UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATIONS 2007/2008

SECOND YEAR SUPPLEMENTARY/RE-SIT EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE SMA 206: INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS DATE: , INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question 1 and Two other Questions. Question 1 (30 Marks) (a). Give a short denition of each of the following, citing an example in each case: (i). uncountable set A (ii). Cauchy sequence {xn } [1 mark] [1 mark] T IM E :

(b). (i). Show that the set = Z\{2, 4, ..., 2n, ...} is countable, where Z denotes the set of integers. [3 marks] (ii). Prove that 3 is irrational. [5 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks]

(c).(i). Give the denition of uniform continuity of a function f on E R. (ii). Let f : R R be dened by f (x) = 4x. Show that f is uniformly continuous. (d). (i). Dene a metric on a set X . (ii). Let d be any metric on R and dene by (x, y ) =
d(x,y ) 1+d(x,y ) ,

for all x, y R. [4 marks] [2 marks]

Show that is also a metric on R. (e). (i). State the Intermediate Value Theorem(IVT).

(ii). Use the IVT to show that the equation x3 4x = 0 has at least one real root between 3 and 1. [2 marks] (f ). Let f : [0, 1] R be dened by f (x) = 1 0 if x is rational if x is irrational [3 marks] [3 marks]

Show that f is not Riemann-integrable. (g). Let {xn } be a convergent sequence of real numbers. Prove that {xn } is Cauchy.

Question 2 (20 Marks) (a). Let f : R+ R be dened by f (x) = 3x, 5 x, 0x<1 x1 [4 marks] [2 marks]

(i). Graph f (x). (ii). Determine the nature of discontinuity of f .

(b).(i). Suppose x R and 0 < x. Show that there is an irrational number between 0 and x. [4 marks] (ii). Give an example of a bounded sequence in R that does not converge. [2 marks]

(c).(i). Construct a set of real numbers with only 3 limits (Hint: You may use the fact 1 that the set A = { n : n N} has only 0 as its limit point). [4 marks] (ii). Let A = {x R : 2 x < 1} (0, 5). Find inf(A), sup(A) and max(A). [ 4 marks]

Question 3 (20 Marks) (a).(i). State the Criterion of Convergence of a sequence {xn }. [3 marks]

(ii). Suppose {xn } and {yn } are sequences such that xn x and yn y . Prove that xn + yn x + y . [6 marks] (b). Let A and B be subsets of a metric space M . Recall that A0 , the interior of A, is the set of interior points of A. (i). Prove that A0 B 0 (A B )0 . B 0 = (A [6 marks] B )0 . [3 marks]

(ii). Give an example of two subsets A and B of the real line such that A0

(c). Give an example to show that if x and y are irrational numbers, then x + y and xy may not necessarily be irrational. [2 marks]

Question 4 (20 Marks) (a). If x and y are real numbers such that x < y , then show that there is an irrational number r such that x < r < y . [4 marks] (b). Let E be a closed and bounded subset of R. Show that sup(E ) and inf(E ) belong to E . (c).(i). Given a set X , dene d(x, y ) = 1, if x = y 0, if x = y [4 marks] B )0 = . [4 marks] [8 marks]

Show that d is a metric on X . (ii). Give an example of two subsets A and B of R such that A0 = B 0 = but (A

Question 5 (20 Marks)

1) (a).(i). Show from First Principles that the sequence xn = 2 + ( n2 , for all n N converges to 2. [6 marks]
n

(b). Prove that the set Q of rational numbers is countable and use the uncountability of R to show that Qc is uncountable. [10 marks] (c). Give an example to show that an arbitrary intersection of open subsets in R is not necessarily open.

[4 marks]