CHAPTER 7: LIGHT, COLOUR AND SIGHT

7.1 FORMATION OF IMAGES

A. Formation of Ima !" #$ P%an! Mirror" Image formed by a plane mirror are caused by reflection of light from the mirror surface. The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror are: 1. Virtual 2. Inversed laterally 3. Upright 4. ame si!e as the ob"ect #. Image distance and ob"ect distance from the plane mirror are the same

&. Formation of Ima !" #$ L!n"!" $onve% lens Type of lens &iconve% lens $oncave lens &iconcave lens

'ole $haracteristics of images

$onverges light rays that passes through it ) *or a 'i"tant o#(!)t: The image formed is real+ inverted and smaller than the ob"ect. ) *or a n!ar o#(!)t: The image formed is virtual+ upright and bigger than the ob"ect.

(iverges light rays that passes through it ) Image formed is virtual+ upright and diminished

C. Ra$ Dia ram" Ra$ 'ia ram: , diagram -hich sho-s the paths of light rays passing through a lens. O#(!)t 'i"tan)! *+,: The distance bet-een ob"ect and optical centre. Ima ! 'i"tan)! *-,: The distance bet-een image and optical centre. *or )on-!. %!n": .ight rays that are parallel -ith the principle a%is -ill converge at the focal point behind the lens. *or )on)a-! %!n": .ight rays that are parallel to the principle a%is -ill diverge after passing through the lens causing the focal point to be placed in front of the lens.

D. Con"tr+)tion of Ra$ Dia ram" ,ll rays from the ob"ect should be dra-n -ith solid lines -ith the directions mar/ed. Virtual rays should be dra-n using bro/en lines. 'eal images should be dra-n -ith solid lines and virtual images should be dra-n using bro/en lines. FORMATION OF IMAGE &0 OPTICAL INSTRUMENT

7./

A. O1ti)a% In"tr+m!nt O1ti)a% In"tr+m!nt P!ri")o1! E.1%anation ) Used in submarines to loo/ at ob"ects on the -ater surface. ) $onsist of t-o plane mirrors arranged parallel to one another at an angle of 4#0. ) .ight rays from a distance ob"ect are incident to the surface of the first mirror at an angle of 4#0. Then the rays are reflected to the second mirror at the same angle. ) The second mirror reflects the light rays to the eyes of the observer. ) The image formed by a periscope is a. Virtual b. Upright c. ame si!e as the ob"ect d. ,t the same distance from the ob"ect ) Used to observe small ob"ects. The image formed is larger than the si!e of the ob"ect. ) 1ade of a biconve% lens. ) The image formed is a. Virtual b. Upright c. .arger than the si!e of the ob"ect ) Used to observe tiny ob"ects. ) $onsist of t-o conve% lenses 2ob"ective lens and eyepiece -ith a short focal length3 ) The ob"ective lens forms an image -hich is a. 'eal b. Inverted c. .arger than the si!e of the ob"ect ) The eyepiece acts as magnifying glass to enlarge the image formed by the ob"ective lens. *inal image formed is a. Virtual b. Inverted c. 4nlarge

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Cam!ra

) Used to loo/ at distant ob"ects. ) $onsist of t-o conve% lenses 2ob"ective lens and eyepiece3 ) The ob"ective lens has a long focal point ) The eyepiece has a short focal point ) , distant ob"ect is focused by the ob"ective lens and forms an image at the focal point. The image is a. 'eal b. Inverted c. maller than the si!e of ob"ect ) The eyepiece acts as magnifying glass to enlarge the image formed by the ob"ective lens. *inal image formed is a. Virtual b. Inverted c. .arger than the si!e of ob"ect ) $onsist of three main parts: .ens+ hutter and *ilm ) The lens focuses the image of an ob"ect onto the film. The lens is ad"usted by the focus ad"uster either to-ards or a-ay from the film to obtain a sharp image of an ob"ect. ) .ight rays that enter -ill pass through the diaphragm 2changes the si!e of the aperture to control the amount of light entering the lens. ) 5hen the shutter opened+ light falls onto the film. The length of time the shutter is opened determines the amount of light reaching the film. ) The film -hich contains photosensitive chemicals -ill capture the image of the ob"ect. ) The image on the film is real+ inverted and smaller than the si!e of the ob"ect. Part of )am!ra L!n" *)on-!., A1!rt+r! Dia12ra m Fo)+" a'(+"t!r S2+tt!r F+n)tion *ocuses the image of a distant ob"ect on the film ,llo-s light to enter the camera $ontrol the camera aperture that allo-s light to enter the camera ,d"ust the lens by moving the lens in-ards or out-ards of camera to enable a sharp image formed on film $ontrol the time of light that entering camera. The aperture in front of film opened and then closed -hen the camera button is pressed ,cts as a screen to receive an ob"ect image that is captured on it

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&. Com1ari"on #!t3!!n E$! an' Cam!ra E$! 4ye lens Iris 8upil $iliary body 'etina F+n)tion Fo)+"!" %i 2t to form an ima ! Contro% t2! "i6! of a1!rt+r! an' amo+nt of %i 2t t2at !nt!r" A%%o3" %i 2t to !nt!r C2an !" t2! "i6! of %!n" to o#tain a "2ar1 ima ! A)t" a" a 12oto"!n"iti-! %a$!r to )a1t+r! ima ! Cam!ra $amera lens (iaphragm ,perture *ocus ad"uster *ilm

E4ERCISE 7.1 5 7./ 1. tate three characteristics of an image formed on a plane mirror. 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6 2. tate three characteristics of an image formed by a conve% lens and a concave lens of a distant ob"ect. 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 66 3. 7ame the labels ,)* on the conve% lens sho-n. ,: 666666666666 (: 6666666666666 &: 666666666666 4: 6666666666666 $: 666666666666 *: 6666666666666 2* 4. * * 2*

tate the parts of the camera -hich have the same function as each of the follo-ing parts of the human eye. a3 4ye lens:666666666666 d3 8upil: 6666666666666 b3 Iris: 666666666666 e3 $iliary body: 66666666666666 c3 'etina: 66666666666 tate three characteristics of an image formed by a magnifying glass. 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6

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7.7

LIGHT DISPERSION

A. Li 2t Di"1!r"ion , process in -hich -hite light is split into its colour constituents called spectrum -hen it passes through a prism. , spectrum consist seven colour in this order: '4(+ 9',7:4+ ;4..95+ :'447+ &.U4+ I7(I:9 and VI9.4T. .ight dispersion occurs because each colour constituents travels at different speed through a prism. Therefore the coloured lights are refracted at different angles. Violet light is refracted more by a glass prism compared to red light -hich has a longer -avelength. This is because violet light travels at the lo-est speed.

&. Formation of Rain#o3 , raindrop acts as prism. , rainbo- is formed -hen sunlight passes through raindrops. The sunlight is refracted and dispersed into its colour constituent. LIGHT SCATTERING The earth<s atmosphere contains particles li/e gas molecules+ vapour and dust. 5hen -hite light incidents these particles+ light rays are obstructed and reflected. These light rays scatter in all direction. This occurrence is called %i 2t ")att!rin . .ight scattering is related to light colours. &lue light is scattered more compared to red light. This is because blue light has a shorter -avelength. .ights -ith shorter -avelengths are refracted more. 4%ample: i. The blue s/y during the day ii. The red s/y during sunset

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7.9

ADDITION AND SU&TRACTION OF COLOURED LIGHTS

A. A''ition of )o%o+r!' %i 2t" Primar$ )o%o+r" ) $olours -hich cannot be obtained from mi%ing other colours. ) R!'+ &%+! and Gr!!n. S!)on'ar$ )o%o+r" ) $olours produced by adding primary colours. ) 0!%%o3+ Ma !nta and C$an. 8rimary colours = econdary colours > 5hite light 4%ample: ;ello- light = &lue light > 5hite light

&. S+#tra)tion of )o%o+r!' %i 2t" Is the absorbtion of coloured lights by coloured filter $oloured filter consist of primary and secondary filter. 8rimary filter ) consist of red+ green and blue filters. ) only allo- lights of the same colour to pass through them. ) e%ample: , green filter only allo-s green light to pass through it. 9ther coloured lights are absorbed. econdary filter ) consist of yello-+ magenta and cyan filter. ) allo- lights of the same colours and primary colours that form them to pass through them. ) e%ample: , yello- filter allo-s yello- light and primary colours that form it+ namely red and green light+ to pass through it.

E4ERCISE 7.7 5 7.8 1. 5hat is meant by light dispersion? 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6 2. 8ut a tic/ 2@3 for a correct statement and cross 2A3 for the -rong statement. a3 :as molecules and -ater vapour can scatter light 2 3 b3 &lue light is the least scattered. 2 3 B

c3 .ight -ith longer -avelengths are least scattered. d3 .ight scattering is a decomposition process of -hite light into its colour constituent.

2 2

3 3

3. $omplete the table belo-. a3 A''ition of 1rimar$ )o%o+r 'ed = blue 'ed = green :reen = blue 'ed = green = blue b3 Fi%t!r P 'ed &lue ;ello1agenta $yan Fi%t!r : :reen $yan :reen ;ello1agenta

S!)on'ar$ )o%o+r on ")r!!n

Co%o+r form!' on t2! 32it! ")r!!n

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PRINCIPLE OF SU&STRACTION OF COLOURED LIGHTS TO E4PLAIN THE APPEARANCE OF COLOURED O&<ECTS ,n ob"ect of a 1rimar$ )o%o+r 2red+ blue+ green3 only reflects light of the "am! colour. > 4%ample: , blue ob"ect only reflects blue light. ,n ob"ect of a "!)on'ar$ )o%o+r 2yello-+ magenta+ cyan3 reflects light of the "am! colour and the 1rimar$ )o%o+r" t2at form it. > 4%ample: , magenta ob"ect reflects magenta+ red and blue lights. , 32it! o#(!)t appears -hite in -hite light because a -hite ob"ect reflects all colours. 7o coloured lights are absorbed. , #%a)= o#(!)t appears blac/ because all coloured light are absorbed by it. 7o coloured light is reflected. ,bsorption of light by coloured ob"ect is based on the principle of "+#"tra)tion of )o%o+r!' %i 2t.

F+n)tion of Ro' C!%%" an' Con! C!%%" in T2! E$! C

The retina contains t-o types of cell that are sensitive to light stimulus: a, Ro' )!%%" ) ensitive to light of lo- intensity ) 7ot sensitive to colour ) 9nly a blac/ and -hite image is produced #, Con! )!%%" ) ensitive to light of high intensity to detect colour ) Three types: 4ach is sensitive to red+ green and blue light

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EFFECTS OF MI4ING PIGMENTS

A. Pi m!nt an' T2!ir U"!" PIGMENT: 1aterials that absorb some colours of light and reflect other colours. Fi!%' $onstruction Industry ,rt *ood technology Transportation U"! In ma/ing paint In ma/ing colour dye for cloth and te%tile In ma/ing -ater colour and oil paint In ma/ing food colouring In ma/ing spray paints for vehicles

&. Eff!)t" of Mi.in Pi m!nt The primary colour of pigments are red+ blue and yello-. 1i%ing pigments is based on the principle of substraction of coloured lights.

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8igments are not pure as coloured lights. 8igments have the property of absorbing and reflecting certain colours -hen shone on by -hite light. 4%ample: &lue pigment reflects violet+ blue and green light. D

5hen t-o pigments are mi%ed+ the colour produced is the colour reflected by both pigments.

$olour of pigment 'ed = yello$yan = yello1agenta = yello&lue = yello1agenta = yello- = cyan

$olour obtained 9range :reen 'ed :reen &lac/

E4ERCISE 1. 8ut a tic/ 2@3 for a correct statement and cross 2A3 for the -rong statement. a3 The colour of an opaEue ob"ect depends on the colour of the light reflected.2 3 b3 , primary coloured ob"ect only reflects the light of the same colour. 2 3 c3 , -hite ob"ect absorbs all colour all colours in the -hite light. d3 , blac/ ob"ect reflects all colours in the -hite light. 2 3 2 3

2. 5here are the rod cell and cone cell situated in the eye? 66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666 6 3. 8igment is a material that 66666666666666 and 6666666666666 certain coloured light. 4. 8aint and colouring contain 666666666666666666. #. The primary colours of pigment are 666666666666+ 6666666666666 and 666666666666. B. 1i%ing pigment is based on the principle of 66666666666666666666666666666666.