Mech Handbook

1999 by CRC Press LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mechanical engineering handbook [computer file] : CRCnetBASE 1999.
1 computer laser optical disc ; 4 3/4 in.
Computer data and program.
System requirements: 486 PC; 8MB RAM; Windows 3.1 or higher; VGA graphics display, CD-ROM drive.
Title from disc label.
Editor-in-chief: Frank Kreith.
Summary: Reference tool for mechanical engineers. Covers traditional areas of engineering as well as modern
manufacturing and design, robotics, computer engineering, environmental engineering, economics and project man-
agement, patent law, bioengineering, and communication and information systems. Includes chapter and appendix on
physical properties as well as mathematical and computational methods. Features proximity search, zoom, and hyper-
linking functions.
ISBN 0-8493-9751-0. ISSN 1097-9417 ISBN 0-8493-9418-X (book)
1. Mechanical engineering. I. Kreith, Frank. II. Title: CRCnetBASE 1999.
TJ151 <1998 00248> <MRC>
621--DC13a 98-10886
CIP
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The Mechanical
Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE 1999

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Preface

During the past 20 years, the eld of mechanical engineering has undergone enormous changes.
These changes have been driven by many factors, including the development of computer tech-
nology, worldwide competition in industry, improvements in the ow of information, real-time
monitoring, increased energy efciency, robotics, automatic control, advances in design and man-
ufacturing methods, and an increased sensitivity to environmental impacts of human activities.
These developments have put stress on mechanical engineering education, which has found it
increasingly difcult to cover all the topics that a professional engineer needs in his or her career.
The Mechanical Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE 1999 provides, on a single CD, a ready
reference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia, with relevant back-
ground and up-to-date information on the most important topics of modern mechanical engi-
neering. In addition to the traditional areas of thermodynamics, solid and uid mechanics, heat
and mass transfer, system controls, materials, and energy conversion, it also includes modern
manufacturing and design, robotics, computer engineering, environmental engineering, economics
and project management, patent law, bioengineering, and communication and information sys-
tems. The nal chapter and the appendix provide information regarding physical properties as
well as mathematical and computational methods.
The Mechanical Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE 1999 (the electronic search and retrieval
CD-ROM version of The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering) contains all the text and
gures in the 2,600 page handbook. The search mechanism allows for full text/word/author search
and has proximity (e.g., within 10 words of one another) and Boolean (i.e., and, or, not)
capabilities. All illustrations and photos are hotlinked and contain a zoom feature for easy viewing.
The CD-ROM, which will be updated annually, is available as a site license program; a CD-
ROM subscription product with annual updates; a CD-ROM stand-alone product; and internet
and intranet versions (forthcoming).


Editor-in-Chief

Dr. Frank Kreith is Professor Emeritus of Engineering at the Uni-
versity of Colorado and currently serves as the ASME Legislative
Fellow for Energy and Environment at the National Conference of
State Legislatures in Denver, Colorado. In this capacity, he provides
technical assistance on engineering and science topics such as energy
management, waste disposal, environmental protection, and utility
restructuring to legislators and their staff in all 50 state governments.
Previously, he was a research engineer at the Jet Propulsion Lab-
oratory from 1945 to 1949 and a Guggenheim Fellow at Princeton
University from 1950 to 1951. Between 1951 and 1977 Dr. Kreith
taught mechanical engineering at the University of California at
Berkeley, Lehigh University, and the University of Colorado.
From 1978 to 1988, Dr. Kreith was Chief of Thermal Research
and Senior Research Fellow at the Solar Energy Research Institute,
currently the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. During his
tenure at SERI, he participated in the Presidential Domestic Energy Review, the White House
Forum on Domestic Energy Policy, and edited the ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. In
1995, he participated in the White House Forum on Technology for a Sustainable Future. He has
served as a National Lecturer for Sigma Xi and is currently a Distinguished Lecturer for the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Dr. Kreith is the recipient of the ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award (1972), the ASME
Worcester R. Warner Medal (1981), the Distinguished Service Award of the Solar Energy Research
Institute (1983), the Max Jakob Memorial Award of ASME/AIChE (1986), the Charles Greeley
Abbott Award of the American Solar Energy Society (1988), the ASME Energy Resource Technology
Award (1989), the Ralph Coates Roe Medal of ASME (1992), and the Professional and Scholarly
Excellence Award of the Association of American Publishers (1995). In 1997, he was awarded the
Washington Award by a consortium of seven engineering societies for "unselsh and preeminent
service in advancing human progress".
He is the author of textbooks on Heat Transfer, Nuclear Power, Solar Energy, and Energy
Management. He has edited handbooks on Energy Conservation, Solid Waste Management, and
Energy Efciency. He has also published more than 120 peer-reviewed articles on various mechan-
ical engineering topics.
Dr. Kreith has had wide experience in mechanical engineering as teacher and consultant for
academia, industry, and governments all over the world. His assignments have included consul-
tancies for NATO, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the United Nations, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Dr. Kreith is a member of Pi Tau
Sigma, Sigma Xi, a Life Fellow of ASME, and a Fellow of AAAS.


Advisory Board

Dr. Chang-Lin Tien

NEC Distinguished Professor of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Dr. Richard Goldstein

Regents and James J. Ryan Professor of Mechanical
Engineering
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
1996-97 President of the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers

Dr. Jay Lee

Program Director
Engineering Education and Centers Division
National Science Foundation
Arlington, Virginia

Dr. Robert Kamper

Director of the National Institutes of Science and
Technology (Retired)
Boulder, Colorado

Professor Nam P. Suh

Cross Professor and Department Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Mr. E. L. Daman

Chairman Emeritus, Foster Wheeler Development
Corporation
Former President of the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers

Professor D. Yogi Goswami

Director of the Solar Energy and Energy Conversion
Laboratory
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida

Professor Jan F. Kreider

Founding Director
Joint Center for Energy Management
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado


Contributor List

Elsayed M. Afy

North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina

Leonard D. Albano

Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, Massachusetts

Taylan Altan

Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

William Ames

Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia

David C. Anderson

Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

Anthony F. Armor

Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California

Roger E. A. Arndt

Arlington, Virginia

Vincent Antonetti

Poughkeepsie, New York

Barbara Atkinson

Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory

Ron Bailey

University of Texas
Arlington, Texas

Richard Bajura

University of West Virginia
Morgantown, West Virginia

William W. Bathie

Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa

Kenneth J. Bell

Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma

Dale E. Berg

Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, New Mexico

Stanley A. Berger

University of California

Arthur Bergles

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York

Desikan Bharathan

National Renewable Energy
Laboratory
Golden, Colorado

Bharat Bhushan

Columbus, Ohio

Stephen M. Birn

Allied Signal Aerospace
Torrance, California

Kenneth B. Black

University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts

Carl J. Bliem

(deceased)
CJB Consulting

Robert F. Boehm

University of Nevada
Las Vegas, Nevada

E. Richard Booser

Consulting Engineer
Scotia, New York

Michael L. Brown

A.O. Smith Corp.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Matthew B. Buczek

General Electric Aircraft Engines

Schenectady, New York

George Cain

Atlanta, Georgia

Massimo Capobianchi

SUNY Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York

Van P. Carey


Tien-Chien Chang

Purdue University

John C. Chen

Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

S. H. Cho

Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology
Taejon, Korea

Stuart W. Churchill

University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Robert Clear

Laboratory


Ronald R. Hewitt
Cohen

Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado

Hugh W. Coleman

University of Alabama
Huntsville, Alabama

Lawrence Conway

Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Orlando, Florida

Harry E. Cook

University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois

Nevis E. Cook, Jr.

Colorado School of Mines
Golden, Colorado

A. Brinton Cooper, III

U.S. Army Research Laboratory
Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Maryland

Malcolm J. Crocker

Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama

Jeff R. Crandall

University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia

Philip C. Crouse

Philip C. Crouse and Associates
Dallas, Texas

Peter S. Curtiss

Architectural Energy Corp.
Boulder, Colorado

Mark R. Cutkosky

Stanford University
Stanford, California

Andrea Denver

Laboratory

Daniel DiFonzo

Planar Communications
Corporation
Rockville, Maryland

John Fildes

Northwestern University, BIRL
Evanston, Illinois

William F. Fischer, III

Lanxide Corporation
Newark, Delaware

John M. Fitzgerald

University of Texas
Arlington, Texas

Jean-Peirre Fleurial

Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, California

Dan M. Frangopol

Boulder, Colorado

Steven I. Freedman

Gas Research Institute
Deereld, Illinois

Janet B. Goehring

National Conference of State
Legislatures
Denver, Colorado

D. Yogi Goswami


Hank Grant

University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma

Larry Grayson

University of West Virginia

Victor A. Greenhut

Rutgers University
East Brunswick, New Jersey

Gregory W. Hall


K.G.T. Hollands

University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

S. Ratnajeevan H. Holle

Harvey Mudd College
Claremont, California

Trevor Howes

University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut

Tai-Ran Hsu

San Jose State University
San Jose, California

Shou-Heng Huang

Raytheon Appliance Tech Center

James D. Idol

Rutgers University
East Brunswick, New Jersey

Tissa Illangasekare

Boulder, Colorado

Thomas F. Irvine, Jr.

SUNY Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York

William D. Jackson

HMJ Corporation

Mark John Jakiela

Massachusetts Institute of
Technology

Maan H. Jawad

Nooter Consulting Services
St. Louis, Missouri

Chand K. Jotshi


Richard L. Kautz

National Institutes of Science
and Technology
Boulder, Colorado

Carl Kempf

NSK Ltd.
Precision Machine and Parts
Technology Center
Gunma-Pref, Japan

Francis E. Kennedy

Dartmouth College
Hanover, New Hampshire

David E. Klett

North Carolina A&T State
University
Greensboro, North Carolina

Yoram Koren

University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

Steven H. Kosmatka

Portland Cement
Association
Skokie, Illinois

Jan F. Kreider

and JFK and Associates
Boulder, Colorado

Frank Kreith

Boulder, Colorado


Ajay Kumar

NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia

Dhammika
Kurumbalapitiya

Harvey Mudd College
Claremont, California

Kam Lau

Automated Precision, Inc.

Zalman Lavan

Illinois Institute of Technology
Evanston, Illinois

Andrew C. Lee

Purdue University

Jay Lee

Arlington, Virginia

Kok-Meng Lee

Atlanta, Georgia

Richard L. Lehman

Rutgers University
Princeton, New Jersey

J. Leonard II

Atlanta, Georgia

Frank L. Lewis
University of Texas
Arlington, Texas
Kemper Lewis
Atlanta, Georgia
Steve Liang
Atlanta, Georgia
Noam Lior
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kai Liu
University of Texas
Arlington Texas
Tien-I. Liu
California State University
Sacramento, California
Ioan Marinescu
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas
Alan T. McDonald
Purdue University
Malcolm G. McLaren
Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey
James E. McMahon
Laboratory
Joseph Mello
Aerojet Corporation
Sacramento, California
Michael Merker
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers
New York, New York
M.D. Meyer
Atlanta, Georgia
Anthony Mills
Los Angeles, California
Gregory L. Mines
Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory
Idaho Falls, Idaho
Kryan D. Mish
California State University
Chico, California
Farrokh Mistree
Atlanta, Georgia
Michael F. Modest
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Robert J. Moffatt
Stanford University
Stanford, California
Michael J. Moran
Columbus, Ohio
Takeo Nakagawa
University of Tokyo
Roppongi, Tokyo, Japan
Ron M. Nelson
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Paul Norton
Laboratory
Golden, Colorado
Howard T. Odum
Ralph P. Overend
Laboratory
Golden, Colorado
Roberto Pagano
(deceased)
Chan S. Park
Auburn, University
Auburn, Alabama
Michael Pecht
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
Ira Pence
Atlanta, Georgia
George A. Peters
Peters & Peters
Santa Monica, California
Walter D. Pilkey
John W. Priest
University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas
Ari Rabl
cole des Mines de Paris
Bures/Yvette, France
George Raithby
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Kamlakar P. Rajurkar
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska
Mysore Ramalingam
U.E.S., Inc.
Dayton, Ohio
J.R. Jagannatha Rao
University of Houston
Houston, Texas
James B. Reed
National Conference of State
Legislatures
Denver, Colorado
Marshall J. Reed
U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, D.C.
Michael C. Reed
Washington, D.C.
Kitt Reinhardt
Wright Laboratories
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Rolf D. Reitz
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Joel L. Renner
Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory
Idaho Falls, Idaho
Robert Reuther
R. Alan Ridilla
General Electric Plastics
Giorgio Rizzoni
Columbus, Ohio
Ryan Roloff
Allied Signal Aerospace
Torrance, California
Bela I. Sandor
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Robert Schafrik
National Research Council
Washington, D.C.
Paul Schonfeld
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
Ram K. Shah
Delphi Harrison Thermal
Systems
Lockport, New York
Thomas E. Shannon
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Thomas Sheridan
Technology
Sherif A. Sherif
Leslie Shown
Laboratory
P.W. Shuldiner
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts
Alexander H. Slocum
Technology
Craig B. Smith
Daniel, Mann, Johnson, &
Mendenhall
Los Angeles, California
Jim Solberg
Purdue University
W. Glenn Steele
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi
G.T. Stevens, Jr.
University of Texas
Arlington, Texas
William B. Stine
California State Polytechnic
University
Pomona, California
Daniel J. Strange
Alfred University
Alfred, New York
Nam Pyo Suh
Technology
N.V. Suryanarayana
Michigan Technological
University
Houghton, Michigan
Larry Swanson
Heat Transfer Research Institute
College Station, Texas
Yashitsugu Taketomi
NSK Ltd.
Technology Center
Gunma-Pref, Japan
J.M.A. Tanchoco
Purdue University
Lloyd W. Taylor
DIGEX, Inc.
Beltsville, Maryland
Klaus Timmerhaus
Boulder, Colorado
Donald D. Tippett
University of Alabama
Huntsville, Alabama
Masayoshi Tomizuka
Y.L. Tong
Atlanta, Georgia
James Tulenko
J. Paul Tullis
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
Ian D. Walker
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
Chris Wang
IBM
Tampa, Florida
Shan K. Wang
Consultant
Alhambra, California
W.M. Wang
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska
Weiping P. Wang
General Electric R&D
Center
John Webster
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
Walter T. Welford
(deceased)
Imperial College of London
London, England
Frank M. White
University of Rhode Island
Kingston, Rhode Island
Donald F. Wilcock
Consulting Engineer, Tribolock
Slingerlands, New York
Carlton Wiles
Laboratory
Golden, Colorado
Roland Winston
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Lynn L. Wright
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Toskiaki Yamaguchi
NSK Ltd.
Technology Center
Gunma-Pref, Japan
Su-Hsia Yang
Purdue University
Thomas H. Young
Dorsey & Whitney LLP
Denver, Colorado
F. Zangrando
Laboratory
Golden, Colorado
Paolo Zannetti
Failure Analysis Associates
Menlo Park, California
Chen Zhou
Georgia Institute of
Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
Contents
SECTION 1 Mechanics of Solids Bela I. Sandor
1.1 Introduction Bela I. Sandor........................................................... 1-2
1.2 Statics Bela I. Sandor..................................................................... 1-3
1.3 Dynamics Stephen M. Birn and Bela I. Sandor ............................ 1-31
1.4 Vibrations Bela I. Sandor ............................................................ 1-57
1.5 Mechanics of Materials Bela I. Sandor ........................................ 1-67
1.6 Structural Integrity and Durability Bela I. Sandor.................... 1-104
1.7 Comprehensive Example of Using Mechanics of
Solids Methods Richard C. Duveneck, David A. Jahnke,
Christopher J. Watson, and Bela I. Sandor.................................... 1-125
SECTION 2 Engineering Thermodynamics Michael J. Moran
2.1 Fundamentals Michael J. Moran .................................................... 2-2
2.2 Control Volume Applications Michael J. Moran.......................... 2-14
2.3 Property Relations and Data Michael J. Moran ........................... 2-22
2.4 Combustion Michael J. Moran..................................................... 2-58
2.5 Exergy Analysis Michael J. Moran ............................................... 2-69
2.6 Vapor and Gas Power Cycles Michael J. Moran........................... 2-78
2.7 Guidelines for Improving Thermodynamic Effectiveness
Michael J. Moran............................................................................ 2-87
SECTION 3 Fluid Mechanics Frank Kreith
3.1 Fluid Statics Stanley A. Berger....................................................... 3-2
3.2 Equations of Motion and Potential Flow Stanley A. Berger ........ 3-11
3.3 Similitude: Dimensional Analysis and Data Correlation
Stuart W. Churchill ........................................................................ 3-28
3.4 Hydraulics of Pipe Systems J. Paul Tullis .................................... 3-44
3.5 Open Channel Flow Frank M. White........................................... 3-61
3.6 External Incompressible Flow Alan T. McDonald........................ 3-70
3.7 Compressible Flow Ajay Kumar .................................................. 3-81
3.8 Multiphase Flow John C. Chen .................................................... 3-98
3.9 Non-Newtonian Flow Thomas F. Irvine Jr. and
Massimo Capobianchi ................................................................... 3-114
3.10 Tribology, Lubrication, and Bearing Design Francis E. Kennedy,
E. Richard Booser, and Donald F. Wilcock .................................... 3-128
3.11 Pumps and Fans Robert F. Boehm ............................................. 3-170
3.12 Liquid Atomization and Spraying Rolf D. Reitz ........................ 3-177
3.13 Flow Measurement Alan T. McDonald and Sherif A. Sherif ....... 3-186
3.14 Micro/Nanotribology Bharat Bhushan ...................................... 3-197
SECTION 4 Heat and Mass Transfer Frank Kreith
4.1 Conduction Heat Transfer Robert F. Boehm.................................. 4-2
4.2 Convection Heat Transfer George D. Raithby, K. G. Terry Hollands,
and N. V. Suryanarayana ............................................................... 4-14
4.3 Radiation Michael F. Modest ....................................................... 4-56
4.4 Phase-Change Van P. Carey, John C. Chen, and Noam Lior ........ 4-82
4.5 Heat Exchangers Ramesh K. Shah and Kenneth J. Bell .............. 4-118
4.6 Temperature and Heat Transfer Measurements
Robert J. Moffat ............................................................................ 4-182
4.7 Mass Transfer Anthony F. Mills ................................................. 4-206
4.8 Applications Arthur E. Bergles, Anthony F. Mills, Larry W. Swanson,
and Vincent W. Antonetti ............................................................. 4-240
4.9 Non-Newtonian FluidsHeat Transfer Thomas F. Irvine, Jr. and
Massimo Capobianchi ................................................................... 4-279
SECTION 5 Electrical Engineering Giorgio Rizzoni
5.1 Introduction Giorgio Rizzoni ......................................................... 5-2
5.2 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits Giorgio Rizzoni ........................ 5-2
5.3 Resistive Network Analysis Giorgio Rizzoni ................................. 5-18
5.4 AC Network Analysis Giorgio Rizzoni ......................................... 5-25
5.5 AC Power Giorgio Rizzoni ........................................................... 5-40
5.6 Frequency Response, Filters, and Transient Analysis
Giorgio Rizzoni ............................................................................... 5-55
5.7 Electronics Giorgio Rizzoni.......................................................... 5-56
5.8 Power Electronics Giorgio Rizzoni ............................................... 5-91
5.9 Operational Ampliers Giorgio Rizzoni ..................................... 5-104
5.10 Digital Circuits Giorgio Rizzoni................................................. 5-121
5.11 Measurements and Instrumentation Giorgio Rizzoni ................ 5-154
5.12 Electromechanical Systems Giorgio Rizzoni ........................... 5-184
SECTION 6 Mechanical System Controls Jan F. Kreider
6.1 HumanMachine Interaction Thomas B. Sheridan........................ 6-1
6.2 The Need for Control of Mechanical Systems Peter S. Curtiss .... 6-15
6.3 Control System Analysis Peter S. Curtiss ..................................... 6-19
6.4 Control System Design and Application Peter S. Curtiss............. 6-29
6.5 Advanced Control Topics Peter S. Curtiss, Jan Kreider,
Ronald M. Nelson, and Shou-Heng Huang...................................... 6-36
SECTION 7 Energy Resources D. Yogi Goswami
7.1 Introduction D. Yogi Goswami ...................................................... 7-2
7.2 Types of Derived Energy D. Yogi Goswami.................................... 7-4
7.3 Fossil Fuels Robert Reuther, Richard Bajura, Larry Grayson, and
Philip C. Crouse ............................................................................... 7-6
7.4 Biomass Energy Michael C. Reed, Lynn L. Wright, Ralph P. Overend,
and Carlton Wiles........................................................................... 7-24
7.5 Nuclear Resources James S. Tulenko ............................................ 7-34
7.6 Solar Energy Resources D. Yogi Goswami .................................... 7-37
7.7 Wind Energy Resources Dale E. Berg .......................................... 7-50
7.8 Geothermal Energy Joel L. Renner and Marshall J. Reed ............. 7-62
SECTION 8 Energy Conversion D. Yogi Goswami
8.1 Steam Power Plant Lawrence Conway............................................ 8-2
8.2 Gas Turbines Steven I. Freedman................................................. 8-19
8.3 Internal Combustion Engines David E. Klett and
Elsayed A. Afy............................................................................... 8-31
8.4 Hydraulic Turbines Roger E. A. Arndt ......................................... 8-55
8.5 Stirling Engines William B. Stine ................................................ 8-67
8.6 Advanced Fossil Fuel Power Systems Anthony F. Armor .............. 8-77
8.7 Energy Storage Chand K. Jotshi and D. Yogi Goswami ................ 8-98
8.8 Nuclear Power Robert Pagano and James S. Tulenko.................. 8-105
8.9 Nuclear Fusion Thomas E. Shannon .......................................... 8-113
8.10 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion D. Yogi Goswami ................. 8-117
8.11 Wind Energy Conversion Dale E. Berg ...................................... 8-129
8.12 Energy Conversion of the Geothermal Resource Carl J. Bliem and
Gregory L. Mines .......................................................................... 8-142
8.13 Direct Energy Conversion Kitt C. Reinhardt, D. Yogi Goswami,
Mysore L. Ramalingam, Jean-Pierre Fleurial, and
William D. Jackson ....................................................................... 8-150
8.14 Ocean Energy Technology Desikan Bharathan and
Federica Zangrando ...................................................................... 8-188
8.15 Combined Cycle Power Plants William W. Bathie ..................... 8-191
8.16 EMERGY Evaluation and Transformity Howard T. Odum ........ 8-197
SECTION 9 Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Shan K. Wang
9.1 Introduction Shan K. Wang........................................................... 9-2
9.2 Psychrometrics Shan K. Wang ..................................................... 9-11
9.3 Air Conditioning Processes and Cycles Shan K. Wang ................ 9-18
9.4 Refrigerants and Refrigeration Cycles Shan K. Wang .................. 9-34
9.5 Outdoor Design Conditions and Indoor Design Criteria
Shan K. Wang................................................................................. 9-48
9.6 Load Calculations Shan K. Wang................................................. 9-54
9.7 Air Handling Units and Packaged Units Shan K. Wang .............. 9-65
9.8 Refrigeration Components and Evaporative Coolers
Shan K. Wang................................................................................. 9-76
9.9 Water Systems Shan K. Wang ...................................................... 9-87
9.10 Heating Systems Shan K. Wang ................................................... 9-95
9.11 Refrigeration Systems Shan K. Wang ......................................... 9-103
9.12 Thermal Storage Systems Shan K. Wang ................................... 9-114
9.13 Air Systems Shan K. Wang......................................................... 9-120
9.14 Absorption Systems Shan K. Wang ............................................ 9-130
9.15 Air Conditioning Systems and Selection Shan K. Wang ............ 9-135
9.16 Desiccant Dehumidication and Air Conditioning
Zalman Lavan .............................................................................. 9-152
SECTION 10 Transportation Frank Kreith
10.1 Transportation Planning Michael D. Meyer................................. 10-2
10.2 Design of Transportation Facilities John Leonard II and
Michael D. Meyer ........................................................................... 10-8
10.3 Operations and Environmental Impact Paul W. Shuldiner and
Kenneth B. Black .......................................................................... 10-17
10.4 Transportation Systems Paul Schonfeld ..................................... 10-22
10.5 Alternative Fuels for Motor Vehicles Paul Norton..................... 10-32
10.6 Electric Vehicles Frank Kreith.................................................... 10-37
10.7 Intelligent Transportation Systems James B. Reed ..................... 10-42
SECTION 11 Engineering Design Leonard D. Albano and
Nam P. Suh
11.1 Introduction Nam P. Suh ............................................................ 11-2
11.2 Elements of the Design Process Nam P. Suh ............................... 11-3
11.3 Concept of Domains Nam P. Suh................................................ 11-4
11.4 The Axiomatic Approach to Design Nam P. Suh......................... 11-6
11.5 Algorithmic Approaches to Design Leonard D. Albano ............. 11-18
11.6 Strategies for Product Design Michael Pecht ............................. 11-22
11.7 Design of Manufacturing Systems and Processes
Leonard D. Albano........................................................................ 11-37
11.8 Precision Machine Design Alexander Slocum............................ 11-41
11.9 Robotics Leonard D. Albano ...................................................... 11-86
11.10 Computer-Based Tools for Design Optimization Mark Jakiela,
Kemper Lewis, Farrokh Mistree, and J. R. Jagannatha Rao ........... 11-87
SECTION 12 Materials Richard L. Lehman
and Malcolm G. McLaren
12.1 Metals Victor A. Greenhut ........................................................... 12-1
12.2 Polymers James D. Idol and Richard L. Lehman ........................ 12-20
12.3 Adhesives Richard L. Lehman .................................................... 12-34
12.4 Wood Daniel J. Strange ............................................................. 12-44
12.5 Portland Cement Concrete Steven H. Kosmatka........................ 12-47
12.6 Composites Victor A. Greenhut ................................................. 12-64
12.7 Ceramics and Glass Richard L. Lehman, Daniel J. Strange, and
William F. Fischer III ................................................................... 12-85
SECTION 13 Modern Manufacturing Jay Lee and
Robert E. Schafrik
13.1 Introduction Jay Lee and Robert E. Schafrik................................ 13-3
13.2 Unit Manufacturing and Assembly Processes
Robert E. Schafrik........................................................................... 13-5
13.3 Essential Elements in Manufacturing Processes and Equipment
John Fildes, Yoram Koren, M. Tomizuka, Kam Lau, and
Tai-Ran Hsu................................................................................. 13-67
13.4 Modern Design and Analysis Tools for Manufacturing
David C. Anderson, Tien-Chien Chang, Hank Grant, Tien-I. Liu,
J. M. A. Tanchoco, Andrew C. Lee, and Su-Hsia Yang ................... 13-87
13.5 Rapid Prototyping Takeo Nakagawa .........................................13-107
13.6 Underlying Paradigms in Manufacturing Systems and Enterprise
Management for the 21st Century H. E. Cook, James J. Solberg,
and Chris Wang...........................................................................13-117
SECTION 14 Robotics Frank L. Lewis
14.1 Introduction Frank L. Lewis ........................................................ 14-2
14.2 Commercial Robot Manipulators John M. Fitzgerald .................. 14-3
14.3 Robot Congurations Ian D. Walker ......................................... 14-15
14.4 End Effectors and Tooling Mark R. Cutkosky and
Peter McCormick .......................................................................... 14-24
14.5 Sensors and Actuators Kok-Meng Lee ........................................ 14-33
14.6 Robot Programming Languages Ron Bailey .............................. 14-48
14.7 Robot Dynamics and Control Frank L. Lewis ........................... 14-51
14.8 Planning and Intelligent Control Chen Zhou............................ 14-69
14.9 Design of Robotic Systems Kok-Meng Lee ................................. 14-77
14.10 Robot Manufacturing Applications John W. Priest and
G. T. Stevens, Jr. ........................................................................... 14-84
14.11 Industrial Material Handling and Process Applications of Robots
John M. Fitzgerald ........................................................................ 14-90
14.12 Moblie, Flexible-Link, and Parallel-Link Robots Kai Liu .........14-102
SECTION 15 Computer-Aided Engineering Kyran D. Mish
15.1 Introduction Kyran D. Mish ........................................................ 15-1
15.2 Computer Programming and Computer Architecture
Kyran D. Mish ................................................................................ 15-3
15.3 Computational Mechanics Kyran D. Mish................................. 15-35
15.4 Computer Intelligence Kyran D. Mish ....................................... 15-78
15.5 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Joseph Mello ........................... 15-85
SECTION 16 Environmental Engineering Jan F. Kreider
16.1 Introduction Ari Rabl and Jan F. Kreider .................................... 16-1
16.2 Benchmarks and Reference Conditions Ari Rabl, Nevis Cook,
Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen, and Tissa Illangasekare .......................... 16-4
16.3 Sources of Pollution and Regulations Jan F. Kreider, Nevis Cook,
Tissa Illangasekare, and Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen ........................ 16-14
16.4 Regulations and Emission Standards Nevis Cook and
Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen .............................................................. 16-22
16.5 Mitigation of Water and Air Pollution Jan F. Kreider, Nevis Cook,
and Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen ....................................................... 16-25
16.6 Environmental Modeling Paolo Zannetti, Ronald H. Hewitt Cohen,
Nevis Cook, Ari Rabl, and Peter S. Curtiss ................................... 16-33
16.7 Global Climate Change Frank Kreith ........................................ 16-52
SECTION 17 Engineering Economics And Project Management
Chan S. Park and Donald D. Tippett
17.1 Engineering Economic Decisions Chan S. Park .......................... 17-2
17.2 Establishing Economic Equivalence Chan S. Park....................... 17-2
17.3 Measures of Project Worth Chan S. Park .................................. 17-16
17.4 Cash Flow Projections Chan S. Park ......................................... 17-28
17.5 Sensitivity and Risk Analysis Chan S. Park ............................... 17-36
17.6 Design Economics Chan S. Park ............................................... 17-45
17.7 Project Management Donald D. Tippett .................................... 17-51
SECTION 18 Communications and Information Systems
Lloyd W. Taylor
18.1 Introduction Lloyd W. Taylor....................................................... 18-1
18.2 Network Components and Systems Lloyd W. Taylor and
Daniel F. DiFonzo........................................................................... 18-2
18.3 Communications and Information Theory
A. Britton Cooper III .................................................................... 18-23
18.4 Applications Lloyd W. Taylor, Dhammika Kurumbalapitiya, and
S. Ratnajeevan H. Hoole............................................................... 18-41
SECTION 19 Mathematics William F. Ames and George Cain
19.1 Tables William F. Ames ................................................................ 19-2
19.2 Linear Algebra and Matrices George Cain ................................. 19-33
19.3 Vector Algebra and Calculus George Cain ................................. 19-39
19.4 Difference Equations William F. Ames ...................................... 19-44
19.5 Differential Equations William F. Ames..................................... 19-47
19.6 Integral Equations William F. Ames .......................................... 19-58
19.7 Approximation Methods William F. Ames ................................. 19-60
19.8 Integral Transforms William F. Ames ........................................ 19-62
19.9 Calculus of Variations Approximation William F. Ames............ 19-67
19.10 Optimization Methods George Cain .......................................... 19-70
19.11 Engineering and Statistics Y. L. Tong ........................................ 19-73
19.12 Numerical Methods William F. Ames ........................................ 19-85
19.13 Experimental Uncertainty Analysis W. G. Steele and
H. W. Coleman ............................................................................19-118
19.14 Chaos R. L. Kautz.....................................................................19-125
19.15 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic Dan M. Frangopol ........................19-134
SECTION 20 Patent Law and Miscellaneous Topics
Frank Kreith
20.1 Patents and Other Intellectual Property Thomas H. Young ......... 20-2
20.2 Product Liability and Safety George A. Peters ........................... 20-11
20.3 Bioengineering Jeff R. Crandall, Gregory W. Hall, and
Walter D. Pilkey ........................................................................... 20-16
20.4 Mechanical Engineering Codes and Standards
Michael Merker ............................................................................ 20-34
20.5 Optics Roland Winston and Walter T. Welford ........................... 20-40
20.6 Water Desalination Noam Lior .................................................. 20-59
20.7 Noise Control Malcolm J. Crocker ............................................. 20-77
20.8 Lighting Technology Barbara Atkinson, Andrea Denver,
James E. McMahon, Leslie Shown, Robert Clear, and
Craig B. Smith.............................................................................. 20-85
APPENDICES Paul Norton
A. Properties of Gases and Vapors ....................................................... A-2
B. Properties of Liquids ..................................................................... B-35
C. Properties of Solids ....................................................................... C-38
D. SI Units ......................................................................................... D-73
E. Miscellaneous................................................................................. E-74

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