UNIT I

I.Having read the above pasage,answer these questions in you own words: a) To what extend is Great Britain economically independent? b) what methodes of transport do you think would be used to bring the raw materials into a typical factory? c) what different methodes of transport are avaible to busines? d) Why would line managers be interesting in methodes of transport within the factory? e) What functions do wholesalers perform? f) How are goods generally carried between wholesalers and retailers? g) What is the purpose of the containers? h) What are the benefits of having standardised containers? i) How have the containers affected the work of the dockers?

a) The world is economically interdependent. A car may be assembled in England from parts made in Japan or Germany, which are in turn made of raw materials such as rubber from Malaysia, iron ore from Sweden and chrome from Zimbabwe. The petrol which fuels it may well come from Saudi Arabia. The total miles travelled by all the various materials before they become a car which can be used is astronomical. b) For freight transport fleet of trucks and vans will be at stake. c) Transportation methods available in business are road, air, sea. d) Line managers will be interesting means of transport within the plant that are more advantageous because they are cheap. III. i) Parts of speech* Add an appropriate adjective to each of the following sentences where indicated: a) b) c) d) e)

Air transport is the best .. ..method of travel. Most of the used ... airlines offer regular flights from London to Frankfurt. The maintenance of aircraft is essential if flying is to be safe. Aircraft are invaluable to tourists because they make for lighter ..holidays. While aircraft are the fastest form of transport, they are not suitable for ......any ............... freight. f) One of the problems of transporting goods or passengers by air is that there are terminals. ii) Add an appropriate adverb to each of the following sentences where indicated: a) Passengers can be picked up in any at bus stops. b) Coaches can carry passengers more ... ifthan buses. c) Heavy lorries are even .. more damaging to the environment than other forms of transport.

d) Buses are normally employed most ... .used..in congested urban areas. e) One problem facing bus companies is that they are not ........ as.. able. f) Motor vans and small lorries can now be hired by those who need transport ............... and are prepared to 'do it themselves'. IV. Multiple choice* Choose the phrase, A, B or C, which best completes each sentence, and tick the appropriate box. 1. Because a train runs on fixed tracks A. it can be timetabled to stop at more stations. B. it can carry more passengers. C it is not subject to traffic jams.

2. If a railway only has a single track A. a breakdown will probably not cause serious problems. B. a breakdown will definitely cause serious problems. C. a breakdown is likely to cause serious problems. 3. When a particular railway service becomes unprofitable A. it may help the situation if fares are lowered. B. it will help the situation if fares are lowered. C. it will not help the situation if fares are lowered. 4. Because most journeys do not start and end at railway stations A. support transport is not normally required at the terminals. B. support transport is usually required at the terminals. C. support transport is occasionally required at the terminals. 5. Times of arrival and departure for trains can be given with greater accuracy than A. for lorries or coaches because road transport is slower. B. for aircraft because airports are congested. C. for other forms of transport. 6. One of the attractions of inter-city travel by rail for executives is that they A. will reach their final destination more quickly. B. will have the option to do some work while they are travelling. C. will not need a taxi at the end of their journey.

7. Heavy and bulky freight can be carried overland comparatively cheaply by rail because A. bigger loads can be carried in a single haul. B. the loads can be conveyed at night. C. railway workers wages are low. 8. When railway lines are closed down because they are uneconomic A. the workers will have to find jobs in other industries. B. the workers will not be able to find jobs in other industries. C. some of the workers may lose their jobs. 9. If the government spent substantially more on the development of motorways A. they would also have to subsidise the railways. B. it would probably make the railways less profitable. C. it would encourage more freight to be sent by rail. 10. A Eurotunnel between England and France A. will make French goods more expensive in England. B. will encourage more Britons to go abroad for their holidays. C. will improve the British economy by encouraging tourism.

V . Summarising Transport by sea is bound to be comparatively slow, but it is also comparatively cheap. A typical ship's speed is about 25 knots (less than 30 miles per hour), so it can take about six days for a cargo ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. One of the problems as-sociated with carriage by sea is that the cargoes can only be landed at ports, so trains and/or lorries may be required as support transport. This adds to both the cost and the time taken. . The great advantage of sea transport is that tens or even hundreds of thousands of tonnes (a tonne is a weight of 1000kg) can be carried at one time. Bulk oil tankers can deliver three or four hundred thousand tonnes in a single journey. There are considerable economies of scale in this, for the amount of the fuel required by the vessel and the size of the crew do not increase in proportion to the capacity of the ship. One of the original defects of long sea voyages was that cargoes would be harmed. For example, meat carcasses would deteriorate, especially when ships had to cross the tropics. Modern refrigeration has changed that. It allows meat to arrive at distant ports in prime condition, much to the advantage of farmers in places like the Argentine, New Zealand and Australia. Containerisation has also helped in that it reduces the damage likely to be caused in the process of loading and unloading. Of course, ships of all kinds have to run the gauntlet of storms at sea. Many ships still sink with their cargoes every year and insurance against loss is covered by Lloyd's of London,

the traditional market for marine insurance. As long ago as the seventeenth century Edward Lloyd ran a coffee house near the London docks. It became a popular meeting place for ships' masters and merchants to meet. There they obtained insurance for a trading voyage, for both ships and cargoes. To encourage business Lloyd began to provide shipping information from around the world, and this eventually became the famous Lloyd's newssheet, giving the whereabouts of virtually all the ships in the world.

Sea transporting Transport by sea is a good form of transport in business. This form of transport have many advantages, and also have it disadvantages. Advantages are that its cheap, because hundreds of tones can be carried at the same time. A big disadvantage is that cargoes would deteriorate. Also, this transport risc much, on account of storms.

VI. Meanings Nineteenth century-1900 Rolling equipment and tracks - is a phrase that covers all vehicles that move on a railway. They
may or may not be equipped with the motor

Host countries - country hosting the congress, an exhibition, a sports competition etc. Completely integrated - To make part of a larger unit: integrated the new procedures into the
work routine. Hinterland - Hinterland is a term anthropo-geographical Virgin land- What has not been cultivated, unused, uncultivated, unexplored, untapped.

Like an oyster- Oyster (Ostreidae) is an aquatic animal a shell, which is part of the taxonomic
class of molluscs.

VII. Complete the sentences

Complete the following sentences using your own words. 1. When goods are sent by air ...air transporting.................... 2. If bulky goods need to be sent overseas It appeals to naval or air transport. 3. Storms at sea can cause loss or damage to cargo especially when ships had to cross the tropics. 4. When commuters' trains run into London late is delayed . 5. An aircraft has a long way to fall so the maintenance of the aircraft... must be done carefully............... 6. There will always be a demand for luxury liners because are expensive 7. Many of the new large oil tankers are built in Japan because it has significant reserves

UNITE 2

I. Having read the above passage, answer these questions in your own words, a) b) c) d) e) How would you describe the function of the office?

To what extent do you think office work is boring? Why do you think the receptionist has a responsible job? What do you understand by the term a paperless office? What sorts of equipment would you expect to find on the desk of an executive in a modern office? f) Why do office workers need to know a lot about business operations? g) What would be the effect if office workers were inefficient or poorly motivated? h) What is Video-conferencing? i) What social implications do you see resulting from the impending changes?

a) One way of describing the function of the office is the administrative back-up for the or ganisation. Everyone involved in a business operation has to refer to the office from time to time. b) Office work is boring because you have to stay long in the same place doing the same thing every day, you have to wait a long time in front of computer. c) The receptionist did a responsible task because they are the first impression of the hotel. they must be in contact with clients to help them always with any information. d) The paperless office hampers work is very hard, unless you somehow diminishes. e) The office of a director is found on the computer, printer, stamp, address book, folders, projects, and mobile phones. f) There is a great variety of tasks undertaken in the office and the staff engaged in these operations need to know a great deal about the business. For example, when customers visit the office, or telephone, they naturally expect the staff who deal with them to be knowledgeable. g) Video-conferencing involves executives separated by hundreds and perhaps thousands of miles, discussing problems face-to-face on television screens.

II. Prepositions and verbs* Add an appropriate preposition to each of the following sentences where indicated.

a) No matter whether the filing system is technologically advanced or based on ........... traditional methods, records will normally be sorted and stored in ............ alphabetical order. b) Material is often microfilmed or fed.with the memory of a computer for future reference. c) For ........ the data to be stored will be incoming letters, copies of outgoing letters and a variety of internal memoranda. d) Stocks need to be available in .. the right quantities, in ....... the right form and place in the right time. e) It does not matter how . of the juniors collects the mail until mornings. f) It does not matter ........... takes the mail ............ the post office ............... end of the day. Add an appropriate verb to each of the following sentences where indicated: a) In designing a filing system it is necessary tocutthe costs of keeping the records to the benefits to be gained. b) A filing system should allow the user tofindinformation with certainty and without unacceptable delay. c) When deciding how to file the less obvious items it is useful touse.. to the telephone directory to see how they have with the problem. d) Letters need to be verified ........................................for errors before they sent the office. e) The purpose of a form such as an invoice is togive.. information in a simple, concise and uniform manner. f) Forms need to be verified from time to time to see whether any modifications are required. the

III. Complete the following sentences using your own words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Office equipment and machinery often ........ A letter with finger marks on it......signiture...... We have been very patient in allowing ...many things........ If office workers are given comfortable seating ...is boring ......... If you quote the lowest possible price You won the auction ... When you plan to buy new office desks ....we make changes....... A monthly statement of account............ The invoice is a very important document because .... we need it in Accounting...... Incoming registered letters should be entered in a special register and a signature

obtained from ..... chief accountant..... 10. In some offices all incoming letters are opened before .. reach the boss.......... 11. Letters marked 'Personal' or "Private" should not be opened than the caregiver ... 12. When an incoming letter is received, check that all enclosures are included, then . sign for..receiveng.......

IV. Vocabulary 1. Emphasis 2. Docket 3. Catalogue 4. Receptioner 5. Feedback 6. Supervisor 7. Document 8. 9. Impolite 10. Archives 11. 12. 13. Collegue 14. Telecommunication 15. Complaint 16. Signatory 17. Acknowledgement 18. Summary 19. 20. 21. Agenda 22. 23. Stereotype 24. Exces 25. Reminder.