Sankar Chakma(chemical engg.

,JU) VALVES
INTRODUCTION
Valves are mechanical devices designed to direct, start, stop, mix or regulate the flow, pressure or temperature of a process fluid. he common t!pes of valves availa"le are gate valves, glo"e valves, "utterfl! valves etc. the materials commonl! used for construction are iron, steel, plastic, "rass or a mixture of special allo!s. #ccording to their function valves ma! "e classified as on$off valves, non$return valves, and control valves. he on$off valves are used to start or stop the flow through the process. %ate valves and pressure relief valves are examples of on$ off t!pe of valves to mention a few. he non$return valves allow the fluid to flow in one particular direction onl!. he control valves are used to regulate flow, temperature or pressure through a s!stem.

ON-OFF VALVES:
GATE VALVES %ate valves are linear motion valves having a closure element perpendicular to the process flow that slides into the main stream to provide shut off. hese are used in low$pressure s!stems. he pro"lem with these valves is that the! cannot handle throttling operations, are easil! fouled and cannot "e used in s!stems having high$pressure drops. &t is difficult to o"tain tight shut off with these valves and the! take longer to open or close than an! other manual valves. he different t!pes of gate valves are parallel gate valves knife edged gate valves and through conduit gate valves.

BUTTERFLY VALVES
hese valves are mainl! used as an on'off valve. &t is mainl! a rotar! motion valve that uses a rotating round disk as a regulating element. here are two t!pes of "utterfl! valves 'concentric and eccentric "utterfl! valves. hese valves can "e directl! installed in "etween two flanges without an! special end connections owing to their ver! narrow face$to$face dimensions. &t has a large flow coefficient and due to rotar! motion of shaft the friction forces generated are far less than a linear motion valve. he! have a high pressure recover! factor. hese valves are used in low pressure applications. Cavitation and choked flow can occur easil! with these valves when installed in an application with high pressure drop.

PLUG COCKS AND BALL VALVES

(or temperature "elow )*+ C, metallic plug cocks are useful in chemical process lines. #s in la"orator! stopcock, a ,uarter turn of the stem takes the valve from full! open to full! closed, and when full! open, the channel through the plug ma! "e as large as the inside of the pipe itself, and the pressure drop is minimal. &n a "all valve the sealing element is spherical, and the pro"lems of alignment and -free.ing/ of the element are less than with a plug cock. &n "oth plug cocks and "all valves the area of contact "etween moving element and the seat is large, and "oth can therefore "e used in throttling service. 0all valves find occasional application in flow control.

NON RETURN (CHECK) VALVES

1on$return valves allow the fluid to flow onl! in the desired direction. he design is such that an! flow or pressure in the opposite direction is mechanicall! restricted from occurring. #ll check valves are non return valves. 1on return valves are used to prevent "ack flow of fluids, which could damage e,uipment or upset the process. Such valves are especiall! useful in protecting a pump in a li,uid application or compressed gas applications from "ack flow when pump or compressor is shut down . 1on return valves are also used in process s!stems that have var!ing pressure which must "e kept separate. here are two t!pes of check(non$return) valves, swing t!pes and spring t!pes. &n the swing t!pe, the pressure of the water forces the valve gate to 2swing2 open, "ut once the flow stops, gravit! causes the gate to fall closed , preventing a reversal of the flow. his t!pe of valve must "e mounted verticall! or hori.ontall! to work properl!. &n contrast, the gate in a spring check valve is spring loaded. 3ater pressure forces the gate open 4ust as in the swing t!pe, "ut when the flow stops, the spring, not gravit!, forces the gate closed. his ena"les the valve to "e mounted in an! position and at an! angle.

GLOBE VALVES
# glo"e valve is a linear motion valve characteri.ed "! a glo"e st!le "od! with a long face to face dimension that accommodates smooth, rounded flow passages sufficientl! long enough to ensure smooth flow through the valve without an! sharp turns. hese valves can "e used in "oth gas as well as li,uid applications and can handle severe conditions of temperature and pressure. he ma4orit! of the glo"e valves have a top entr! design thus permitting a easier servicing of the internal parts and allowing the valves to remain in line when maintenance is taking place. 0ut these valves have certain disadvantages also. he! have a high cost and a large si.e factor and cannot "e used for unclean li,uids. he! are mainl! used for flow control and in cases involving vacuum or high temperature extremes.

SOLENOID VALVE5
Solenoid valves are "est suited for small, short$stroke on$off operations re,uiring ver! high speed of response. hese valves can open or close in 6 to 7) milliseconds. 8owever, the! are limited to pressure drops "elow )+.9 "ars although when pivoted with pilot levers or dou"le seats, the! can handle higher pressure drops. # solenoid valve contains a valve "od!, a magnetic core attached to the stem and disc, and a solenoid coil. # small spring assists the release and initial closing of the valve. he valve is electricall! energi.ed to open. 3hen an electrical signal is input to a solenoid valve (magnetic changeover valve), the drawing force of the solenoid moves the spool, changing the direction of flow. 0ecause the electrical signal is switched at the valve, remote control and automatic control are simple. Stronger springs are used to overcome the friction of the packing when it is re,uired. :eversing the valve plug causes reverse action (open when de$energi.ed). hese valves are ,uite expensive.

FAIL SAFE SYSTEMS

here are two readil! availa"le fail$safe schemes for control valves. he choice must "e "ased on detailed knowledge of the valve application in the overall process or s!stem. wo generali.ations are that in a heating application, the valve should fail close and in cooling applications, it should fail open. here are applications where either failure mode is e,uall! safe, then considerations of standardi.ation ma! "e used. (ail safe involves the selection of actions of actuator and inner valve. 0oth actuator and inner valve usuall! offer a choice of increasing air pressure to push the stem down or up which ma! open or close the inner valve. he process application of the valve must "e investigated to determine whether on instrument air failure it would "e "etter to have the valve go full! open or full! closed.

Air fail to close valve

Bellow Seal Valve

0ellow seal valves are a special t!pe of glo"e valves which are used for fine control of flow. he main difference "etween the ordinar! glo"e valves and the "ellow seal valve is that in the glo"e valve there is gland packing along the stem "ut in the "ellow seal valve, a "ellow is used to prevent leakage instead of the packing. 0ellow seal valves are totall! leak$proof. he! are used to handle corrosive li,uids. his t!pe of valve has "een used in the "utadiene extraction unit.

Wheel Stem

Bellows

Bellow seal valve ( lo!e)

MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF VALVES

he selection of the valve "od! material is usuall! "ased on pressure, temperature, corrosive properties and erosive properties of the flow media. #lso the choice of the materials depends on economic factors. ;a4orit! of control valves involve non corrosive fluids at reasona"le temperatures and pressure. herefore cast iron and cast car"on steel are most commonl! used valve "od! materials. MATERIAL 7. Cast Car"on steel ATSM DESIGNATION #S ; #)7< grade '3C0 PROPERTY Can withstand higher temp (=>7?+C) and pressure than cast iron. Ver! expensive USE Control of air, saturated or superheated steam, non$ corrosive li,uid and gases. (or ver! high temperature application. Used on high$ pressure steam, oils, gases, petroleum vapors, seawater and other mild corrosives. Used to handle oxidi.ing or ver! corrosive fluids. Used to handle oxidi.ing or ver! corrosive

). Cast chrome$ mol! steel ?. Cast chrome$ mol! steel

#S ; )79 grade$ 3C@ #S ; #)79 grade$C*

8ave corrosion and creep resistance. Can withstand temp to *<<+C 7.* times as costl! as 3C0 Aopular steel allo! can withstand temp up to *@?+C. :esistant to erosion and creep at high temperature.

>. Cast t!pe ?+> stainless steel

#S ; #?*7 grade$C(6

Suita"le for use a"ove *?6+C and "elow '7+7+C.

*. Cast t!pe ?7< stainless steel

#S ; #?*7 grade C(6

%reater resistance to corrosion, pitting and oxidi.ing fluids. Slightl! expensive than t!pe ?+> "ut provides greater

<. Cast iron

#S ; #7)<

resistance. &nexpensive, non$ductile material.

fluids Used for valve "odies controlling steam, water and corrosive fluids. ;ost fre,uentl! used for valve trim parts.

9. Cast "ron.e

#S ; 0<7 and 0<)

%ood resistance to corrosion and suita"le for cr!ogenic temperatures satisfactor! materials for steam, air, water, oil, non$ corrosive gas and some dilute acid service.