Compare/Contrast essay Capitalization Fragments Run-ons Shifts

English 100BC

Scooby vs Snoopy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2mhD hB9xkQ Watch the video How does the creator create interest in the subject? What points of compare/contrast does the creator use?

How is each character similar/different in each point of compare/contrast?

Comparison/Contrast Essay
What are the four basics of a good comparison/contrast essay? It uses subjects that have enough in common to be compared/contrasted in a useful way.
It serves a purpose.

to help readers make a decision about the subjects

to help readers understand the subjects

to show your understanding of the subjects

It presents several important, parallel points of comparison/contrast.

It arranges points in a logical order.

Comparison/Contrast Essay
What two ideas should the thesis statement in a compare/contrast essay include? The subjects being compared/contrasted The main point of the comparison/contrast What are two ways to organize compare/contrast essays? Point-by-point

Whole-to-whole

Point-By-Point Outline
Emphasizes individual points rather than subject as a whole Alternate between subject A and subject B Must decide how to order points...end with strongest or most significant

Whole-to-Whole (subject-tosubject)Outline
Best for short essays

All subject A is discussed, then all subject B

Points of comparison/contrast presented in same order and in same grammatical form Not good for long essays or complicated subjects (readers cant remember)

Mixed Pattern Outline

Best for very long pieces of writing

Provides variety
Can make points more vivid for reader Used in magazines, newspapers for flexibility and variety Not recommended for student writers

Scooby vs Snoopy
Watch the video

How does the creator create interest in the subject?

What points of compare/contrast does the creator use? How is each character similar/different in each point of compare/contrast?

Compare Contrast Topic

Choose two characters Must have obvious similarities/differences Brainstorm

Comparison/Contrast Essay
Steps for writing a compare/contrast essay 1. Choose a prewriting technique.

Must answer the question: How are the subjects alike and different?
Venn Diagram

Two-Column List
List specific examples to show readers the similarities and differences between the two subjects. Complete graphic organizer

Comparison/Contrast Essay
Steps for writing a compare/contrast essay 2. Planning

Must answer the question: Which would work best, point-by-point or whole-to-whole organization?
Complete sentence outline

Break 5-10 minutes

Up next
Capitalization
Fragments

Run-ons
Shifts

Giving Examples
Groups of 3

Give one example of something that should be capitalized

Give one example of a sentence fragment

Give one example of a fused run-on sentence

Give one example of a comma-splice run-on Give an example of a shift

Hold on to these

Choose a corner
Which do you struggle with the most capitalization, fragments, run-ons, or shifts? As a group, discuss your problem. Why is this something that you struggle with? What about it is difficult or frustrating for you?

Write one or two of the groups discussion points on the board.

Capitalization
Always capitalize the first word in a direct quote.

The manager yelled, be quiet or get out!

When a quote is broken, the second part is not capitalized unless it is a new sentence. Lets not, he stated, Make any quick decisions.

Capitalization
Capitalize a persons name (or initials) and any title that comes before the name. At that point senator h.b. Jones and doctor joyce ray entered the room.

Always capitalize the days of the week and months of the year. Do NOT capitalize the seasons. His birthday is friday, october 2, but mine is in the Summer.

Capitalization
Always capitalize the names of races, nationalities, languages, and religions. The african american man was a baptist and the spaniard was a catholic.
Capitalize words describing the Deity God, the Savior, the Lord, Jehovah and holy books catholics study the bible.

Capitalization
Do not capitalize the nonspecific use of the word god.
The word polytheistic means the worship of more than one God. Always capitalize geographical areas, but not directions.

He found the pace of life slower in the south than in the north.
He was traveling South on the interstate.

Capitalization
Capitalize the first word and other important words in the name of abook, play, poem, or song. Jerrys favorite book is the catcher in the rye.
Capitalize the name of historic events and periods. Do not capitalize century numbers. It is often said that the second world war ushered in the atomic age.

Capitalization
Capitalize the names of specific buildings, specific places, specific organizations, and specific things. Radio city music hall is located in new your city.

Exercise 20.1 Capitalization

1. At the turn of a new century and a new Millennium, many people reflected on historical changes that had taken place in the previous hundred years. millennium
2. In the late 1990s, Americans began making lists reflecting their choices of the greatest Events, Literature, people, and Films of the century.

events, literature, films

Exercise 20.1 Capitalization

3. Most Americans would agree that the two World Wars shaped the twentieth century and this countrys role in it.

world wars
4. List makers might, however, dispute the importance of Ulysses or Gone with the wind.

Wind
5. Between the beginning and the end of the twentieth century, the United States changed from a minor player in global politics into the single undisputed World Power.

world power

Exercise 20.1 Capitalization

6. Technology also advanced dramatically in the century of television, the apollo space missions, and personal computers. Apollo 7. Of course, technology was sometimes used for evil purposes, as the holocaust and nuclear weapons proved. Holocaust

Exercise 20.1 Capitalization

8. Some people would even argue that a significant feature of the century was an increasing concern for the environment in the United States, in Europe, and in parts of the Former Soviet Union, among other places. in, former 9. The trend toward urbanization saw people moving from rural areas to cities, with the result in this country that the great plains grew emptier while the Coasts population increased.

Great Plains, coasts

Exercise 20.1 Capitalization

10. Only historical distance will reveal whether the twentieth century was The best of times or The worst of times.
the, the

Eng 100BC
Fragments

Fragments
A sentence is a group of words that has three elements: Subject

Verb And a Complete thought

A fragment seems to be a complete sentence but it lacks either a Subject Verb

Or a complete thought.

Fragments
What are the two basic ways to correct sentence fragments? Add what is missing (subject, verb, or both)
Attach fragment to sentence before or after it

Fragments
What are the five trouble spots that signal possible fragments? A word group that begins with a(n)
Preposition

Spotting Fragments
A word group that begins with a preposition
I pounded as hard as I could. Against the door. *correct by joining*

I pounded as hard as I could against the door.

Spotting Fragments
What are the five trouble spots that signal possible fragments?

A word group that begins with a(n)

Preposition Dependent word

Spotting Fragments
A word group that begins with a dependent word
Since I moved. I have eaten out every day. Common Dependent words: after, although, as/as if/ as though, because, before, how, once, since, that, unless, while, until, etc.

*Correct by joining*
Since moving, I have eaten out every day.

Spotting Fragments
What are the five trouble spots that signal possible fragments? A word group that begins with a(n) Preposition Dependent word

-ing verb form

Spotting Fragments
A word group that begins with an -ing form verb I ran as fast as I could. Hoping to get there on time. *Correct by joining* I was running as fast as I could, hoping to get there on time. *correct by adding missing elements*

I was running as fast as I could. I was still hoping to get there on time.

Spotting Fragments
What are the five trouble spots that signal possible fragments?

A word group that begins with a(n)

Preposition Dependent word

-ing verb form to and a verb

Spotting Fragments
A word group that begins with to and a verb
Cheri got underneath the car. To change the oil. *correct by joining* Cheri got underneath the car to change the oil. To change the oil, Cheri got underneath the car. *correct by adding elements*

Cheri got underneath the car. She needed to change the oil.

Spotting Fragments
What are the five trouble spots that signal possible fragments? A word group that begins with a(n) Preposition

Dependent word
-ing verb form to and a verb an example or explanation

Spotting Fragments
Word groups that are examples or explanations
Freecycle.com recycles usable items. Such as clothing. *correct by joining*

Freecycle.com recycles usable items such as clothing.

Ex. 3.1 Sentence Fragments

1. There are older and more valuable manuscripts. Than the Voynich. There are older and more valuable manuscripts than the Voynich.

2. However, there is none more mysterious. The Voynich still puzzling scholars many years after its discovery.
However, there is none more mysterious. The Voynich is still puzzling scholars many years after its discovery.

Ex. 3.1 Sentence Fragments

3. This manuscript was written in a code. So far unable to solve it.

This manuscript was written in a code. So far no one has been able to solve it. 4. Because the origins of the manuscript are unclear; the puzzle is doubly difficult.
Because the origins of the manuscript are unclear, the puzzle is doubly difficult.

Ex. 3.1 Sentence Fragments

5. No one knows. What country it came from. No one knows what country it came from.

6. Therefore, it very hard to determine the language the code represents. This makes decoding it even more troublesome. Therefore, it is very hard to determine the language the code represents. This makes decoding it even more troublesome.

Ex. 3.1 Sentence Fragments

7. Handwriting specialists can only guess at its age. It may date back to the Middle Ages. correct 8. The writing does not resemble. Any letters that can be traced to a known alphabet. The writing does not resemble any letters that can be traced to a known alphabet.

Ex. 3.1 Sentence Fragments

9. The manuscript which contains many beautiful illustrations. Of plants, people, and other seemingly unrelated images.
The manuscript contains many beautiful illustrations. It depicts plants, people, and other seemingly unrelated images.

Ex. 3.1 Sentence Fragments

10. Because the Voynich manuscript is such an intriguing mystery. That some scholars might actually be disappointed to learn all of its secrets. The Voynich manuscript is such an intriguing mystery that some scholars might actually be disappointed to learn all of its secrets.

Eng 100
Run-ons

Students will be able to Indentify and correct run-on sentences.

Run-Ons
1. Whats another name for a sentence?
Independent clause

2. What term describes two complete sentences joined without any punctuation?
Fused sentence

All of us went to the movies Jack and Joan did not stay long.

Run-Ons
2. What term describes two complete sentences joined without any punctuation? Fused sentence
All of us went to the movies Jack and Joan did not stay long.

3. What term describes two complete sentences joined by only a comma?

Comma splice

All of us went to the movies, Jack and Joan did not stay long.

Run-Ons
4. What are the five ways to correct run-ons? Add a period

All of us went to the movies. Jack and Joan did not stay long. Add a semicolon All of us went to the movies; Jack and Joan did not stay long. Add a semicolon, a conjunctive adverb, and a comma
All of us went to the movies; however, Jack and Joan did not stay long.

Run-Ons
4. What are the five ways to correct run-ons?
Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction All of us went to the movies, but Jack and Joan did not stay long. Add a dependent word Although all of us went to the movies, Jack and Joan did not stay long.

Ex. 4.1 Run-On Sentences

1. Mae West began as a child star the career of Baby Mae took off when she performed at a local Brooklyn theaters amateur night.
Mae West began as a child star. The career of Baby Mae took off when she performed at a local Brooklyn theaters amateur night. 2. At the age of nineteen, West began performing on Broadway she shocked audiences in 1911.

At the age of nineteen, West began performing on Broadway; she shocked audiences in 1911.

Ex. 4.1 Run-On Sentences

3. The voluptuous West became known for her suggestive clothing, even more famous were her suggestive wisecracks.
The voluptuous West became known for her suggestive clothing and even more famous for her suggestive wisecracks. 4. Attending black jazz clubs had introduced her to a new dance movement she performed this shimmy on Broadway, and it became a trademark for her. Attending black jazz clubs had introduced her to a new dance movement. She performed this shimmy on Broadway, and it became a trademark for her.

Ex. 4.1 Run-On Sentences

5. West was not satisfied for long with the theatrical roles she was offered writing her own plays was one way to find good parts. West was not satisfied for long with the theatrical roles she was offered; writing her own plays was one way to find good parts.

6. In 1925, she wrote a play called Sex, no producer she contacted would bring it to the stage. In 1925, she wrote a play called Sex, but no producer she contacted would bring it to the stage.

Ex. 4.1 Run-On Sentences

7. The following year, West produced the play herself, advertisements for Sex were banned. The following year, when West produced the play herself, advertisements for Sex were banned. 8. Nevertheless, the show played for nine months until it was closed down by the Society for the Suppression of Vice, West was arrested and spent eight days in jail. Nevertheless, the show played for nine months until it was closed down by the Society for the Suppression of Vice. West was arrested and spent eight days in jail.

Ex. 4.1 Run-On Sentences

9. In the 1930s and 1940s, Mae West took her naughty humor to Hollywood, while there she made a series of hit films and often wrote her own screenplays. In the 1930s and 1940s, Mae West took her naughty humor to Hollywood. While there she made a series of hit films and often wrote her own screenplays. 10. West made her final films in the 1970s by that time, Americans found her less scandalous, but her name was still a household word. West made her final films in the 1970s. By that time Americans found her less scandalous, but her name was still a household word.

Shifts
English 100BC

Eliminate distracting shifts

These distract or confuse readers
Point of view Verb tense

Mood or voice
Statements to questions

Make the POV consistent in person & number

First person emphasizes writer
Good for informal letters and writing based on personal experience Second person emphasizes reader Good for giving advice or explaining how to do something Third person emphasizes subject Best for formal academic and professional writing

Make the POV consistent in person & number

Our class practiced rescuing a victim trapped in a wrecked car. We learned to dismantle the car with the essential tools. You were graded on your speed and your skill in freeing the victim.
Our class practiced rescuing a victim trapped in a wrecked car. We learned to dismantle the car with the essential tools. You were graded on your speed and your skill in freeing the victim.

Maintain consistent verb tenses

When writing about literature (this includes research), use present tense (especially fiction)

The scarlet letter is a punishment sternly placed on Hesters breast by the community, and yet it was a fanciful and imaginative product of Hesters own needlework.
The scarlet letter is a punishment sternly placed on Hesters breast by the community, and yet it is a fanciful and imaginative product of Hesters own needlework.

Make verbs consistent in mood & voice

Three moods in English Indicative is used for facts, opinions, questions Imperative is used for orders or advice

Subjunctive is used to express wishes or conditions contrary to fact The counselor advised us to spread out our core requirements over two or three semester. Also, pay attention to pre-requisites for elective courses. The counselor advised us to spread out our core requirements over two or three semester. She also suggested that we pay attention to pre-requisites for elective courses.

Make verbs consistent in mood & voice

Each student completes a self-assessment. The self-assessment is then given to the teacher and a copy is exchanged with a classmate. Each student completes a self-assessment, gives it to the teacher, and exchanges a copy with a classmate.

Avoid sudden shifts from statements to questions

Indirect question: We asked whether we could visit Miriam Direct question: Can we visit Miriam? 1. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if so, whether she reported it to the police.
2. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if so, did she report it to the police?

1. I wonder whether Karla knew of the theft and, if so, whether she reported it to the police.

Avoid sudden shifts from statements to questions

1. The patient said she had been experiencing heart palpitations and could the doctor please run as many tests as possible to find out whats wrong. 2. The patient said she had been experiencing heart palpitations and asked me to run as many tests as possible to find out what was wrong.
2. The patient said she had been experiencing heart palpitations and asked me to run as many tests as possible to find out what was wrong.

Exercise 8.1 Shifts

1. West African villages have strong oral traditions in which the younger people are told stories by their parents and grandparents. West African villages have strong oral traditions in which parents and grandparents tell the younger people stories. 2. Way back before the Revolutionary War, slave traders forced ancestors of the people from those villages to come to the United States. Before the Revolutionary War, slave traders forced ancestors of the people from those villages to come to the United States.

Exercise 8.1 Shifts

3. In their difficult new situation in this country, the Africans adapted their stories so that you could learn from them. In their difficult new situation in this country, the Africans adapted their stories so that people could learn from them. 4. Although different stories had different messages, one kind of character comes up over and over again. Although different stories had different messages, one kind of character came up over and over again.

Exercise 8.1 Shifts

5. The character is cunning and clever; call him a trickster. The character is cunning and clever; he is a trickster. 6. The stories about Brer Rabbit are good examples of folktales whose hero was a trickster.
The stories about Brer Rabbit are good examples of folktales whose hero is a trickster.

Exercise 8.1 Shifts

7. Many of the other animals want to gobble up Brer Rabbit, who has only his wits to protect him. Many of the other animals want to eat Brer Rabbit, who has only his wits to protect him. 8. Yet in every story, Brer Rabbit not only escapes, but his enemies are made to appear foolish by him as well. Yet in every story, Brer Rabbit not only escapes, but he makes his enemies appear foolish as well.

Exercise 8.1 Shifts

9. Trickster characters like Brer Rabbit showed slaves who heard these stories that they, too, could triumph by using cleverness when foes surround them.

Trickster characters like Brer Rabbit showed slaves who heard these stories that they, too, could triumph by using cleverness when foes surrounded them. 10. Today, folklorists are exploring how did early African Americans encourage each other by telling stories of tricksters outsmarting powerful enemies.
Today, folklorists are exploring how early African Americans encouraged each other by telling stories of tricksters outsmarting powerful enemies.

For next week...

Quiz #1
Read Chapter 8 pgs. 420-435

Complete worksheets on wordy sentences; word choice; concrete, specific detail; figures of speech