A three phase motor may be run from a single phase power source.

(Figure below) However, it will not self-start. It may be hand started in either direction, coming up to speed in a few seconds. It will only develop !" of the "-# power rating because one winding is not used.

3-motor runs from 1- power, but does not start. $he single coil of a single phase induction motor does not produce a rotating magnetic field, but a pulsating field reaching ma%imum intensity at &o and '(&o electrical. (Figure below)

Single phase stator produces a non rotating, pulsating magnetic field. Another view is that the single coil e%cited by a single phase current produces two counter rotating magnetic field phasors, coinciding twice per revolution at & o (Figure above-a) and '(&o (figure e). )hen the phasors rotate to *&o and -*&o they cancel in figure b. At +,o and -+,o (figure c) they are partially additive along the -% a%is and cancel along the y a%is. An analogous situation e%ists in figure d. $he sum of these two phasors is a phasor stationary in space, but alternating polarity in time. $hus, no starting tor.ue is developed. However, if the rotor is rotated forward at a bit less than the synchronous speed, It will develop ma%imum tor.ue at '&/ slip with respect to the forward rotating phasor. 0ess tor.ue will be developed above or below '&/ slip. $he rotor will see &&/ - '&/ slip with respect to the counter rotating magnetic field phasor. 0ittle tor.ue (see tor.ue vs

slip curve) other than a double fre.ency ripple is developed from the counter rotating phasor. $hus, the single phase coil will develop tor.ue, once the rotor is started. If the rotor is started in the reverse direction, it will develop a similar large tor.ue as it nears the speed of the bac1ward rotating phasor. 2ingle phase induction motors have a copper or aluminum s.uirrel cage embedded in a cylinder of steel laminations, typical of poly-phase induction motors.

3ermanent-split capacitor motor

4ne way to solve the single phase problem is to build a -phase motor, deriving -phase power from single phase. $his re.uires a motor with two windings spaced apart *&o electrical, fed with two phases of current displaced *&o in time. $his is called a permanent-split capacitor motor in Figure below.

Permanent-split capacitor induction motor. $his type of motor suffers increased current magnitude and bac1ward time shift as the motor comes up to speed, with tor.ue pulsations at full speed. $he solution is to 1eep the capacitor (impedance) small to minimi5e losses. $he losses are less than for a shaded pole motor. $his motor configuration wor1s well up to '!+ horsepower ( &&watt), though, usually applied to smaller motors. $he direction of the motor is easily reversed by switching the capacitor in series with the other winding. $his type of motor can be adapted for use as a servo motor, described elsewhere is this chapter.

Single phase induction motor with embedded stator coils. 2ingle phase induction motors may have coils embedded into the stator as shown in Figure above for larger si5e motors. $hough, the smaller si5es use less comple% to build concentrated windings with salient poles.

6apacitor-start induction motor

In Figure below a larger capacitor may be used to start a single phase induction motor via the au%iliary winding if it is switched out by a centrifugal switch once the motor is up to speed. 7oreover, the au%iliary winding may be many more turns of heavier wire than used in a resistance split-phase motor to mitigate e%cessive temperature rise. $he result is that more starting tor.ue is available for heavy loads li1e air conditioning compressors. $his motor configuration wor1s so well that it is available in multi-horsepower (multi1ilowatt) si5es.

Capacitor-start induction motor.

6apacitor-run motor induction motor

A variation of the capacitor-start motor (Figure below) is to start the motor with a relatively large capacitor for high starting tor.ue, but leave a smaller value capacitor in place after starting to improve running characteristics while not drawing e%cessive current. $he additional comple%ity of the capacitor-run motor is 8ustified for larger si5e motors.

Capacitor-run motor induction motor. A motor starting capacitor may be a double-anode non-polar electrolytic capacitor which could be two - to - (or - to -) series connected polari5ed electrolytic capacitors. 2uch A6 rated electrolytic capacitors have such high losses that they can only be used for intermittent duty (' second on, 9& seconds off) li1e motor starting. A capacitor for motor running must not be of electrolytic construction, but a lower loss polymer type.

:esistance split-phase motor induction motor

If an au%iliary winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at *& o electrical to the main winding, it can start a single phase induction motor. (Figure below) )ith lower inductance and higher resistance, the current will e%perience less phase shift than the main winding. About "&o of phase difference may be obtained. $his coil produces a moderate starting tor.ue, which is disconnected by a centrifugal switch at "!+ of synchronous speed. $his simple (no capacitor) arrangement serves well for motors up to '!" horsepower ( ,& watts) driving easily started loads.

Resistance split-phase motor induction motor. $his motor has more starting tor.ue than a shaded pole motor (ne%t section), but not as much as a two phase motor built from the same parts. $he current density in the au%iliary winding is so high during starting that the conse.uent rapid temperature rise precludes fre.uent restarting or slow starting loads.

;ola power factor corrrector

Fran1 ;ola of ;A2A proposed a power factor corrector for improving the efficiency of A6 induction motors in the mid '*<&=s. It is based on the premise that induction motors are inefficient at less than full load. $his inefficiency correlates with a low power factor. $he less than unity power factor is due to magneti5ing current re.uired by the stator. $his fi%ed current is a larger proportion of total motor current as motor load is decreased. At light load, the full magneti5ing current is not re.uired. It could be reduced by decreasing the applied voltage, improving the power factor and efficiency. $he power factor corrector senses power factor, and decreases motor voltage, thus restoring a higher power factor and decreasing losses. 2ince single-phase motors are about to + times as inefficient as three-phase motors, there is potential energy savings for '-# motors. $here is no savings for a fully loaded motor since all the stator magneti5ing current is re.uired. $he voltage cannot be reduced. >ut there is potential savings from a less than fully loaded motor. A nominal ''< ?A6 motor is designed to wor1 at as high as ' < ?A6, as low as '&+ ?A6. $hat means that it is not fully loaded when operated at greater than '&+ ?A6, for e%ample, a ''< ?A6 refrigerator. It is safe for the power factor controller to lower the line voltage to '&+-''& ?A6. $he higher the initial line voltage, the greater the potential savings. 4f course, if the power company delivers closer to ''& ?A6, the motor will operate more efficiently without any add-on device. Any substantially idle, ,/ F06 or less, single phase induction motor is a candidate for a 3F6. $hough, it needs to operate a large number of hours per year. And the more time it idles, as in a lumber saw, punch press, or conveyor, the greater the possibility of paying

for the controller in a few years operation. It should be easier to pay for it by a factor of three as compared to the more efficient "-#-motor. $he cost of a 3F6 cannot be recovered for a motor operating only a few hours per day.

Summary: Single-phase induction motors Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting without an au%iliary stator winding driven by an out of phase current of near *&o. 4nce started the au%iliary winding is optional. $he au%iliary winding of a permanent-split capacitor motor has a capacitor in series with it during starting and running. A capacitor-start induction motoronly has a capacitor in series with the au%iliary winding during starting. A capacitor-run motor typically has a large non-polari5ed electrolytic capacitor in series with the au%iliary winding for starting, then a smaller non-electrolytic capacitor during running. $he au%iliary winding of a resistance split-phase motor develops a phase difference versus the main winding during starting by virtue of the difference in resistance.