Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SMF 3333 Aerodynamics Solution to Tests 2 Semester 1 2009/10

Problem 1 The camber line of an arbitrary, thin airfoil with chord length c, placed under a small angle of attack " in a uniform flow of velocity V" , can be represented by a vortex sheet along the x-axis: & 1 + cos $ # ) " = 2 V# ( Ao + % An sin n$ + sin $ ! n =1 ' * ! where cos" = 1 # 2( x c ) , and with 0 < x < c so that 0 < " < # . Without proof it may be assumed that the relation between the vortex sheet strength and the % dz ! = " # A0 + & An cos n$ , and the lift coefficient inclination of the camber line follows dx ! ! n =1 ! # A& and the moment coefficient about the leading edge are c l = 2" % A0 + 1 ( and $ 2' # A ! c m,LE = " ( A0 + A1 " 2 ) respectively. 2 2 3& # ! z = k% x " x 2 ( , where k is a For a thin airfoil with a cubic curvature of the camber line: c ' $ constant (proportional to the maximum camber of the airfoil). i. Determine the coefficients A0, A1 and A2. What can be said about the values of the further coefficients, A3, etc. ? !about the quarter-chord point. What ii. Calculate the value of the moment coefficient proves that this is the aerodynamic centre of the airfoil? Hint: use cos2" = 2cos2 " # 1 Solution
# x3 & z = k% x " 2 ( , c ' $ # dz x2 & = k%1 " 3 2 ( dx $! c '
$ $1 1 '2 ' $ $1 1 '' dz 1 = k& 1 " 3 " cos # = k&1 " 3& " cos # + cos2 # )) & )) & ) %2 2 (( % %4 2 (( dx 4 %
' dz 3k $ 4 = & " (1 " 2cos # + cos2 # )) ( dx 4 % 3 ' dz 3k $ 1 = & + 2cos" # cos 2 " ) ( dx 4 % 3

x 1 = (1 " cos # ) c 2

Ao = " #
!

1 $

&

$
0

dz d% dx

Ao = " #

3k 4$

$
0

&1 2 ) ( + 2cos% # cos % + d% '3 *

Ao = " #
! Ao = " #

&1 1 )) 3k $ & 1 , 0 ( + 2cos% # ( + cos2% ++d% '2 2 ** 4$ ' 3

) 3k $ & 1 1 , 0 ( # + 2cos% # cos2% +d% * 4$ ' 6 2

! Ao = " #
!
Ao = " +

) 3k & % 1 3k & $ ) # + 2sin % # sin2%+ = " # # ( *0 ' 6+ * 4$ ' 6 4 4$ (

k 8
"
0

An =
!

2 "
2 "

$
+

dz cos n# d# dx

A1 =

3k % 1 2 ( ' + 2cos# $ cos # * cos # d# ) 4 &3 3k " % 1 2 3 ( = cos # + 2cos # $ cos # * d# ' + ) 2" 0 & 3 " ( 5 "% %1 ( / 3k 2,1 1 = 3. sin #1 + + ' 2' + cos2# * $ cos 3 # * d# 6 0 00 ) 2" 4- 3 & &2 2 ) 7
"
0

(" . 3k +% 1 1 2 = , # + sin2# $ sin # (cos # + 2)* / & 2 )0 0 2" -' 3

A1 =
!

3k 2
2 "

A2 = A2 =

"
0

dz 2 cos2# d# = dx "

"
0

3k & 1 2 ) 2 ( + 2cos# % cos # + (2cos # % 1) d# * 4 '3

! !

3k " % 2 1 2 3 4 2 ( ' cos # + 4 cos # $ 2cos # $ $ 2cos # + cos # * d# + 0 &3 ) 2" 3 3k " % 5 1( 4 3 2 A2 = ' #2cos $ + 4 cos $ + cos $ # 2cos$ # * d$ + 0 & 2" 3 3) ( %1 ( 3k + % $ sin2$ $ 1 A2 = + + sin 4$ * + 4' sin $ (cos$ + 2)* -#2' + ) &3 ) 2" , & 4 4 8 8

5 % $ sin2$ ( $. + ' # * # 2sin $ # 0 3& 2 4 ) 3/0 3k $ $ " " ' 5 $ " ' " ' 3k $ " ' 3k A2 = &# ) * A2 = " & #2& + ) + & ) # ) = 2" % % 4 8 ( 3 % 2 ( 3 ( 2" % 4 ( 8

"

ii) To calculate the value of the lift coefficient and moment coefficient.

! !
! ! !

3k 3k k , A2 = " Ao = " + , A1 = 2 8 8 $ k 3k ' c l = " (2 A0 + A1 ) = " & 2# + + ) % 4 2( $ 7k ' cl ! = 2 " &# +! ) % 4( #$ A ' c m,LE = " & A0 + A1 " 2 ) 2% 2( c #$ A ' # # c m,0.25 c = c m,LE + l = " & A0 + A1 " 2 ) + (2 A0 + A1 ) = ( A2 " A1 ) 4 2% 2( 4 4 " " $ #3k 3k ' c m,0.25 c = ( A2 # A1 ) = & # ) 4 4% 8 2( 15#k c m,0.25 c = " 32

Problem ! 2 Starting with equation

" = #q$ c 2 M LE
M 'LE = " $ 0# ( dL) = " % V& $ 0 # ' (# ) d# , derive equation
c c

%& c for a symmetric airfoil, where " = (1 # cos$ ) . 2 2

1 + cos# sin#

! can be represented with a vortex distribution: A symmetric thin airfoil

" (# ) = 2 $V%
Solution

c M 'LE = " $ 0c# ( dL) = " % V& $ 0 # ' (# ) d# ! c c " = (1 # cos $ ) d" = sin # d# 2 2

" (# ) = 2 $V%

1 + cos# sin #

! ! !

! c 1 + cos% c M 'LE = " # V$ ' 0c (1 " cos % )2 &V$ sin % d% 2 sin % 2

# V$ 2%c 2 M 'LE = " 2

'

c 0

(1 " cos& )(1 + cos& ) d&

( ( () 2 1 + cos2& , & 1 2/ = " q$%c 2 ' (1 " cos 2 & ) d& = "q$%c 2 ' +1 " d & = " q % c & " " sin2 & . $ 1 4 0 0 * 0 2 4 30 2 ( /& sin2& 2 = "q$%c 2 ' 0 sin 2 & d& = "q$%c 2 1 " 02 3 4 4 ( = "q$%c 2 2