Pendulum Harmonograph was chosen as the final solution. Figure 4-1 is a visual matrix of the decision process.
Beggining with Alternative Solutions
Eliminate all designs not in the top three
Review Considerations and Specifications: Eliminate Hurricane Splatter
Initial Weighting
Weighing Alternative Soltuions by Criteria
Consult SCRAP Humboldt: Eliminate Hangman's Last Harmony
Consult SCRAP Humboldt
Delphi Matrix
Final Decision: Two Pendulum Harmonograph
Figure 4-1 Visual Matrix of the decision process of Team C.R.A.M
4.5 Final Decision Justification

The Two Pendulum Harmonograph had the highest score using the Delphi Matrix method. It was close in score to two other proposed designs, but after further exploring the considerations and specifications, we felt the Two Pendulum Harmonograph was the best choice. It is important to the Frosted Flakes and SCRAP Humboldt that the Art Machine be both portable and unlike the Art Machine SCRAP Humboldt already has, which were the deciding factors in our decision.
5. Solution Specification
5.1 Introduction
The Solution Specification describes the solution chosen in Section 4.4, the Two Pendulum Harmonograph. This section details the structure of the Two Pendulum Harmonograph, provides a cost analysis of construction and maintenance, and includes instructions for assembly and maintenance.
5.2 Solution Description

The Two Pendulum Harmonograph is an art machine that Team C.R.A.M constructed for SCRAP Humboldt. The Harmonograph uses the frequency of two pendulums moving on separate planes of motion to create drawings that are Lissajous figures, or parabolic curves that show 32
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] harmonic motion in Figure 5-1. The Two Pendulum Harmonograph can be broken up into five distinct parts: the table, the gimbals, the brick weights, the pen arm pendulum, and the writing platform pendulum as shown in Figure 5-2.
Figure 5-1 A Lissajous Figure, which is a visual of harmonic motion between the two pendulum frequencies Created by Team C.R.A.M. Two Pendulum Harmonograph
Figure 5-2 Two Pendulum Harmonograph Diagram (Group Photo)
5.2.1 The Table

The pendulums must rest on a platform that was tall enough and stable enough to support the pendulums motion. In addition SCRAP Humboldt required the Harmonograph to be portable so they could take it to schools and art events. An old card table with collapsible legs in Figure 5-2 33
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] provides portability while remaining sturdy. The exact dimensions of the table are in a diagram in Appendix C.
Figure 5-3 AutoCad design of the card table used Created by Alejandro Saldivar
5.2.2 The Gimbals

In order for the pendulums to swing freely, there must be a mechanism which allows them to swing wth minimum interference and friction. The mechanisms used to accomplish this are called gimbals as shown in Figure 5-3. The gimbals are lag bolts drilled through a wood platform, and the platform is in turn attached to the pendulum itself. The gimbals rest on the gimbal blocks on the table, and there is a metal plate with dimples for the lag bolts there to keep the pendulums in place. Since the gimbals are bolts with pointed tips, they are afforded a full range of motion while simultaneously providing very little friction to interfere with the pendulum motion. The wood platform is made out of scrap wood from a housing remodel, and the gimbal bolts were bought from Ace Hardware.
Figure 5-4 AutoCad Drawing of the Gimbals Created by Mark Attarian
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5.2.3 The Brick Weights

The brick weights perform two functions. First, they lend the pendulums more inertia so they can swing for a much longer time. This is because the pen on the paper causes friction, thereby slowing the pendulum swing down. Second, the weights hold the gimbals in the gimbal dimple and keep the pendulum upright. If the weights were not present, the paper platform pendulum would fall over to one side because it is too top heavy. Figure 5-5 shows the machine at rest with the weights attached.
Figure 5-5 The Harmonograph at rest with brick weights attached (Group Photo)
The paper platform weight uses a two bolt clamping mechanism to attach itself to the pendulum as shown in Figure 5-6. This allows this weight to move up and down and change the drawing by altering the frequency of the pendulums.
Figure 5-6 Two Bolt Clamping Method (Group Photo)
The pen-arm weight uses a one bolt clamping mechanism to attach itself to the pendulum as shown in Figure 5-7. This keeps the weight in one place so at least one pendulum has a fixed frequency. While variability is good, too much and the drawings look too chaotic so by fixing one pendulum we allow a baseline frequency to work with. 35
Figure 5-7 One Bolt Clamping Method (Group Photo)
5.2.4 The Pen Arm Pendulum

The pen arm moves in a front and back motion with the pendulum. This allows the attached pen to press down on the paper and draw at the same frequency the pendulum is swinging at. In order to minimize the amount of friction from the weight of the pen and arm, a weight is attached to the pen arm with a bolt and wing nut as shown in Figure 5-8. This weight can be slid back and forth according to how heavy the pen attached is, allowing for all manner of pens to be attached to this arm. Below the pen arm itself are the two gimbals attached to the wood platform. The wood platform was drilled out in the exact center so as to be perfectly centered with the pendulum, and the gimbals themselves are drilled in the center of that, to ensure the balance of the pendulum. Finally, at the bottom of the pendulum there are weights which are used to keep the pendulum are steady and upright, and allow the pendulum enough inertia to continue swinging.
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Figure 5-8 Pen Arm Pendulum Created by Aaron Hu
Both the pendulum and the pen arm are made of upcycled wood trim and the pen arm weight is a marble trophy base. The weight at the bottom of the pendulum consists of two bricks that sandwich the pendulum with a single bolt. This bolt goes into one hole and the brick weights on this pendulum do not move.
5.2.5 The Writing Platform Pendulum

The writing platform moves in a side to side motion with the pendulum. This allows the writing platform to swing in a perpendicular motion to the pen, which produces a drawing that is the same frequency the pendulum is swinging at. At the top of the pendulum there is a writing platform which holds a piece of paper that gets drawn on. Below the writing platform are the two gimbals attached to the wood platform. The wood platform was drilled out in the exact center so as to be perfectly centered with the pendulum, and the gimbals themselves are drilled in the center of that, to ensure the balance of the pendulum. Finally, at the bottom there are weights which are used to keep the pendulum steady and upright, and allow the pendulum enough inertia to continue swinging. Shown in Figure 5-5 is a labeled diagram of all the pendulum parts.
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Figure 5-9 Writing Platform Pendulum Created by Alejandro Infanzon-Marin
The pendulum is made of upcycled wood trim and the writing platform is made out of scrap wood from a remodeling project. The weight at the bottom of the paper platform pendulum consists of two bricks that sandwich the pendulum with two bolts so the weight can be lifted up and down.
5.3 Cost Analysis

The cost analysis consists of the cost of materials, cost of design, and cost of maintenance.
5.3.1 Cost of Materials

There was a budget of $300 dollars towards the building of this project. All of the major materials were upcycled, the only costs that occurred were with the hardware and the bricks. The total project monetary cost was $17.11. Table 5-1 details the items and their projected and actual costs. Our cost was quite a bit under our limit of 300 dollars. This was because most of our materials were upcycled.
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Table 5-1 Itemized Materials Cost
5.3.2 Design Cost

The design cost is the amount of hours that Team C.R.A.M put into this design project. Building the Harmonograph took the most time at 49 hours, and problem formulation took the least amount of time at 5 hours. A total of 114 hours were spent on this design project as shown in Figure 5-10.
Figure 5-10 Design cost pie chart in Hours for Team C.R.A.M for a total of 114 hours
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5.3.3 Maintenance Cost

The maintenance costs for the harmonograph are negligible as shown in Table 5-2. The art machine uses gravity as the driving force for motion, so no electricity is used. The only costs then will come from replacing the pen and paper, which are upcycled at SCRAP Humboldt for a cost of $0, and the lubricant used for the joints.
Table 5-2 Maintenance Cost in Dollars
5.4 Maintenance
In order to ensure proper use of the machine, minor maintenance will need to be performed. First, the pen must be replaced when the ink runs out. Next, every time the machine is set up, lubricate the joints where the pen arm connects to the pendulum. To mitigate mold and wood warping within the wooden parts the Harmonograph should be stored in a dry area. Finally, the surface underneath the paper may become rough from use, so it may need replacement if this occurs, though this is unlikely.
5.5 Implementation Instructions

5.5.1 Assembly
There are five steps to assemble the Two Pendulum Harmonograph: Step 1: Unfold the card table as in Figure 5-11 and put it on a flat stable surface. (A level surface is essential for the pendulums to work effectively!)
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Figure 5-11 Unfold the Card Table Legs (Group Photo)
Step 2: The next step is to take the pendulums and insert them through the slots in the table as shown in Figure 5-12. The pen arm pendulum goes in the slot that orients the pen right above the other slot. This other slot is for the paper platform. If you put the pendulums in the wrong slots the pen arm will be pointed the wrong direction. Figure 5-13 tells which slot the respective pendulums are inserted.
Figure 5-12 Insert Pendulums through the table slots (Group Photo)
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Paper-Platform Pendulum goes here.
Pen-Arm Pendulum goes here.
Figure 5-13 Pendulum Slot Placement (Group Photo)
Step 3: To insure the pendulums are properly aligned, the gimbals (the pointed bolts that are coming out of the block of wood) must go into the dimple on the gimbal stand. This keeps the pendulums from shifting around as shown in Figure 5-14.
Bolt into the gimbal dimple.
Figure 5-14 Insure the Gimbal goes into the Gimbal dimple (Group Photo)
Step 4: The paper platform weight clamps down on the pendulum with two bolts cinched together by wing nuts. This clamping mechanism allows for quick weight height adjustments and is demonstrated in Figure 5-15.
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Figure 5-15 Paper Platform weight clamping (Group Photo)
Step 5: The pen arm weight has a long bolt that must be fed through a hole in the pendulum as shown in Figure 5-16. This weight is not meant to be adjusted.
Figure 5-16 Pen Arm weight single bolt mechanism (Group Photo)
5.5.2 Use
Normal operation of the harmonograph is quite simple: Step 1: Make sure that the weight on the pen arm pendulum is the height that you want. You do this by clamping the weights together with the two bolts with wing nuts.
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Figure 5-17 Adjusting weight
Step 2: Place a writing utensil in the pen arm and a piece of paper on the paper platform. The paper is attached with a clothes pin and the writing utensil is clamped down between the two pieces of wood that constitute the pen arm. Tighten the bolt with a wing nut.
Figure 5-18 Place paper and writing utensil.
Step 3: Put the pendulums into motion by rocking them back and forth to the desired amplitude. It is easiest to stand over the paper platform and hold the pen arm and paper at the same time.
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Figure 5-19 Put pendulums into motion.
Step 4: Drop the pen arm and watch.
Figure 5-20 Drop pen arm and watch.
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Parameters to change in order to obtain different drawings:
1) The position of the pen arm weights on the bottom of the pendulum.
2) Starting the pendulums at different positions in their swing.

3) Put more or less energy into a pendulum before letting them go.
Figure 5-21 Possible Parameter Changes
5.6 Prototype Performance

We have determined through our testing that our Two Pendulum Harmonograph fit the criteria quite well. We did extensive testing in our workshop and also let some elementary school students test it as shown in Figure 5-18. Our final product turned out to be very safe, we did not have any problems with the elementary school students and that age group was the biggest concern. The kids were able to use the machine once being shown, making the machine easy to use. It was very engaging, it is a lot of fun to use this machine and the art that comes out is very interesting and unique.
Figure 5-22 First Graders at Morris Elementary School in Mckinleyville testing the Harmonograph (Group Photo)
46
Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH] We were able to make a product that is very portable, though we have not been able to see if it fits in a 1998 Volkswagen Beetle, we expect it to fit fine, as it fit quite easily into the trunk of a Honda Civic with plenty of room to spare. As far as durability we expect it to meet our goals but we have not been able to observe how it lasts over an appreciable amount of time. The machine also produced drawings that were both highly variable and very skilled as shown in Figure 5-19. Both the children and Engineering students we demonstrated for were highly engaged with the machine and impressed with the drawings.
Figure 5-23 Drawings made by our Two Pendulum Harmonograph (Group Photo)
6. Appendices:
6.1 Appendix A: Bibliography
Alejandro Infanzon-Marin: "Barkpaper." Blick. Blick Art Supplies, 15 Apr. 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://www.dickblick.com/products/barkpaper/>. "Paper Works!." Southwest Art 36.1 (2006): 116-135. OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson). Web. 23 Feb. 2013. "Black Ink Egyptian Papyrus Paper." Blick. Blick Art Supplies, 28 Dec. 2011. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://www.dickblick.com/products/black-ink-egyptian-papyrus-paper>. McArdle, Thaneeya. "Drawing Papers for Pen and Ink Artwork." Art Is Fun. N.p., 5 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.art-is-fun.com/drawing-papers.html>. 47

Rossol, Monona. "Using Artist Paints." Paints. N.p., 10 Oct. 1995. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.trueart.info/paints.htm>. McArdle, Thaneeya. "Acrylic Paint." Art Is Fun. N.p., 12 Jan. 2004. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.art-is-fun.com/acrylic-paint.html>. Pellegrini, Nicole. "Information on Different Types of Oil Painting." EHow. Demand Media, 16 Apr. 2011. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ehow.com/info_8236340_information-different-types-oil-painting.html>. Shirley, Rachel. "What Defines Oil Paint." Science of Colour. N.p., 30 July 2001. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <https://sites.google.com/site/scienceofcolour/what-defines-oil-paint>. David, Isaiah. "How Does a Fountain Pen Work?" EHow. Demand Media, 12 Dec. 2008. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4673190_fountain-penwork.html>. JetPens. "Graphic Drawing Pens." JetPens. N.p., 21 Jan. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.jetpens.com/blog/graphic-drawing-pens/pt/423>. McArdle, Thaneeya. "Pen and Ink Drawings." Art Is Fun. N.p., 1 Feb. 2009. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.art-is-fun.com/pen-and-ink-drawings.html>. Cult Pens. "The Cult Pens Guide to Technical Drawing Pens." Pencyclopedia. N.p., 7 Apr. 2001. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.cultpens.com/acatalog/Technical_Pens.html>. Elgan, Mike. "Recycle Your Electronics ... Into Furniture!" Houzz. N.p., 9 Apr. 2007. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. <http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/4098430/list/Recycle-YourElectronics-----Into-Furniture->. Construction Initiative: Supporting Green Design in Construction Through Industrial Materials Recycling. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 2008. Cool Gizmo Toys. "10 Awesome Eco Gadgets Made From Recycled Car Parts." Cool Gizmo Toys. N.p., 6 Aug. 2012. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. <http://www.coolgizmotoys.com/2012/06/eco-gadgets-of-recycled-car-parts.html>. Brooks, Nancy E. J. "Recycling Kandinsky." Arts & Activities 141.5 (2007): 19-58. Academic Search Elite. Web. 25 Feb. 2013.
Alejandro Saldivar: BBC GSCE Bitesize (2013). Systems and Control: Mechanisms Design and Technology, <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev8.shtml> (Feb. 24, 2013). Pichtel, John (2010). Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous, and Industrial, Chapter 6, CRC Press, Kentucky. Humboldt County Planning Commission (2010). Humboldt County General Plan, Section 10.5. Waste Management, 2nd Draft, Eureka, CA. Farrant, L. Olsen, S. I. Wangel, A. (2010) Environmental benefits from reusing clothes The Int. J. of Life Cycle Assess. August 2010, 15(7), 726-736 48
Mark Attarian: Ashton, A. (2001). Harmonograph: A Visual Guide to the Mathematics of Music. Bloomsbury Publishing, USA. Koller, J. (2000). Spirograph. <http://www.mathematische-basteleien.de/spirographs.htm> (March, 7, 2013) Aaron Hu: Rossol, 2001 "The Artist's Complete health and Safety Guide" Abdalla, M., (2005). Natural house paintsgood enough to eat. Ecologist Online, 1/5/2005 http://www.theecologist.org/archive_detail.asp?content_id=562 [accessed 5/7/2013]. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. " Guidance for the Identification and Control of Safety and Health Hazards in Metal Scrap Recycling" Princeton University. "SECTION 10: Painting and Drawing" <http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/artsafety/sec10.htm> March 2, 2013. Muse Art. "How dangerous is oil paint?" <http://museartanddesign.com/2011/03/howdangerous-is-oil-paint/> March 2, 2013. Family Education. "Homemade Paint Recipes" <http://fun.familyeducation.com/painting/recipes/37039.html> March 2, 2013. Rossol, (2001) "The Artist's Complete health and Safety Guide" Allworth Press; 1 edition (November 1, 2001).
6.2 Appendix B: Brainstorming Notes
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Figure 6-1 Brainstorm Notes Page 1
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6.3 Appendix C: AutoCad Drawings
Figure 6-5 Table with dimensions 52

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Team C.R.A.M.

[TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 3

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.6

Solution Specification ........................................................................................................... 32

Cost Analysis ................................................................................................................... 38

Maintenance .................................................................................................................. 40 Implementation Instructions ......................................................................................... 40

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Output Black Box

2. Problem Analysis and Literature Review

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

2.2 Literature Review

2.2.2 Client Information

2.2.3 Waste in Humboldt County

2.2.4 Up-cycled Projects

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-1 Macintosh G4 towers up-cycled into a desk.

Figure 2-2 Engine block reused for a Coffee table (http://www.neatorama.com/2006/03/02/engine-block-coffeetable/)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

2.2.4.2 Up-cycled Art Projects

Figure 2-3 EPS packaging sheets (http://boxbrosla.com/boxtest/product/catalog/moving/shippingsupplies/styrofoam-sheets-48-x-24-x-2)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

2.2.5 Machine Mechanisms

Figure 2-4 Example of a Gear Train.

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-5 Compound Gear Train (http://www.rlt.com/14010)

2.2.5.2 Pulley Systems

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-6 Two wheel Pulley System

Figure 2-7 Cam Diagram (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-8 Different Cam Shapes (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-9 Figure 2 9 A Class 1 Lever (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)

Figure 2-10 A Class 2 Lever (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/systemscontrol/mechanismsrev3.shtml)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-11 A Parallel Motion Linkage http://lizarum.com/assignments/physical_computing/2008/mechanisms/linkages.html

2.2.6 Types of Art Making Machines 2.2.6.1 Harmonograph

Figure 2-12 An image created by a harmonograph.

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-13 Two Disc Harmonograph (http://mrhonner.com/2012/05/11/turntable-harmonograph/)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

2.2.6.3 Paint spinner

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

2.2.7 Art Materials

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-16 Watercolors (Image from Google Images)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 2-17 Acrylic Paint with a high viscosity (http://www.painting-with-a-palette-knife.com/acrylic-paint/)

Figure 2-18 Thick oil paint (http://www.artistoilpaint.tdparts.com/)

Figure 2-19 Home made Paints (http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/ap/Natural_paint_basics.html)

2.2.8 Safety Precautions

2.2.9 Getting Kids Engaged

3.3 Alternative Solutions

Figure 3-1 Two Pendulum Harmonograph Drawing by Mark Attarian

3.3.2 The Whirlpool

Figure 3-2 The Whirlpool Inspiration (http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~cpalumbo/MarylandScienceCenter.html)

Team C.R.A.M. [TWO PENDULUM HARMONOGRAPH]

Figure 3-3 The Whirlpool Drawing by Alejandro Infanzon-Marin

3.3.3 The Jackson Pollock Machine

Figure 3-4 Drawing of the Jackson Pollock Machine by Aaron Hu