MECH 261/262
C = 1.
(c) Plot the volume flow rate of air at room temperature ( 1 kg/m3) for the pressure measurements below taken in a venturi tube of throat diameter, d = 2 cm. P2 P1 = -1900, -1525, -1250, -930, -670, -450, -325, -170, -75, -20, 0 (Pa)
2. Rotameter. Before using a rotameter to measure airflow in an experiment, you calibrate it using a dry piston calibration device. You obtain the data points in Table 1. Table 1: Rotameter calibration results. Reading Volume through rotameter [L] Time [sec] 0 10 4 242 20 4 120 30 6 118 40 6 72 50 8 68 60 8 48 70 10 43 80 10 33 90 10 26 100 10 21 (a) Plot volume flow Q, in litres per minute (LPM) versus reading. What is the range of this device? (b) What reading will correspond to a volume flow of Q = 18 LPM? (c) If you run your experiment at room temperature (density of air about 1 kg/m3), what
= 100 g/hr? must your rotameter be set to for a mass flow of m
Fall 2013
MECH 261/262
3. Strain gauge equation. The resistance R, of a strain gauge is a function of the resistivity of the gauge material, its length L, and its cross-sectional area A, as follows:
R=
L A
(2)
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides and differentiating this expression, we write
dR d dL dA = + R L A
(3)
dL dr ; transverse strain t = where r is radius; t = a . Show that Eqn. r L dR = S a , where S is the strain gauge factor. R
2 can be re-written as
4. The integrator circuit. What is the time-varying output voltage, Vo(t), as a function of timevarying input voltage, Vi(t), for the integration circuit in Fig. 1? Assume Vo(0) = 0 V.
5. High-pass Butterworth filter. If a capacitor is added in series with the resistor in the integrator circuit, a high-pass Butterworth filter results, as shown in Fig. 2.
MECH 261/262
(4)
(b) If this circuit uses a DC (direct current) source, what is its gain? HINT: For a DC circuit, = 0. (c) If the input voltage signal is time-varying, find the gain as the frequency of Vi gets very large ( ). (d) From your answers to this question, explain why this is known as a high-pass filter. 6. Second-order system. For the ordinary differential equation that describes the input-output relationship for a second-order system
1 d 2 y 2 dy + +y= Kx n dt 2 n dt
(5)
Briefly describe what each variable represents. What does each variable equal in a massspring-damper system with spring constant (k), mass (m), damping force force, F(t)? 7. Force transducer. A force transducer is used to monitor the bearing load of a small motor. The transducer will be installed directly under one of two bearings, each at one end of the shaft. The motor is operated in the range between 1500 and 6000 rpm and has a mass of m = 10 kg. The transducer has a low damping ratio of = 0.1 and experiences a deflection of x = 0.1 mm under a force of F = 200 N. (a) Why can a force transducer be modeled as a second-order system? (b) What is the stiffness, k, of the transducer? (c) What is the natural frequency, n , of the transducer? (d) What is the maximum forcing frequency, max , and the ratio of max to n ? (e) Using Fig. 11.8 in the textbook (Wheeler & Ganji), determine if this transducer is appropriate for this application. If not, suggest a better damping ratio, .
dy and applied dt