STEM -abine -ac -acetam -adol or -adolDEFINITION (see -arabine, -citabine) anti-inflammatory agents (acetic acid derivatives) (see -racetam) analgesics (mixed opiate receptor agonists/ antagonists) tazadolene spiradolene levonantradol carbadox alprafenone diprafenonex tadalafil lorajmine magaldrate dabuzalgron labetalol medroxalol tafamidis EXAMPLES
bromfenac dexpemedolac
-adox -afenone
PDE5 inhibitors antiarrhythmics (ajmaline derivatives) antacid aluminum salts alpha1 - and alpha2 - adrenoreceptor agonists combined alpha and beta blockers
antimyloidotics (see -vir) ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors)
siRNA
bevasiranib
-andr-anserin
2-deoxoparaherquamide A derivatives antineoplastics; anthraquinone derivatives P-selectin antagonists inhibiting all selectin types antineoplastics (arabinofuranosyl derivatives) fludarabine antiviral (arildone derivatives)
-arit
-arotene
arotinoid derivatives
-arsin arte-
enzymes
sudismase
-teplase
-uplase
-ast
subgroup: -lukast leukotriene receptor antagonists cinalukast pobilukast piclamilast seratrodast eclazolast ontazolast valategrast
type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists benzoxazole derivatives integrin antagonists
-(a)tadine
-astine
-atadine
olopatadine loratadine
-axine -(f)axine
-azenil
benzodiazepine receptor agonists/antagonists antianxiety agents (diazepam type) cholecystokinin receptor antagonists narcotic antagonists/agonists (6,7-benzomorphan derivatives) antihistamines/local vasoconstrictors (antazoline type) antihypertensives (prazosin type) beta-lactamase inhibitors tranquilizers/antiepileptics (propanediol and pentanediol groups) barbituric acid derivatives
-azoline
-barb or -barb-
-basib
inhibitors of the ADAM (A disintegrin and A metalloprotease) enzymes (sheddases) beta 3 adrenoreceptor agonist anthelmintics (tibendazole type) beta estrogen receptor agonist anticonvulsants; antimigraine (benzoylamino-benzpyran derivatives) anabolic steroids
bol- or -bol-bufen
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, fenbufen derivatives antineoplastics (mitotic inhibitors; tubulin binders) antiseptics (dapabutan type)
-bulin -butan
-butazone
anti-inflammatory analgesics (phenylbutazone type) cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein modulators local anesthetics calcium receptor antagonists vitamin D analogues
mofebutazone
-caftor
ivacaftor
antivirals (intracellular adhesion molecules, icam-1 derivatives) camphorsulfonic acid derivatives used as UVA sunscreens agonists of the Gardos channel, or the calcium activated potassium channel of intermediate conductance catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors caspase (interleukin 1b) converting enzyme inhibitors serotonin receptor agonists, primarily 5-HT2 (see -stat) antibiotics (carbacephem derivatives) cathespin inhibitors (see -vir) cephalosporins receptor molecules, native or modified (a preceding infix should designate the target)
-camsule
ecamsule
-capoc
senicapoc
loracarbef balicatib
cefazolin alvircept
-facept
lymphocyte function-associated with antigen 3 (LFA) receptor interferon receptors lymphocyte function-associated interleukins tumor necrosis factor receptors T-cells transforming growth factor antiviral receptors CRF-1 (corticotropin releasing factor) receptor antagonists receptors (small molecule)
alefacept
calcium receptor agonists cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors hepatoprotectives (timonacic type) cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (formerly cidib) (see vir-) natural antibiotics (undefined group) guanaline cyclase activator
-cillin -cirnon
-citabine
gemcitabine fiacitabine zalcitabine vedaclidine talsaclidine elesclomol pagoclone oxeclosporin fluconazole oxiconazole mapracorat hydrocortisone celecoxib parecoxib valdecoxib
heat-shock protein inducers, bimoclomal type hypnotics/tranquilizers (zopiclone type) cyclosporine derivatives systemic antifungals (miconazole type)
-corat -cort-coxib
(see -dar) diuretics (ethacrynic acid derivatives) acridine derivatives brocrinat amsacrine quinacrine nedocromil atracurium alcuronium pipecuronium antibiotics (tetracycline derivatives) minocycline
-cromil -curium
antiallergics (cromoglicic acid derivatives) neuromuscular blocking agents (quaternary (also ammonium compounds)
-curonium -cycline
-dan
-dapsone
elacridar biricodar lamiquidar zozuquidar valspodar vismodegib preladenant tecadenoson, binodenoson romidepsin
ciclosporin D derivatives hedgehog signaling inhibitors adenosine 2A antagonists adenosine A receptor agonists
fostedil
phenylpyridine vasodilators (nifedipine type) (see -ase) (see -stim) antimigraine (5-HT1 receptor agonists) acaricide/tick repellent thalidomide derivatives dopamine receptor agonists dopamine D2 receptor modulator
darodipine felodipine
-dore
dopamine D2D3 receptor modulators synthetic analogs of the dolastatin series antihypertensives (hydrazine-phthalazines)
-dotin -dralazine
-dronate
(see -tant) ecteinascodin derivatives antiparasitics (ivermectin type) monectedin doramectin moxidectin
(see -stat) (see -kin) erythromycin derivatives lacking antibiotic activity; motilin agonists endothelin receptor antagonists (see -kin) ergot alkaloid derivatives analgesics (meperidine type) growth factors pergolide anileridine mitemcinal
bosentan
vascular endothelial growth factors epidermal growth factors fibroblast growth factors tumor necrosis factors
-plermin
-sermin -termin -otermin -espib estr- or -estr-estrant -etanide -exakin -farin -farnib -fenacin -fenamate -fenamic acid -fenin
insulin-like growth factors transforming growth factors bone morphogenetic proteins heat shock protein inhibitors estrogens
estrogen antagonists diuretics (piretanide type) (see -kin) warfarin analogs farnesyl transferase inhibitor muscarinic receptor antagonists "fenamic acid" ester or salt derivatives anti-inflammatory agents (anthranilic acid derivatives) diagnostic aids ((phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives) analgesics (fenamic acid subgroup) norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine reuptake inhibitor narcotic analgesics (fentanyl derivatives)
-fenine -fensine
floctafenine brasofensine
-fentanil
levmetamfetamine
10
turofexorate
fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) (see -tide) antihyperlipidemics (clofibrate type) hydrophilic contact lens materials
lamifiban tirofiban
-fingol
sphingosine derivatives
-flapon -flurane
5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors general inhalation anesthetics (halogenated alkane derivatives) hydrophobic contact lens materials
-focon
trifocon A pasifocon B satafocon A buformin fosinoprilat vintafolide palifosfamide mibefradil viridofulven kalafungin enprofylline bamifylline cipamfylline
hypoglycemics (phenformin type) phosphoro-derivatives incorporates folic acid isophosphoramide mustard derivatives calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators antineoplastic, acylfulven derivatives antifungal antibiotics (undefined group) theophylline derivatives
11
-gabgado-
fengabine gadodiamide gadoteridol gadobenate iseganan pexiganan omigapil efegatran telcagepant megestrol selegiline mitogillin gliflumide piragliatin sergliflozin repaglinide mitiglinide vildagliptin farglitizar ciglitazone rosiglitazone amiglumide Itriglumide raseglurant
-ganan
antimicrobial, bactericidal permeability increasing polypeptide neuronal apoptosis inhibitors; GAPDH thrombin inhibitors (argatroban type) calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists progestins MAO inhibitors, type B antibiotics (Aspergillus strains) antihyperglycemics glucokinase activator phlorozin derivatives, phenolic glycosides antidiabetic, SGLT2 inhibitors, not phlorozin derivatives
dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-IV inhibitors PPAR agonists (not thiazolidene derivatives) PPST agonists (thiazolidene derivatives)
-glumide
-glurant
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, negative allosteric modulators GnRH receptor antagonists (nonpeptide) (see -vir) (see -stim)
sufugolix
12
(see -stim) platelet aggregation inhibitors, primarily platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonists itazigrel dimetagrel furegrelate guanoctine barixibat
guan-ibat
-icam
enolicam tenoxicam nitromifene raloxifene droloxifene ibutilide risotilide dofetilide merimepodib forfenimex roquinimex ubenimex eldacimibe avasimibe pactimibe ivarimod pidotimod
-ifen(e)
-ilide
-imepodib -imex
-imibe-
immunomodulators
mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors napthyridine analogs toll-like receptor agonist
13
-imus
immunosuppressives
subgroup: -rolimus io-irudin -isant -isomide -ium (also -onium) -ivon -ixafor -kacin immunosuppressant, rapamycin derivatives iodine-containing contrast media anticoagulants (hirudin type) histamine H3 receptor antagonists antiarrhythmics (disopyramide derivatives) quaternary ammonium derivatives sirolimus iodamide desirudin cipralisant bidisomide disiquonium polixetonium egaptivon pegol plerixafor amikacin
Von Willebrand factor inhibitors CXCR4 antagonists antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus (related to kanamycin) potassium channel antagonists
-kalant
-kalim
-kalner
opener of large conductance calcium-activated (maxi-k) K+ channels enkephalin agonists (various indications) interleukins
-kef-
metkephamide casokefamide
interleukin-10 analogues and derivatives interleukin-12 analogues and derivatives interleukin-11 analogues and derivatives
14
interleukin-21 interleukin-7 analogues and derivatives interleukin-6 analogues and derivatives interleukin-2 analogues and derivatives
denenicokin
-nakin
subgroups: -onakin interleukin-1- analogues and derivatives -benakin -nonakin -octakin -penkin -trakin -kinra subgroups: -nakinra -kiren interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists renin inhibitors interleukin-1- analogues and derivatives interleukin-9 analogues and derivatives interleukin-8 analogues and derivatives interleukin-5 analogues and derivatives interleukin-4 analogues and derivatives interleukin receptor antagonists
pitonakin mobenakin
emoctakin
binetrakin
-lipim -lisib
15
-locib
antineoplastics that inhibit the formation of 5-LO, LTB4, LTC4, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2); and Activate PPAR nuclear receptors leukotriene receptor antagonists (treatment of inflammatory skin disorders) (see -ast) inducers of ribosomal readthrough of nonsense mutation mRNA stop codons non-steroid antiandrogens
etalocib
-lubant
ticolubant
-lukast -luren
ataluren
-lutamide
-lutril
neutral endopeptidase inhibitors possessing additional endothelin converting enzyme inhibitory activity monoclonal antibodies
-mab
rat-murine hybrid antibodies interleukins as target infix for inflammatory/infectious lesions neurologic indications (replaces -neu-) bone toxin as a target combination of humanized and chimeric chains mycolic acid inhibitors antivirals/antiparkinsonians (adamantane derivatives) (see -stat) delamanid rimantadine dopamantine denosumab urtoxazumab
16
-meline
cholinergic agonists (arecoline derivatives used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease) selective melatonin receptor agonist polymers
xanomeline
-melteon -mer
-mesine
-mestane -metacin
antineoplastics (aromatase inhibitors) anti-inflammatory agents (indomethacin type) antibiotics (Micromonospora strains)
-micin
-monam
monobactam antibiotics
(see -relin) non-peptidic growth hormone secretagogues (see -stim) antivirals (quinoline derivatives) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (hydrazine derivatives) famotine benmoxin domoxin retapamulin ismomultin carmustine ibutamoren
antibacterials, pleuromulin derivatives mucosal tolerance inductors antineoplastics (chloroethylamine derivatives) antibiotics (Streptomyces strains)
-mycin
lincomycin
17
cannabinol derivatives
nabazenil dronabinol
CB cannabinoid receptor antagonists mixed sodium/potassium channel blockers (see -kin) narcotic agonists/antagonists (normorphine type) inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) inhibitors (see vir-) non-prostanoid prostaglandin receptor agonists (see -cept) (see -ermin) neurotensin receptor antagonists kinesin inhibitors (see -tant) neurotensin receptor antagonists; neurotropins nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists/agonists nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (tenidap type) antiprotozoal substances (metronidazole type) 5-nitrofuran derivatives
rimonabant vernakalant
nalmefene
birinapant
evatanepag
reminertant ispinesib
abrineurin
-nicline -nidap
-nidazole nifur-
18
mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor (MBR) selective, partial, or inverse agonists (purine derivatives) benzodiazepine receptor agonists, also partial or inverse (quinoline derivatives) anti-inflammatory agents (anilinonicotinic acid derivatives) (see -kin) (see -kin) beta-blockers (propranolol type)
emapunil
-quinil
lirequinil clonixin
-nixin
steroids (not prednisolone derivatives) topical steroids (acetal derivatives) epothilones opioid receptor antagonists anorexiants orexin antagonists narcotic antagonists/agonists (morphinan derivatives) dextrorphan urotensin receptor antagonists hepatoprotectants, di-isopropyl-1,3-dithiolmalonate derivatives antibacterials (quinolone derivatives)
-osuran -otilate
palosuran mivotilate
-oxacin
-oxan
19
antiparasitics (salicylanilide derivatives) antibiotics (oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives) antidepressants (fluoxetine type)
thioether derivatives
tedatioxetine
-oxin
fluoroquinolone derivatives, nonantibacterial indications (e.g., antineoplastic antibiotics) antibody mixtures/polyclonal antibodies, used instead of -mab platelet-activating factor antagonists
voreloxin
-pab
rozrolimupab
-pafant
-pamide
diuretics (sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives) coronary vasodilators (verapamil type) dopaminergics (butopamine type)
-pamil -pamine
-panel
-pansel -parantag
P-selectin antagonists inhibiting all selectin types antagonists of heparin and/or low molecular weight heparins antithrombotics
-parcil
-parcin -parib
20
-parin
-parinux
-paroid
antibacterial antibiotics, carbapenem derivatives (see -kin) blood substitutes and/or diagnostics (perfluorochemicals) antipsychotics (haloperidol type) antipsychotics (risperidone type)
-penkin perflu-
-peridol -peridone
neuropeptide Y5
-perone
antianxiety agents/neuroleptics (4'-fluoro-4-piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives) glycine transporter inhibitors acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of Alzheimers disease
duoperone
-pertin -pezil
21
-pidem
-pin(e)
tricyclic compounds
-piprant
-pirdine
antimycotics (pyridone derivatives) (see -tant) platelet factor 4 analogs and derivatives phospholipase A2 inhibitors antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains)
plasmin proteins and derivatives antineoplastics (platinum derivatives) inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitors type 1 (see -ermin) (see -stim) non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics erythropoietins
-poetin
-porfin
benzoporphyrin derivatives temoporfin antidepressants (imipramine type) acid pump inhibitors, not dependent on acid activation
-pramine -prazan
lofepramine omidaprazan
22
omeprazole disuprazole
pumaprazole
prednicarbate cloprednol oxisopred desmopressin remoxipride zacopride enalapril temocapril spirapril enalaprilat spiraprilat leteprinim ormetoprim asoprisnil quinupristin efepristin mifepristone flurbiprofen
-pressin -pride
-pril
-prilat
antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors) (diacid analogs of the -pril entity) nootropic agents, purine derivatives antibacterials (trimethoprim type) selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM) antibacterials, pristinamycin derivatives
-pristone -profen
protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors (see -tide) nonsteroidal ligand for the progesterone receptor cholesterol sequestrants (glycosides)
tanaproget pamaqueside
23
-rafenib -relin
subgroups: -morelin -tirelin -relix -renone -restat -retin- or -retin -rev -tucirev -rian -ribine rifagrowth hormone-release stimulating peptides thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues hormone-release inhibiting peptides aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone type) (see -stat) retinol derivatives etretinate pelretin dumorelin protirelin detirelix canrenone
therapeutic virus tumoricidal ryanodine receptor modulators ribofuranil derivatives (pyrazofurin type) antibiotics (rifamycin derivatives) lontucirev aladorian loxoribine rifapentine rifampin milrinone reparixin bederocin
24
-rozole
antisense oligonucleotides
antivirals
afovirsen fomivirsen trecovirsen esorubicin idarubicin mesalamine diflunisal balsalazide enobosarm losartan eprosartan azosemide
-rubicin
-sarm -sartan
diuretics (furosemide type) (see -ermin) serotonin receptor antagonists and partial agonists Rauwolfia alkaloid derivatives serine/threonine kinase inhibitors
piboserod
-serpine -sertib
-setrag -setron
serotonin 5-HT receptor agonists, not principally 5-HT2 serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists
-siban
oxytocin antagonists
25
-sidomine
-sidone
antipsychotic with binding activity on serotonin (5HT2A) and dopamine (D2) receptors
som-
-sonan -spirone -spodar -sporin -stat-, -stat or -statsubgroups: -castat -elestat -folastat -gacestat -glustat -inostat -lanstat -listat -mastat
5-HT1B receptor antagonists anxiolytics (buspirone type) (see -dar) (see closporin) enzyme inhibitors
dopamine -hydrolase (DBH) inhibitors elastase inhibitors folate hydrolose (also called PSMA) inhibitors gamma secretase inhibitors glucosyltransferase inhibitors inhibitors of histone deacetylase lanosterol 14-demethylase inhibitors gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors matrix metalloprotease inhibitors
nepicastat sivelestat iofolastat I 123 semagacestat miglustat dacinostat azalanstat cetilistat batimastat
26
nafamostat lapaquistat ponalrestat tolrestat imetelstat ezatiostat hydrochloride telotristat cindunistat atorvastatin lovastatin pravastatin febuxostat benurestat cilastatin pepstatin testosterone epristeride fenasteride quilostigmine teserstigmine
tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors nitric oxide synthase inhibitors antihyperlipidemics (HMG-CoA inhibitors)
xanthine oxydase and xanthine urease inhibitor renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor pepsin inhibitor
-ster-steride
-stigmine
conjugates of two different types of colony-stimulating factors granulocyte macrophage colonystimulating factors (GM-CSF)
milodistim
-gramostim
27
-grastim
granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF) interleukin 3 derivatives; pleiotropic colony-stimulating factors (Nmethyl-D-asparate) NMDA receptor antagonist, glycine recognition site antineoplastics, apoptosis inducing sulfonamide antimicrobials (sulfonamides derivatives) antineoplastics, alkylating agents (methanesulfonate derivatives) pro-apoptotic cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors
-mostim
-plestim
daniplestim
-stinel
licostinel
-sulam sulfa-sulfan
ractalind
-tansine
maytansinoid derivatives
-tapide
-taxel
paclitaxel
28
-tecan
antineoplastics (rebeccamycin derivatives) antineoplastics (thiotepa derivatives) (see -ase) (see -ermin) bronchodilators (phenethylamine derivatives) thymidilate synthetase inhibitors (benzindole derivatives) texaphryn derivatives diuretics (thiazide derivatives) antipsychotics (dibenzothiazepine derivatives) calcium channel blockers (diltiazem type)
albuterol metesind
synthetic corticotropins platelet aggregation inhibitors (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) gap junction protein channel modulators GLP peptide analogs amylin derivatives or mimics peptides with muranic acid present neurologic indications
seractide eptifibatide
29
parathyroid hormone related peptide peptides with prostate cancer indications peptides used as pulmonary surfactants atrial natriuretic type substances zonulin antagonists
-tidine
lupitidine ranitidine
-tinib
canertinib mubritinib
Subgroup: -brutinib -metinib tyrosine kinase inhibitors Brutons (Btk) inhibitors mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors ibrutinib selumetinib trametinib
(see -relin) antihyperlipidemic, thyromimetic derivatives oxytocin derivatives BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) inhibitors antiepileptics (hydantoin derivatives) TLR4 receptor antagonists toxins selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) aP2 inhibitors antimetabolites (folic acid derivatives) sobetirome oxytocin obatoclax mesylate albutoin eritoran urtoxazumab sertraline seltraposin methotrexate
30
-trexed
-tricin -tril/-trilat
subgroup: -patril/ -patrilat ACE (angiotensin-1 converting enzyme) and NEP (neutral endopeptidase) inhibitors omapatrilat
-triptan
-triptyline
antidepressants (dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane derivatives) antithrombotics (thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists) (see -ast) antipsychotics (dopamine D2 antagonists) thrombopoetin agonists atropine derivatives
-troban
daltroban sulotroban
-trodast -troline
mucosal tolerance inhibitors (see -ase) uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists and as antineoplastics urate transporter (e.g., URAT 1) inhibitors pentamidine derivatives/analogues fluorouracil
-urad -(ur)amidine
lesinurad pafuramidine
31
-uridine
antivirals; antineoplastics (uridine derivatives) vasopressin receptor antagonists (see -stat) vanilloid 1 receptor antagonist spasmolytic agents (papaverine type)
idoxuridine
conivaptan relcovaptan
mavatrep mebeverine
vin- or -vin-
vinca alkaloids
vinepidine apovincamine
antivirals
subgroups: -amivir -asvir -buvir -cavir -cyclovir/ -ciclovir neuraminidase inhibitors NS5A inhibitors RNA polymerase (NS5B) inhibitor carbocyclic nucleosides antivirals (acyclovir type) zanamivir daclatasvir nesbuvir lobucavir desciclovir famciclovir penciclovir celgosivir droxinavir indinavir ritonavir boceprevir, telaprevir alisporivir
-gosivir -navir
-previr -sporivir
32
-tegravir -virenz
integrase inhibitors antivirals (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; benzoxazinone derivatives) (see -cept) (see virine) (see vir) antiviral, disrupts viral maturation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, not benzoxazinone derivatives CCR5 antagonists CCR5 antagonists, immunomodulators antineoplastics; antivirals (zidovudine group) (exception: edoxudine) antithrombotic: blood coagulation factor XA inhibitors antiallergic respiratory tract drugs (xanoxic acid derivatives) antineoplastics, mitoxantrone derivatives aza-anthracenedione class of antitumor agents carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
elvitegravir efavirenz
bevirimat rilpivirine
-xaban -xanox
-(x)antrone
pixantrone
-zolamide
-zolast -zolid
(see -ast) oxazolidinone antibacterials eperezolid linezolid bortezomib robalzotan sarizotan ibalzotan lecozotan
-zomib -zotan
33
*This list represents common stems for which chemical and/or pharmacologic parameters have been established. These stems and their definitions have been approved by the USAN Council and are recommended for use in coining new nonproprietary names for drugs that belong to an established series of related agents. The list is not exhaustive in that it does not include all stems used by the Council and other national or international nomenclature groups. It is the nature of the nomenclature process that new, potential stems are constantly being created and that definitions of older stems may need to be modified as new information becomes available. 2/13
34