Power Transformers and Reactors ciency become less apparent as the transformation ratio increases, so that autotransformers for

power purposes are usually used for low transformation ratios, rarely exceeding 2 to 1. XI. GROUNDING TRANSFORMERS
Ka, For A Three Phase Unit Table 12-K FACTORS FOR DETERMINING EQUIVALENT TWO-WINDING 55 C KVA OF GROUNDING TRANSFORMERS* Star-Delta ;I;;:;tkq,3f~~v~ Zig-Zag Connection 46 kv 1 69 kv 1 92 kv

Time Rating

A grounding transformer is a transformer intended solely 10 seconds 0.064 0.076 1 0.080 0.085 0.092 for establishing a neutral ground connection on a three1 minute 0.170 0.104 0.110 0.113 0.118 0.122 phase system. The transformer is usually of the star-delta 2 minutes 0.240 0.139 0.153 0.160 0.167 0.174 or interconnected-star (zig-zag) arrangement as shown in 3 minutes 0.295 0.170 0.187 0.196 0.204 0.212 Fig. 27. 4 minutes 0.340 0.196 0.216 0.225 0.235 0.245 The kva rating of a three-phase grounding transformer, 5 minutes 0.380 0.220 0.242 0.253 0.264 0.275 or of a grounding bank, is the product of normal line-toK1, For A Single Phase Unit (One of three in a bank) neuh-al voltage (kv) and the neutral orgrozbnd amperes that the transformer is designed to carry under fault conditions 1 minute 0.057 0.033 0.03i 0.040 0.043 0.046 2 minutes 0.080 0.046 0.051 0.055 0.060 for a specified time. A one-minute time rating is often used 0.064 3 minutes 0.098 0.057 0.064 0.068 0.074 0.080 for grounding transformers, though other ratings such as 4 minutes 0.113 0.065 0.073 0.078 0.084 0.091 those suggested in AIEE Standard for Xeutral Grounding 5 minutes 0.127 O.Oi.7 0.082 0.088 0.005 0.102 Devices (No. 32, May 1947) can be specified depending *These valuev are cnlculated on the basis that the initial uve~we winding temupon the probable duty to be imposed on the unit in perature is not over 7.52. that the heat from load lossev is nil stored in the tram+ former. and that the final temperature will not ruceed VZLIUBY permitted by standservice. ards. The values are applicable only for groundinp trsnsformers designed to have 100 percent impedance. Rated voltage of a grounding transformer is the line-toline voltage for which the unit is designed. classes of grounding transformers; the table includes values When operated at rated three-phase balanced voltage, for both three-phase and single-phase units, though the only exciting current circulates in the windings of a grounding transformer. Current of appreciable magnitude begins single-phase type is uncommon. Conventional power transformers may be connected to to flow in the grounding circuit only when a fault involving serve solely as grounding transformers, but the current and ground develops on the connected system. time ratings for grounding service are open to question Grounding transformers, particularly the zig-zag type, normally are designed so that rated neutral current flows depending upon the form and details of construction. When when a solid single-line-to-ground fault is applied at the these modified ratings are desired, they should be obtained from the transformer manufacturer. transformer terminals, assuming supply voltage to be fully Star-Delta Impedances-The impedance to zeromaintained. This is equivalent to loo-percent zero-sequence voltage impressed at the transformer terminals resulting in sequence currents in each phase of a solidly-grounded starthe circulation of rated neutral current. Transformers so delta grounding bank made up of single-phase units is designed are said to have loo-percent impedance based on equal to Zrs, the ohmic leakage impedance between one primary (star) rated kva and rated voltage. . winding and the corresponding secondary (delta) winding: Sometimes a resistor or other impedance is connected in the transformer neutral, and in these cases it may be ZO=ZPS desirable to specify that the grounding transformer shall have less than the conventional 100 percent impedance. Percent zero-sequence impedance is normally expressed ir Equivalent circuits for star-delta and zig-zag grounding terms of short-time kva and line-to-line voltage: transformers with external neutral impedance are includZPS x UG (59 ed in the Appendix. Zo%= 10 x kv2 Because a grounding transformer is a short-time device, its size and cost are less than for a continuous duty transIn a three-phase star-delta grounding transformer 20 ma: former of equal kva rating. The reduced size can be estab- be smaller than Zps by an amount depending on the forn lished in terms of an equivalent two-winding 55 C kva of core construction: a typical ratio of 20 to Zps is 0.85 U, by applying a reduction factor K to the short-time though variation from this value for different design rated kva of the grounding transformer, and this reduced is likely. kva can be used for a price estimate. Zig-zag Impedances-The impedance to zero sequence currents in each phase of a solidly groundec U, = Uo X KS for a three-phase grounding unit. (56) zig-zag bank can be derived on a theoretical basis b: U, = 3 Uo X Kl for a bank of single-phase grounding reference to Fig. 27(d). units (57) Eo=IoXZp~--ep+ep. 030 where U, = equivalent two-winding ,55C kva, three-phase. El T=Zo=Zps. UC= (line-to-neutral kv) X (rated neutral amperes). 0 Values for K are listed in Table 12 for various types and Percent zero-sequence impedance for the zig-zag connec