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Fall 2013

MECH 261/262

Problem Set 3 Monday 18 October 2013


1. Venturi tube. A venturi tube is to be used to measure fluid velocity. The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to throat diameter is D/d = 2. (a) By the conservation of mass, find a relationship between the velocity in the inlet pipe, u1, and the velocity at the throat, u2. (b) Using Bernoulli equation, please relate the flow rate, Q [m3/s], in the venturi tube to the change in pressure between the inlet pipe and the throat. Assume discharge coefficient

C = 1.
(c) Plot the volume flow rate of air at room temperature ( 1 kg/m3) for the pressure measurements below taken in a venturi tube of throat diameter, d = 2 cm. P2 P1 = -1900, -1525, -1250, -930, -670, -450, -325, -170, -75, -20, 0 (Pa)

2. Rotameter. Before using a rotameter to measure airflow in an experiment, you calibrate it using a dry piston calibration device. You obtain the data points in Table 1. Table 1: Rotameter calibration results. Reading Volume through rotameter [L] Time [sec] 0 10 4 242 20 4 120 30 6 118 40 6 72 50 8 68 60 8 48 70 10 43 80 10 33 90 10 26 100 10 21 (a) Plot volume flow Q, in litres per minute (LPM) versus reading. What is the range of this device? (b) What reading will correspond to a volume flow of Q = 18 LPM? (c) If you run your experiment at room temperature (density of air about 1 kg/m3), what
= 100 g/hr? must your rotameter be set to for a mass flow of m

Fall 2013

MECH 261/262

3. Strain gauge equation. The resistance R, of a strain gauge is a function of the resistivity of the gauge material, its length L, and its cross-sectional area A, as follows:

R=

L A

(2)

Taking the natural logarithm of both sides and differentiating this expression, we write
dR d dL dA = + R L A

(3)

Let axial strain a =

dL dr ; transverse strain t = where r is radius; t = a . Show that Eqn. r L dR = S a , where S is the strain gauge factor. R

2 can be re-written as

4. The integrator circuit. What is the time-varying output voltage, Vo(t), as a function of timevarying input voltage, Vi(t), for the integration circuit in Fig. 1? Assume Vo(0) = 0 V.

Fig. 1: Integrator circuit diagram.

5. High-pass Butterworth filter. If a capacitor is added in series with the resistor in the integrator circuit, a high-pass Butterworth filter results, as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: Butterworth filter circuit diagram. 2

Fall 2013 (a) Find an expression for the gain, G =

MECH 261/262

Vo , in terms of impedance R1, R2 and C. Note that the Vi

absolute value of a complex expression is given by


X + jY = ( X + jY )( X jY )

(4)

(b) If this circuit uses a DC (direct current) source, what is its gain? HINT: For a DC circuit, = 0. (c) If the input voltage signal is time-varying, find the gain as the frequency of Vi gets very large ( ). (d) From your answers to this question, explain why this is known as a high-pass filter. 6. Second-order system. For the ordinary differential equation that describes the input-output relationship for a second-order system

1 d 2 y 2 dy + +y= Kx n dt 2 n dt

(5)

Briefly describe what each variable represents. What does each variable equal in a massspring-damper system with spring constant (k), mass (m), damping force force, F(t)? 7. Force transducer. A force transducer is used to monitor the bearing load of a small motor. The transducer will be installed directly under one of two bearings, each at one end of the shaft. The motor is operated in the range between 1500 and 6000 rpm and has a mass of m = 10 kg. The transducer has a low damping ratio of = 0.1 and experiences a deflection of x = 0.1 mm under a force of F = 200 N. (a) Why can a force transducer be modeled as a second-order system? (b) What is the stiffness, k, of the transducer? (c) What is the natural frequency, n , of the transducer? (d) What is the maximum forcing frequency, max , and the ratio of max to n ? (e) Using Fig. 11.8 in the textbook (Wheeler & Ganji), determine if this transducer is appropriate for this application. If not, suggest a better damping ratio, .

dy and applied dt

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