Final Exam Review

Biology

Biology
Biology is the Study of Life
Study of living things!

Forceps Pick up small objects Graduated Cylinder Measure Volume Scalpel Cut during dissection Bunsen Burner Gas/ Heat Solutions Striker Lights Bunsen Burner Pipette- Dispense small amounts of liquid Funnel Filter out solids from liquids Test Tube- Hold Small samples Mortal and Pestle Grind solids into powder

Lab Equipment

Lab Safety
Waft, wear goggles, wear gloves, keep area clean, do not mix unauthorized chemicals, follow directions, tell teacher if supplies are broken, clean up spills and glass immediately, use broken glass container, etc.

Microscope
1-2 Body Tube 3 Revolving nosepiece 4- Objective lenses 5- Stage 6- Diaphragm 7- Light Source 8 Base 9- Eyepiece with ocular lens 10- Arm 11 -12 Fine and Coarse Knob

Total Magnification
Ocular Lens x Objective Lens 10 x 4 = 40 TM

 Prokaryote
Has NO nucleus Bacteria

Eukaryote
Has a nucleus Plant and animal cells

Scientific Method
Problem/Question Research Hypothesis Design Experiment Collect/Analyze Data Results Conclusion Share Results

Nucleus Brain/ Controls Cell Nucleolus Ribosomes made here Chloroplast- (Plants) Photosynthesis Ribosomes- Make proteins ER Cell Highway Mitochondria Makes ATP Golgi Body Packaging Plant Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance Central Vacuole (Plants) Storage Lysosome- Garbage disposal Cell Membrane Wall/barrier Cell wall- Plant Shape and structure

Cell Parts

Phospholipid Bilayer
2 layers surrounding cell Make up the cell membrane Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails

Reproduction
Sexual
2 organisms Male and Female

Asexual
1 organism regeneration, budding, runners

Adaptations
Help organisms survive

Metabolism vs. Homeostasis

Metabolism
Energy your body uses

Homeostasis
Body maintaining a stable environment

Endo vs Exo
Endocytosis Taking in nutrients Exocytosis Waste materials exiting the cell

 Hypertonic Cell Shrinks Hypotonic Cell Swells Isotonic Cell stays the same

 Active Transport Requires Energy Passive Transport No energy

 Osmosis- Diffusion of water (No Energy) Diffusion Movement from high to low (No Energy) Facilitated Diffusion Help of proteins (No Energy)

Organisms
Autotroph make own food

Heterotroph must eat other organisms

Photosynthesis

Organization
Atom Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Organization
Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

 Mitosis body cells, growth, repair

Identical, 46 chromosomes, diploid I PMAT C

Meiosis- Sex Cells

Different, 23 chromosomes, haploid PMAT 1 and 2

 Phenotype Physical characteristics

What you can see

Genotype Genetic make up

Heterozygous- Different alleles (Aa) Homozygous- Same alleles (aa, AA)

Punnett Square
Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics, monk, worked on pea plants Make sure you can fill in a punnett square correctly!

 Dominant capital letters

Controls a trait

Recessive lowercase letters

Hidden traits

DNA vs. RNA

 Replication copies DNA Transcription- makes RNA Translation makes protein

 Angiosperms Have Flowers and juicy fruits Gymnosperms, No flowers and has cones

 Food Chain
Carrot -> Rabbit -> Fox

Food Web Collection of food chains All food chains start with plants eho have the most energy 10% of energy passes on to next level

 Producers make their own food Consumers must eat other organisms
Herbivore eats plants Carnivore eats meat Omnivore eats plants and meat

 Density dependent Depends on the number of organisms there

Sickness

Density independent Does not matter how many organisms

Natural disasters

Symmetry
Assymetrical No symmetry (Coral) Bilateral 2 sided (Human, Cat) Radial Arranged in circle (jellyfish)

Atom

Bonds
Covalent Sharing of electrons Ionic- Transfer of electrons

 Abiotic- Non-Living
Wind, Rock, Temperature, water

Biotic Living
Bacteria, Animals, Plants

Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism One organism benefits while other is harmed Mutualism both organisms benefit Commensalism- One organism benefits while other is unaffected