SHEAR STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF PVC GEOMEMBRANE/GEOSYNTHETIC INTERFACES

Ryan P. Hillman 1 and Timothy D. Stark 2, Associate Member, ASCE

A paper accepted for publication in the I.G.S. Geosynthetics International Journal December 27, 2000 __________________ 1 Graduate Research Assistant of Civil Engrg., University of Illinois, Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab. MC-250, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801-2352, (217) 244-9092 2 Professor of Civil and Environmental Engrg., University of Illinois, Newmark Civil Engrg. Lab. MC-250, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801-2352, (217) 333-7394 Click Here for .pdf version of this paper

SHEAR STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF !C GEO"E"#RANE$GEOS%NTHETIC INTERFACES __________________________________________________________ A#STRACT& Torsional rin' shear and lar'e(scale direct shear tests )ere cond*cted to investi'ate the shear +ehavior of pol,vin,l chloride - !C. 'eo/e/+rane$'eos,nthetic interfaces. Specificall,0 the s/ooth and faille(finished sides of a 1.23 // thick !C 'eo/e/+rane )ere sheared a'ainst five different non)oven 'eote4tiles0 a draina'e co/posite0 a 'eonet0 and an *nreinforced 'eos,nthetic cla, liner -GC5.. Test res*lts indicate that the s/ooth side of the !C 'eo/e/+rane ,ields a hi'her interface shear resistance than the faille(finished side d*e to the lar'er contact area and hi'her plia+ilit, of the s/ooth side. The interface shear +ehavior of the !C 'eo/e/+rane is co/pared to that of a hi'h densit,

pol,eth,lene -H6 E. 'eo/e/+rane and t)o ver, fle4i+le pol,eth,lene -!F E. 'eo/e/+ranes. Faille(finished !C 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interfaces e4perience a post(peak stren'th loss of less than 738 at nor/al stresses +et)een 911 and :11 k a and no post(peak stren'th loss at nor/al stresses of 31 k a and +elo). This +ehavior is attri+*ted to the plia+ilit, of the !C 'eo/e/+rane0 )hich ena+les -9. the 'eo/e/+rane s*rface to +e ro*'hened0 -7. the other interface co/ponent to e/+ed into the 'eo/e/+rane as shearin' pro'resses0 and -;. no te4t*rin' to +e *sed that can da/a'e the overl,in' 'eos,nthetic. These /echanis/s help /aintain a hi'h interface shear resistance +, co*nteractin' stren'th(red*cin' effects0 s*ch as 'eote4tile fi+ers +ein' p*lled or torn o*t d*rin' shearin'. The effects of non)oven 'eote4tile fi+er t,pe0 /ass per *nit area0 and calenderin' on !C 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interface stren'th are also investi'ated. <E%=OR6S& !C Geo/e/+rane0 Geote4tile0 Geos,nthetic Cla, 5iner0 6raina'e Co/posite0 6irect Shear Test0 Rin' Shear Test0 Shear Stren'th0 Slope Sta+ilit, A>THORS& R. . Hill/an0 ro?ect En'ineer0 Golder Associates0 Inc.0 91 Chr,sler0 S*ite #0 Irvine0 CA @7A9B0 >SA0 Telephone& @:@(3B;(72110 Telefa4& @:@(3B;(7221. T. 6. Stark0 rofessor of Civil and Environ/ental En'ineerin'0 7792 Ne)/ark Civil En'ineerin' 5a+orator,0 >niversit, of Illinois0 713 N. "athe)s Ave.0 >r+ana0 I5 A9B190 >SA0 Telephone& 9$792(;;;(2;@:0 Telefa4& 9$792(;;;(@:A:. >#5ICATION& Geosynthetics International is p*+lished +, the Ind*strial Fa+rics Association International0 9B19 Co*nt, Road # =est0 Roseville0 "innesota 3399;( :1A90 >SA0 Telephone& 9$A97(777(731B0 Telefa4& 9$A97(A;9(@;;:. Geosynthetics International is re'istered *nder ISSN 9127(A;:@. 6ATES& Ori'inal /an*script received 9B 6ece/+er 9@@@0 res*+/itted 77 6ece/+er 71110 and accepted CC. 6isc*ssion open *ntil CC. REFERENCE& Hill/an0 R. .0 and Stark0 T. 6.0 71190 DShear Stren'th Characteristics of !C Geo/e/+rane$Geos,nthetic InterfacesE0 Geosynthetics International0 !ol. C0 No. C0 pp. CC.

INTRODUCTION

The usual desig !"#e$%i&e '!( i)*!u d)e %s a d +as%e $! %ai )e % 'a$ili%ies is %! )a,i)i-e s%!(age $a*a$i%./ Thus0 i% is i)*!(%a % %! $! s%(u$% %hei( sidesl!*es as s%ee*l. as *!ssi"le/ T! (edu$e lea1age '(!) %hese 'a$ili%ies0 a $!)*!si%e li e( s.s%e) %ha% i $!(*!(a%es a ge!)e)"(a e is usuall. i s%alled/ F!( e,a)*le0 )u i$i*al a d ha-a(d!us +as%e $! %ai )e % 'a$ili%ies i %he U i%ed S%a%es a(e (e2ui(ed %! ha&e a $!)*!si%e li e( a d $!&e( s.s%e) %ha% usuall. $! sis%s !' a $!)*a$%ed $la. li e( a d/!( a ge!s. %he%i$ $la. li e( 3GC45 a d !%he( ge!s. %he%i$ )a%e(ials/ The ge!s. %he%i$ $!)*! e %s !' %hese s.s%e)s (!u%i el. i $lude la.e(s !' ge! e%s !( d(ai age $!)*!si%es0 ge!%e,%ile $ushi! s a d/!( 'il%e(s0 a d a ge!)e)"(a e/ A i)*!(%a % $ha(a$%e(is%i$ !' %hese $!)*!si%e li e( s.s%e)s +i%h (es*e$% %! sl!*e s%a"ili%. is %he shea( (esis%a $e al! g %he &a(i!us $!)*! e % i %e('a$es/ A u)"e( !' $ase his%!(ies 3B.( e e% al/ 16670 Seed a d B!ula ge( 16610 Seed e% al/ 16680 S%a(1 16665 sugges% %ha% a ge!)e)"(a e $a $(ea%e a *(!"le)a%i$ i %e('a$e due %! l!+ '(i$%i! al (esis%a $e "e%+ee i% a d a !%he( ge!s. %he%i$ $!)*! e % !( s!il/ T! da%e0 da%a ! %he shea( "eha&i!( a d *ea1 a d (esidual shea( s%(e g%hs !' PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$es ha&e !% "ee *u"lished/ T! 'ill %his eed0 %!(si! al (i g shea( a d la(ge9s$ale di(e$% shea( %es%s +e(e $! du$%ed ! a &a(ie%. !' PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$es/ These %es% (esul%s a(e su))a(i-ed he(ei a d $!)*le)e %/di''e( '(!) %he e,%e si&e i '!()a%i! a&aila"le ! HDPE ge!)e)"(a e/ge!s. %he%i$ a d HDPE ge!)e)"(a e/s!il i %e('a$es 3B!&e 16680 D!&e a d F(!s% 16660 :!e( e( e% al/ 16;<0 Ma(%i e% al/ 16;=0 Mi%$hell e% al/ 16680 Negusse. e% al/ 16;60 O>R!u(1e e% al/ 16680 Sa,e a a d ?! g 16;=0 S%a(1 a d P!e**el 166=0 S%a(1 e% al/ 166<0 Ta1asu)i e% al/ 16610 ?illia)s a d H!uliha 16;@0 Yegia a d 4ahla' 16675/ I% +ill "e sh!+ %ha% %he highe( *lia"ili%. a d s%i$1. a%u(e !' PVC ge!)e)"(a es (esul%s i a di''e(e % i %e('a$e shea( "eha&i!( %ha HDPE ge!)e)"(a es/ This (esul%ed i li%%le si)ila(i%ies %! %he e,is%i g da%a ! HDPE ge!)e)"(a es a d %hus 'e+ li 1ages %! %he e,is%i g li%e(a%u(e/ A da%a"ase !' *ea1 i %e('a$e '(i$%i! a gles a d shea( dis*la$e)e %s '!( a 8/@A )) %hi$1 *!l.&i .l $hl!(ide 3PVC5 ge!)e)"(a e +i%h %.*i$al ge!s. %he%i$ $!&e( a d li e( s.s%e) $!)*! e %s is *(ese %ed i Ta"le 1/ Ea$h '(i$%i! a gle a d shea( dis*la$e)e % &alue $!((es*! ds %! a *a(%i$ula( !()al s%(ess/ F!( e,a)*le0 %he 'i(s% i %e('a$e lis%ed0 'aille PVC/GT10 has a *ea1 se$a % '(i$%i! a gle !' 7;0 7;0 7@0 7A0 a d 7= deg(ees a% a !()al s%(ess !' 1@0 A80 1880 7880 a d =88 1Pa0 (es*e$%i&el./ A da%a"ase !' %he $!((es*! di g (esidual i %e('a$e '(i$%i! a gles a d shea( dis*la$e)e %s is sh!+ i Ta"le 7/ All !' %he &alues i Ta"les 1 a d 7 +e(e !"%ai ed '(!) (i g shea( %es%s as %he

di(e$% shea( %es%s +e(e *e('!()ed ! l. %! &e(i'. %he (i g shea( %es% (esul%s a d %! $!)*a(e %he %+! %es% )e%h!ds/ De%ails !' %he (i g shea( a d di(e$% shea( %es% (esul%s a(e dis$ussed %h(!ugh!u% %his *a*e(/ The da%a"ases i Ta"les 1 a d 7 *(!&ide desig e(s a d age $ies +i%h i '!()a%i! '!( es%i)a%i g %he '(i$%i! al *e('!()a $e !' $e(%ai ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$es as +ell as i '!()a%i! '!( sele$%i g %he a**(!*(ia%e ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile '!( $!)*!si%e li e( !( $!&e( s.s%e)s %ha% u%ili-e a PVC ge!)e)"(a e %! )a,i)i-e i %e('a$e shea( (esis%a $e/ Si $e %he shea( (esis%a $e !' ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$es is *(!#e$%

Ta"le 1/ Su))a(. !' *ea1 ge!)e)"(a e/ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$e '(i$%i! a gles a d shea( dis*la$e)e %s '(!) (i g shea( %es%s 3'!( $!)*a(is! *u(*!ses ! l.B5 Secant peak friction an'le for Shear displace/ent at peak nor/al stresses of 920 310 9110 friction an'le for nor/al stresses 7110 and :11 k a0 of 920 310 9110 7110 and :11 k a0 respectivel,0 e4cept as noted respectivel,0 e4cept as noted -de'. Faille !C$GT9 Faille !C$GT7 Faille !C$GT; Faille !C$GT: S/ooth !C$GT: Faille !C$GT3 S/ooth H6 E$GT7 Te4t*red H6 E$GT7 S/ooth !F E$GT7 Te4t*red !F E$GT7 7B0 7B0 720 730 7@ ;20 ;;0 ;90 ;70 ;;FF 730 7A0 7B0 7B0 72 710 790 770 7;0 77 7@0 ;10 ;70 ;10 7A ;70 ;10 7@0 ;90 ;9 990 910 990 @0 @FF 330 ;@0 ;70 ;;0 ;9FF 990 @0 910 20 2FF :70 ;70 ;10 720 72FF -//. 3110 3130 3310 9310 9:1 91110 3110 710 9B0 91FF 3110 3310 :B10 9110 93 7110 7730 9110 730 71 91110 @B30 @@10 3110 :11 :110 :330 9110 B10 23 :0 ;0 ;0 :0 7FF 970 30 20 :0 AFF ;0 90 90 90 9FF 20 A0 30 20 3FF

Geo/e/+rane$ 'eos,nthetic interface

Faille !C$draina'e co/posite Faille !C$'eonet

;:0 730 7B0 7B0 72 7;0 730 7A0 7:0 73

3110 7730 ;30 9B0 92 70 70 70 ;0 2

Faille !C$s/ooth(+acked GC5 Faille !C$te4t*red(+acked GC5

720 7B0 770 710 9: 720 730 730 7A0 7:

90 90 90 90 9 90 90 90 70 ;

FSite specific interface testin' sho*ld +e cond*cted for desi'n p*rposes. FFInterface tested at nor/al stresses of 920 :B0 @A0 9@70 and 7B3 k a instead of 920 310 9110 7110 and :11 k a.

s*e$i'i$ a d *(!du$% de*e de %0 *(ese %a%i! a d dis$ussi! !' %he %es% (esul%s he(ei a(e $! $e %(a%ed ! shea( "eha&i!( (a%he( %ha *(!&idi g s*e$i'i$ shea( s%(e g%h &alues '!( use i desig a**li$a%i! s/ PVC ge!)e)"(a es $a "e )a u'a$%u(ed +i%h a s)!!%h side a d a e)"!ssed side/ The su('a$e !' %he e)"!ssed side usuall. (ese)"les %ha% !' a 'ile0 a d is $alled a C'aille9'i ishedD su('a$e/ A$$!(di gl.0 a 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e is ! e i +hi$h %he 'aille9'i ished su('a$e !' a PVC ge!)e)"(a e is shea(ed agai s% a !%he( ge!s. %he%i$ $!)*! e % 3see Ta"les 1 a d 75/ A s)!!%h PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e is ! e i +hi$h %he s)!!%h su('a$e !' a PVC ge!)e)"(a e is shea(ed agai s% a !%he( ge!s. %he%i$ $!)*! e %/ 7 TORSIONA5 RING SHEAR A ARAT>S

Stark and oeppel -9@@:.0 Stark et al. -9@@A.0 and Eid and Stark -9@@2. descri+e the *se of a torsional rin' shear apparat*s to /eas*re the shear stren'th of 'eos,nthetic$'eos,nthetic and 'eos,nthetic$soil interfaces. In s*//ar,0 the torsional rin' shear apparat*s allo)s& -9. *nli/ited contin*o*s shear displace/ent to occ*r in one direction0 res*ltin' in the develop/ent of a tr*e resid*al stren'th

conditionG -7. a constant cross(sectional area d*rin' shearG -;. /ini/al la+orator, s*pervisionG and -:. data acH*isition techniH*es to +e readil, *sed.

Ta"le 7/ Su))a(. !' (esidual ge!)e)"(a e/ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$e '(i$%i! a gles a d shea( dis*la$e)e %s '(!) (i g shea( %es%s 3'!( $!)*a(is! *u(*!ses ! l.B5 Secant resid*al friction an'le for nor/al stresses of 920 310 9110 7110 and :11 k a0 respectivel,0 e4cept as noted -de'. Faille !C$GT9 Faille !C$GT7 Faille !C$GT; Faille !C$GT: S/ooth !C$GT: Faille !C$GT3 S/ooth H6 E$GT7 Te4t*red H6 E$GT7 S/ooth !F E$GT7 Te4t*red !F E$GT7 7B0 7B0 720 7:0 73 ;20 ;;0 7A0 7A0 7AFF 730 7A0 720 7A0 7: 710 790 790 710 71 7@0 ;10 ;70 ;10 7A ;70 ;10 7B0 ;10 7@ 20 20 30 A0 3FF 730 920 9A0 930 9AFF 30 :0 30 30 AFF 730 770 710 9@0 9@FF Shear displace/ent at resid*al friction an'le for nor/al stresses of 920 310 9110 7110 and :11 k a0 respectivel,0 e4cept as noted -//. 3110 3130 3310 3B30 A71 91110 3110 9230 9A10 931FF 3110 3310 3B10 A110 A93 7110 7730 7;10 ;910 ;11 91110 @B30 @@10 3110 :11 :110 :330 :A30 3130 331 330 3;0 :30 :90 ;3FF 7130 9230 9:30 9730 911FF 9230 9:10 310 :10 73FF 9310 9:30 9230 9B10 9@3FF

Geo/e/+rane$ 'eos,nthetic interface

Faille !C$draina'e co/posite Faille !C$'eonet

;:0 730 7;0 770 79 9B0 710 9@0 790 9@

3110 7730 7110 230 A3 730 710 930 :10 31

Faille !C$s/ooth( +acked GC5 Faille !C$te4t*red( +acked GC5

790 790 990 990 91 790 9@0 9B0 9B0 9B

;10 ;10 9B0 930 91 9;0 910 970 910 93

FSite specific interface testin' sho*ld +e cond*cted for desi'n p*rposes. FFInterface tested at nor/al stresses of 920 :B0 @A0 9@70 and 7B3 k a instead of 920 310 9110 7110 and :11 k a.

A )!di'ied B(!)head (i g shea( a**a(a%us +as used %! )easu(e %he shea( s%(e g%h !' %he ge!)e)"(a e/ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$es des$(i"ed he(ei / A )!di'ied s*e$i)e $! %ai e( +as used %! h!ld %he "!%%!) i %e('a$e $!)*! e % i *la$e/ I %es%s ! ge!s. %he%i$/ge!s. %he%i$ i %e('a$es0 %he 1 u(led *!(!us s%! e i %he s*e$i)e $! %ai e( +as (e*la$ed +i%h a *las%i$ i se(% %! se$u(e %he a**(!*(ia%e ge!s. %he%i$/ The i se(% +as 'as%e ed %! %he s*e$i)e $! %ai e( usi g '!u( s$(e+s/ S*e$i'i$all.0 a a ula( ge!)e)"(a e !( GC4 s*e$i)e +i%h a i side a d !u%side dia)e%e( !' =8 a d 188 ))0 (es*e$%i&el.0 +as se$u(ed %! %he *las%i$ i se(% usi g a adhesi&e/ The !%he( i %e('a$e $!)*! e % +as adhe(ed %! %he %!* 3l!adi g5 *la%e / The !()al s%(ess +as a**lied %! %he %!* *la%e 0 +hi$h si%s ! %!* !' %he s*e$i)e $! %ai e(/ Du(i g shea(i g0 %he "!%%!) i %e('a$e $!)*! e % )!&es +i%h (es*e$% %! %he s%a%i! a(. %!* i %e('a$e $!)*! e %/ All !' %he shea( dis*la$e)e % &alues a d shea( dis*la$e)e % (a%es (e*!(%ed i %his *a*e( +e(e $al$ula%ed usi g a dia)e%e( !' @8 ))0 +hi$h is %he a&e(age dia)e%e( !' %he a ula( s*e$i)e / E ;.9 RING SHEAR SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND TEST PROCEDURE Geos,nthetics >sed in Shear Testin'

The ge!s. %he%i$s used i %he i %e('a$e shea( %es%i g a(e lis%ed "el!+/ A'%e( ea$h ge!s. %he%i$ is a ide %i'ie( i *a(e %heses %! 'a$ili%a%e $!)*a(is! !' %he %es% (esul%s %h(!ugh!u% %his *a*e(/ ol,vin,l Chloride Geo/e/+rane - !C.& A 1.23 // thick 'eo/e/+rane )ith a faille(finished side and a s/ooth side. This 'eo/e/+rane is

/an*fact*red +, Canadian General(To)er0 5td. of Ca/+rid'e0 Ontario0 Canada. Te4t*red Hi'h 6ensit, ol,eth,lene Geo/e/+rane -T(H6 E.& A 9.31 //

thick0 coe4tr*ded te4t*red 'eo/e/+rane that is /an*fact*red +, GSE 5inin' Technolo',0 Inc. of Ho*ston0 Te4as. S/ooth Hi'h 6ensit, Inc. of Ho*ston0 Te4as. Te4t*red !er, Fle4i+le ol,eth,lene Geo/e/+rane -T(!F E.& A 9.11 // ol,eth,lene Geo/e/+rane -S(H6 E.& A 9.31 //

thick0 s/ooth 'eo/e/+rane that is /an*fact*red +, GSE 5inin' Technolo',0

thick0 coe4tr*ded te4t*red 'eo/e/+rane that is /an*fact*red +, GSE 5inin' Technolo',0 Inc. of Ho*ston0 Te4as. S/ooth !er, Fle4i+le Inc. of Ho*ston0 Te4as. 6raina'e Co/posite -6C.& A 3.A // thick H6 E 'eonet heat +onded to t)o non)oven0 pol,ester 'eote4tiles0 each )ith a /ass per *nit area of 721 '$/ 7. This draina'e co/posite is /an*fact*red +, Serrot International0 Inc. of Henderson0 Nevada. Geonet -GN.& A 3.A // thick H6 E 'eonet heat +onded to one non)oven0 pol,ester 'eote4tile )ith a /ass per *nit area of 721 '$/ 7. This 'eonet co/posite is /an*fact*red +, Serrot International0 Inc. of Henderson0 Nevada. >nreinforced Geos,nthetic Cla, 5iner -GC5.& A 3 // thick la,er of +entonite adhered to a 1.31 // thick s/ooth or a 9.11 // thick te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane. This GC5 is /an*fact*red +, GSE 5inin' Technolo',0 Inc. of Ho*ston0 Te4as. ol,eth,lene Geo/e/+rane -S(!F E.& A 9.11 //

thick0 s/ooth 'eo/e/+rane that is /an*fact*red +, GSE 5inin' Technolo',0

Non)oven Geote4tile -GT9.& A non)oven0 pol,prop,lene 'eote4tile )ith a /ass per *nit area of 3:1 '$/ 7. This 'eote4tile is /an*fact*red +, A/oco Fa+rics I Fi+ers Co/pan, of Atlanta0 Geor'ia.

Non)oven Geote4tile -GT7.& A non)oven0 pol,ester 'eote4tile )ith a /ass per *nit area of 3:1 '$/7. This 'eote4tile is /an*fact*red +, Johns "anville of Spartan+*r'0 So*th Carolina.

Non)oven Geote4tile -GT;.& A non)oven0 pol,prop,lene 'eote4tile )ith a /ass per *nit area of 713 '$/7. This 'eote4tile )as /an*fact*red +, ol,felt A/ericas of Atlanta0 Geor'ia.

Non)oven Geote4tile -GT:.& A non)oven0 pol,prop,lene 'eote4tile )ith a /ass per *nit area of 3:1 '$/7. This 'eote4tile )as /an*fact*red +, ol,felt A/ericas of Atlanta0 Geor'ia.

Non)oven Geote4tile -GT3.& A non)oven0 calendered0 pol,prop,lene 'eote4tile )ith a /ass per *nit area of 3:1 '$/ 7. This 'eote4tile is /an*fact*red +, A/oco Fa+rics I Fi+ers Co/pan, of Atlanta0 Geor'ia.

;.7

!C Geo/e/+rane Speci/en reparation !C 'eo/e/+rane speci/ens )ere c*t into an ann*lar shape and sec*red to a

plastic insert in the speci/en container for all of the interface tests e4cept the *nreinforced GC5$ !C 'eo/e/+rane interface tests. In the *nreinforced GC5 interface tests0 the !C 'eo/e/+rane )as sec*red to the top platen and the *nreinforced GC5 )as adhered to the plastic insert in the speci/en container. A thin coat of epo4, )as *sed to adhere the !C 'eo/e/+rane to either the plastic insert or the top platen. The epo4, )as allo)ed to c*re for 7: ho*rs *nder a nor/al stress of 93 k a for speci/ens that )o*ld +e sheared at a nor/al stress of 92 k a and a nor/al stress of 73 k a for all other shearin' nor/al stresses. As a res*lt0 the c*rin' nor/al stress did not e4ceed the nor/al stress at )hich the test )as cond*cted. The c*rin' nor/al stress aided +ondin' of the 'eo/e/+rane and

/ini/iKed vertical displace/ent ca*sed +, the epo4, d*rin' testin'. 'eo/e/+rane did not slip d*rin' shearin'. ;.; Non)oven Geote4tile Speci/en reparation

The

'eo/e/+rane and speci/en container$top platen )ere /arked to ens*re that the

All non)oven 'eote4tile speci/ens )ere sec*red to the top platen. To aid sec*rin' of a 'eote4tile to the top platen0 the 'eote4tile )as initiall, 'l*ed to a s/ooth H6 E 'eo/e/+rane rin' that )as c*t to the sa/e siKe as the !C 'eo/e/+rane speci/en. The 'eote4tile )as c*t in a circle )ith a dia/eter of appro4i/atel, 9A1 //0 )hich is lar'er than the o*tside dia/eter of the rin' shear speci/en -911 //.. A s/all circ*lar hole -ro*'hl, 71 //. )as c*t in the center of the 'eote4tile speci/en so that the centerin' pin of the rin' shear apparat*s )as not interfered )ith. The H6 E 'eo/e/+rane rin' )as then 'l*ed to the 'eote4tile *sin' a thin coat of epo4,. A 7(; k' /ass )as placed on the 'eote4tile$'eo/e/+rane rin' to aid adhesion. After a+o*t 93 /in*tes of dr,in'0 the 'eote4tile e4tendin' +e,ond the ed'e of the 'eo/e/+rane rin' )as c*t so that ei'ht )ed'es or flaps of 'eote4tile that )ere eH*al in siKe and spacin' re/ained. Epo4, )as applied to the +ack of the s/ooth 'eo/e/+rane and the ei'ht 'eote4tile )ed'es )ere folded over and adhered to the +ack side of the s/ooth 'eo/e/+rane. The 7(; k' /ass )as reapplied for ro*'hl, :3 /in*tes. This )rappin' of the 'eote4tile aro*nd the 'eo/e/+rane rin' prevented 'eote4tile fi+ers fro/ readil, p*llin' o*t d*rin' shearin'. The ge!%e,%ile/ge!)e)"(a e (i g s.s%e) +as se$u(ed %! %he %!* *la%e usi g a %hi $!a% !' e*!,./ The side +i%h %he eigh% +edges +as adhe(ed %! %he %!* *la%e / The %!* *la%e +i%h %he a%%a$hed ge!%e,%ile s*e$i)e +as %he *la$ed i %he (i g shea( a**a(a%us ! %!* !' %he s*e$i)e $! %ai e(0 %! +hi$h %he ge!)e)"(a e +as adhe(ed/ A sa$(i'i$ial ge!%e,%ile $ushi! +as *la$ed "e%+ee %he ge!)e)"(a e a d ge!%e,%ile s! %ha% %he(e +as ! $! %a$% "e%+ee %he i %e('a$e $!)*! e %s "e'!(e shea(i g/ The e*!,. +as all!+ed %! $u(e '!( 7= h!u(s u de( a !()al s%(ess 31A !( 7A 1Pa5 %ha% did !% e,$eed %he !()al s%(ess a% +hi$h %he %es% +as %! "e $! du$%ed/ The %!* *la%e a d ge!%e,%ile +e(e als! )a(1ed %! e su(e %ha% %he ge!%e,%ile did !% sli* du(i g shea(i g/

A'%e( all!+i g %he e*!,. %! $u(e '!( 7= h!u(s0 %he sa$(i'i$ial ge!%e,%ile +as (e)!&ed a d %he %+! i %e('a$e $!)*! e %s +e(e *la$ed i $! %a$% su$h %ha% ! (ela%i&e dis*la$e)e % !$$u((ed "e%+ee %he) *(i!( %! shea(i g/ The (i g shea( a**a(a%us +as %he l!aded %! %he shea(i g !()al s%(ess usi g a l!ad i $(e)e % (a%i! 34IR5 !' 1/8/ O $e %he desi(ed !()al s%(ess +as a**lied0 %he i %e('a$e s.s%e) +as all!+ed %! e2uili"(a%e '!( a"!u% 78 )i u%es "e'!(e shea(i g +as s%a(%ed/ A shea( dis*la$e)e % (a%e !' 8/E@ ))/)i +as used '!( all !' %he ge!)e)"(a e/ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e %es%i g/ The ge!)e)"(a e/ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es +e(e shea(ed %! a dis*la$e)e % !' a% leas% 1888 )) "e'!(e shea(i g +as s%!**ed/ E/= D(ai age C!)*!si%e a d Ge! e% S*e$i)e P(e*a(a%i!

The d(ai age $!)*!si%e s*e$i)e s +e(e a ula( +i%h a dia)e%e( !' a**(!,i)a%el. 188 )) a d a $e %e( $i($ula( h!le !' a**(!,i)a%el. 78 ))/ E*!,. +as a**lied %! ! e !' %he ge!%e,%iles !' %he d(ai age $!)*!si%e i !(de( %! adhe(e %he $!)*!si%e %! %he %!* *la%e / The e*!,. +as all!+ed %! $u(e i %he (i g shea( a**a(a%us '!( 7= h!u(s u de( a !()al s%(ess 31A !( 7A 1Pa5 %ha% did !% e,$eed %he !()al s%(ess a% +hi$h %he %es% +as %! "e $! du$%ed/ A sa$(i'i$ial ge!%e,%ile +as agai used s! %he i %e('a$e $!)*! e %s +e(e !% i $! %a$% *(i!( %! shea(i g/ A'%e( %he e*!,. had $u(ed '!( 7= h!u(s0 %he sa$(i'i$ial ge!%e,%ile +as (e)!&ed a d %he %+! i %e('a$e $!)*! e %s +e(e *la$ed i $! %a$% su$h %ha% ! (ela%i&e dis*la$e)e % !$$u((ed "e%+ee %he)/ The (i g shea( a**a(a%us +as %he l!aded %! %he shea(i g !()al s%(ess usi g a 4IR !' 1/8/ O $e %he desi(ed !()al s%(ess +as a**lied0 %he i %e('a$e s.s%e) +as all!+ed %! e2uili"(a%e '!( a"!u% 78 )i u%es "e'!(e shea(i g +as s%a(%ed/ A shea( dis*la$e)e % (a%e !' 8/E@ ))/)i +as used '!( all !' %he ge!)e)"(a e/d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e %es%i g a d %he i %e('a$es +e(e all!+ed %! u de(g! shea( dis*la$e)e %s !' a% leas% 1888 )) "e'!(e shea(i g +as s%!**ed/ T! *(e*a(e a ge! e% s*e$i)e 0 ! e !' %he ge!%e,%iles +as (e)!&ed '(!) %he d(ai age $!)*!si%e %! e,*!se %he HDPE ge! e%/ A'%e(+a(ds0 %he ge! e% s*e$i)e *(e*a(a%i! '!ll!+ed %he *(!$edu(e des$(i"ed *(e&i!usl. '!( %he d(ai age $!)*!si%e/ E/A U (ei '!($ed GC4 S*e$i)e P(e*a(a%i!

The u (ei '!($ed GC4 s*e$i)e +as a%%a$hed %! %he *las%i$ i se(% i %he s*e$i)e $! %ai e( +i%h %he "e %! i%e la.e( 'a$i g u*+a(ds/ T! si)ula%e e $a*sula%i! !' %he "e %! i%e i %he 'ield0 %he GC4 s*e$i)e s +e(e %es%ed a% %he )a u'a$%u(ed +a%e( $! %e % a d ! h.d(a%i! +as all!+ed/ The GC4 s*e$i)e s +e(e a ula( +i%h i side a d !u%side dia)e%e(s !' =8 )) a d 188 ))0 (es*e$%i&el./ E*!,. +as a**lied %! %he HDPE ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g !' %he GC4 %! adhe(e i% %! %he *las%i$ i se(%/ The e*!,. +as all!+ed %! $u(e i %he (i g shea( de&i$e '!( 7= h!u(s u de(

a !()al s%(ess !' 1A 1Pa '!( all %es%s/ A sa$(i'i$ial ge!%e,%ile +as !% used du(i g %he $u(i g *(!$ess "e$ause s!)e !' %he "e %! i%e )a. ha&e adhe(ed %! %he ge!%e,%ile/ A'%e( %he e*!,. $u(ed '!( 7= h!u(s0 %he s*e$i)e +as l!aded %! %he shea(i g !()al s%(ess usi g a 4IR !' 1/8/ The i %e('a$e +as %he all!+ed %! e2uili"(a%e '!( 7= h!u(s u de( %his !()al s%(ess "e'!(e shea(i g +as s%a(%ed/ A shea( dis*la$e)e % (a%e !' 8/81A ))/)i +as used '!( all !' %he u (ei '!($ed GC4/ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e %es%s 3Eid a d S%a(1 166@5/ = COMPARISON OF RING SHEAR AND DIRECT SHEAR TEST RESU4TS To facilitate the reH*ired testin'0 it )as desira+le to *se a rin' shear device instead of the lar'e(scale direct shear +o4 reH*ired +, AST" 6 3;79 -9@@B.. AST" 6 3;79 allo)s other shear devices to +e *sed for 'eos,nthetic shear testin' if the, ,ield si/ilar res*lts as the lar'e(scale direct shear +o4. To investi'ate this s*+stit*tion0 lar'e(scale direct shear tests )ere cond*cted on the sa/e !C 'eo/e/+rane interfaces that )ere tested in the torsional rin' shear device. The direct shear tests )ere perfor/ed in accordance )ith AST" 6 3;79. Specificall,0 the lar'e(scale direct shear apparat*s *sed in this st*d, allo)s a ;13 // +, ;13 // *pper 'eos,nthetic speci/en to +e sheared over a lo)er 'eos,nthetic speci/en that is ;13 // +, ;3A //. The nor/al stresses are applied pne*/aticall, and the sa/e shear displace/ent rates *sed for the rin' shear tests )ere *sed for the direct shear tests to avoid displace/ent rate(related discrepancies in the test res*lts. The direct shear tests )ere also cond*cted at the sa/e nor/al stresses *sed in the rin' shear tests to ens*re an acc*rate co/parison of the shear stress(displace/ent relationships and peak and resid*al shear stren'ths. Fi'*re 9 presents a co/parison +et)een the shear stress(displace/ent

relationships o+tained fro/ rin' shear and direct shear tests on a faille

!C

'eo/e/+rane$GT7 'eote4tile interface at a nor/al stress of 9@7 k a. It can +e seen that +oth test proced*res prod*ce si/ilar shear stress(displace/ent relationships. The rin' shear test ,ielded secant peak and resid*al friction an'les of appro4i/atel, ;7 and 7A de'rees0 respectivel,0 )hile the direct shear test ,ielded correspondin' val*es of ;: and 7B de'rees0 respectivel,. This a'ree/ent +et)een the rin' shear and direct shear test res*lts on the faille !C 'eo/e/+rane$GT7 'eote4tile interface is t,pical for all of the interfaces that )ere co/pared -see Ta+le ;.. The /ain difference +et)een the rin' shear and direct shear test /ethods is in the val*es o+tained for the resid*al friction an'le and shear displace/ent at the resid*al stren'th. The direct shear test ter/inates at a shear displace/ent of appro4i/atel, 911 // and0 th*s0 the res*ltin' friction an'le is 'reater than the rin' shear resid*al friction an'le for /an, interfaces. 6irect shear tests )ere cond*cted at one nor/al

stress for each interface -either 9@7 or 711 k a.. Onl, one nor/al stress )as tested +eca*se the foc*s of this paper is !C 'eo/e/+rane$'eos,nthetic interface shear +ehavior0 not a co/parison of rin' shear and direct shear test /ethods. 6irect shear testin' is +ein' cond*cted at other nor/al stresses and the res*lts )ill +e the s*+?ect of a s*+seH*ent paper that co/pares the t)o devices. One nor/al stress )as *sed to sho) a'ree/ent +et)een the t)o testin' /ethods and then the /ore efficient rin' shear device )as *sed to o+tain the test res*lts that co/prise the data+ases of Ta+les 9 and 7. 6isc*ssion of the rin' shear data in Ta+les 9 and 7 is the foc*s of the re/ainder of this paper. In s*//ar,0 it )as ass*/ed that the rin' shear device ,ields si/ilar res*lts to the lar'e(scale direct shear apparat*s for the nor/al stresses and interfaces considered herein and co*ld +e *sed as a s*+stit*te for the direct shear apparat*s as s*''ested in AST" 6 3;79 -9@@B.. The rin' shear device )as

Ta"le E/ C!)*a(is! !' %!(si! al (i g shea( a d la(ge9s$ale di(e$% shea( %es% (esul%s a% a !()al s%(ess !' 788 1Pa 3e,$e*% as !%ed5 3'!( $!)*a(is! *u(*!ses ! l.B5 Rin'$direct shear secant peak friction an'le0 respectivel, -de'$de'. Faille !C$GT9 Faille !C$GT7 Faille !C$GT; Faille !C$GT: 73$;9 ;7$;:FF 7B$7B 7;$77 Rin'$direct Rin'$direct Rin'$direct shear shear secant shear displace/ent at resid*al displace/ent at peak0 friction an'le0 resid*al0 respectivel, respectivel, respectivel, -//$//. 931$911 9B$71FF 911$;1 73$A1 -de'$de'. 7:$;9 7A$7BFF 7A$7B 71$77 -//$//. 3B3$911 9A1$911FF A11$;1 ;91$A1

Geo/e/+rane$ 'eos,nthetic interface

Faille !C$draina'e

7B$;7

9B$72

77$7A

23$B1

co/posite Faille !C$'eonet 7:$72 ;$91 79$77 :1$7A

FSite specific interface testin' sho*ld +e cond*cted for desi'n p*rposes. FFInterface tested at a nor/al stress of 9@7 k a -for +oth /ethods. instead of 711 k a.

chosen +eca*se rin' shear tests are easier and /ore cost effective to perfor/ than lar'e(scale direct shear tests. This is /ainl, d*e to the fact that a /*ch lar'er speci/en is reH*ired for the direct shear test. The lar'er speci/en res*lts in lar'er eH*ip/ent and a lon'er sa/ple preparation ti/e than for the rin' shear device. 3 CO" ARISON OF S"OOTH AN6 FAI55E !C GEO"E"#RANE

INTERFACE SHEAR STRENGTHS Shear tests )ere perfor/ed to deter/ine the effect of a faille finish on the shear stren'th of !C 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interfaces. Fi'*re 7 sho)s the peak and resid*al fail*re envelopes for the s/ooth and faille sides of the !C 'eo/e/+rane sheared a'ainst the GT: non)oven 'eote4tile. It is evident that the s/ooth side of the !C 'eo/e/+rane ,ielded si'nificantl, hi'her peak and resid*al interface shear stren'ths than the faille side. F*rther/ore0 no noticea+le post(peak stren'th loss )as o+served for the s/ooth !C 'eo/e/+rane interface0 and the peak and resid*al fail*re envelopes are essentiall, the sa/e. For e4a/ple0 at a nor/al stress of 711 k a0 the s/ooth !C interface had a secant peak and resid*al friction an'le of ;1 de'rees. At this sa/e nor/al stress0 the faille !C interface ,ielded secant peak and resid*al friction an'les of 7; and 71 de'rees0 respectivel,. The post(peak shear +ehavior is f*rther ill*strated +, the shear stress( displace/ent relationships sho)n in Fi'*re ;. The faille !C interface reached a peak stren'th condition and then e4perienced a post(peak stren'th loss of a+o*t 918. Ho)ever0 the s/ooth !C 'eo/e/+rane interface e4hi+ited a peak shear

stren'th that )as ro*'hl, ;18 hi'her than that for the faille side and it reached this peak stren'th at a lar'er shear displace/ent. The s/ooth !C 'eo/e/+rane interface )as tested to over 9111 // of shear displace/ent and no post(peak stren'th loss )as o+served. The hi'her frictional stren'th of the s/ooth side of a !C 'eo/e/+rane is attri+*ted to its lar'er contact area and

hi'her s*rface plia+ilit, than the faille side. The increased plia+ilit, res*lts in a /ore d*ctile0 /allea+le0 or adapta+le s*rface than the faille side. The difference in s*rface plia+ilit, is attri+*ted to the e/+ossin' process0 )hich res*lts in the e/+ossed pattern creatin' a less plia+le s*rface. The s/ooth side allo)s for a

'reater area of contact +et)een it and the other interface co/ponent +eca*se it doesnLt possess the s*rface depressions of the faille side0 )hich decrease the interface contact area. The faille side )as esti/ated to have a contact s*rface area that is 71 to ;1 percent lo)er than that of the s/ooth side +eca*se of the e/+ossin'. F*rther/ore0 as shearin' pro'resses0 the hi'her s*rface plia+ilit, of the s/ooth side allo)s it to +e& -9. ro*'hened and -7. e/+edded into +, the other interface co/ponent0 res*ltin' in a lar'er shear resistance. The faille side also possesses a hi'h plia+ilit, co/pared to an H6 E 'eo/e/+rane0 ho)ever the other interface co/ponent cannot ro*'hen and e/+ed into the faille side as /*ch as it can on the s/ooth side. This prevents the frictional resistance of the faille side fro/ reachin' that of the s/ooth side. This )as evident fro/ striations on the s/ooth side after shearin' at all nor/al stresses -92 to :11 k a.. In contrast0 the faille side did not e4hi+it an, striations e4cept after tests at nor/al stresses of 711 and :11 k a.

In s*//ar,0 the hi'her s*rface plia+ilit, of the s/ooth side ena+les the stren'th(increasin' /echanis/s disc*ssed a+ove to develop /ore readil, than on the faille side0 )hich acco*nts for the lar'er shear stren'th of the s/ooth side. This also e4plains )h, no post(peak stren'th loss )as o+served for the s/ooth !C 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interfaces. The stren'th(increasin' /echanis/s offset the stren'th(red*cin' effects0 s*ch as 'eote4tile fi+ers +ein' p*lled or torn o*t0 there+, preventin' a loss of interface shear resistance )ith increasin' shear displace/ent. This )as not the case for the faille side +eca*se the stren'th( increasin' /echanis/s )ere not lar'e eno*'h to offset the stren'th(red*cin' effects. Th*s0 a post(peak stren'th loss )as o+served for the faille side. Since the faille side of a the shear stren'th of faille +o*nds for !C 'eo/e/+rane renders a lo)er interface shear !C 'eo/e/+rane interfaces. #, doin' this0 lo)er !C 'eo/e/+rane data presented and !C 'eo/e/+rane

resistance than the s/ooth side0 it )as dee/ed appropriate to foc*s this paper on !C 'eo/e/+rane peak and resid*al interface shear stren'ths )ere

esta+lished. Accordin'l,0 all of the interface. <

disc*ssed in the re/ainder of this paper pertain to the faille

COMPARISON OF PVC0 HDPE0 AND VFPE GEOMEMBRANE/NON?OVEN GEOTEFTI4E INTERFACE SHEAR STRENGTHS The *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles !' %e,%u(ed a d s)!!%h HDPE

ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es a(e $!)*a(ed %! %h!se !' %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es i Ta"les 1 a d 70 (es*e$%i&el./ Addi%i! all.0 *ea1 a d (esidual 'ailu(e e &el!*es '!( 'aille PVC a d %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e/GT7 ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es a(e sh!+ i Figu(e =/ I% $a "e see %ha% %hese %+! i %e('a$es ha&e si)ila( *ea1 'ailu(e e &el!*es/ H!+e&e(0 %he(e is a sig i'i$a % di''e(e $e i %he *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss e,*e(ie $ed ". %he i %e('a$es0 as (e'le$%ed i %he (esidual 'ailu(e e &el!*es/ S*e$i'i$all.0 %he %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e u de(+e % a la(ge( *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss $!)*a(ed %! %he 'aille PVC

ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e/ S%a(1 e% al/ 3166<5 sh!+ed %ha% a &a(ie%. !' %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es e,*e(ie $ed a si)ila( 3A89<8G5 *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss/ The (eas! '!( %his la(ge s%(e g%h l!ss is %ha% %he as*e(i%es !' %he %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e %!(e !( *ulled !u% %he 'i"e(s !' %he ge!%e,%ile a d %he ge!)e)"(a e %e,%u(i g +as s)!!%hed !( *!lished 3S%a(1 e% al/ 166<5/ O %he !%he( ha d0 %he 'aille PVC

ge!)e)"(a e %!(e !( *ulled !u% ! l. a s)all 2ua %i%. !' 'i"e(s '(!) %he ge!%e,%ile0 +hi$h all!+ed %he ge!%e,%ile %! s%a. (ela%i&el. i %a$% a d )ai %ai %he i %e('a$e s%(e g%h/ The 'ailed s*e$i)e s '(!) %he %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e %es%s (e*!(%ed ". S%a(1 e% al/ 3166<5 had "ee a($hi&ed a d +e(e di(e$%l. $!)*a(ed +i%h %he e+

PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e %es% s*e$i)e s %! es%i)a%e %he da)age %! %he ! +!&e ge!%e,%iles/ A'%e( !"se(&i g %he s)all 2ua %i%. !' 'i"e(s %ha% +e(e (e)!&ed '(!) %he ge!%e,%ile ". %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e0 i% $!uld !% "e de%e()i ed +he%he( %he 'i"e(s +e(e %!( '(!) !( *ulled !u% !' %he ge!%e,%ile/ A% !()al s%(esses !' =; 1Pa a d "el!+0 %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e e,%(a$%ed 'e+0 i' a .0 'i"e(s "e$ause %he ge!%e,%ile +as u a"le %! su''i$ie %l. e)"ed i %! %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ As a (esul%0 %he(e +as ! !%i$ea"le *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss a% %hese !()al s%(esses/ I 'a$%0 a %(e d !' ! *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss a% l!+ !()al s%(esses +as !"se(&ed '!( all !' %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es %es%ed/ This "eha&i!( has i)*!(%a % desig i)*li$a%i! s %ha% a(e dis$ussed "el!+/ A% !()al s%(esses "e%+ee 6< a d 7;A 1Pa0 %he (esidual shea( s%(e g%h !' %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e +as ! l. a"!u% 1A %! 7AG l!+e( %ha i%s *ea1 shea( s%(e g%h/ These $ha(a$%e(is%i$s sugges% %ha% PVC ge!)e)"(a es a(e +ell sui%ed '!( a**li$a%i! s i +hi$h l!+ !()al s%(esses a(e e,*e$%ed0 su$h as la d'ill $!&e( s.s%e)s0 !( +he(e seis)i$all. i du$ed *e()a e % de'!()a%i! s )a. (esul%/ VFPE ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e shea( "eha&i!( +as als! de%e()i ed i $!)*a(is! %his s%ud. '(!) a se(ies !' (i g shea( %es%s ! %he s)!!%h a d %e,%u(ed VFPE/GT7 ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es/ Figu(e A *(ese %s a !' %he *ea1 a d (esidual 'ailu(e e &el!*es '!( 'aille PVC0 %e,%u(ed VFPE0 a d s)!!%h VFPE ge!)e)"(a e/GT7 ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es/ The 'ailu(e e &el!*es i di$a%e %ha% %he *ea1 shea( s%(e g%h !' %his %e,%u(ed VFPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e +as less %ha *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss %ha %he 'aille PVC %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e/ Addi%i! all.0 %his %e,%u(ed VFPE i %e('a$e e,*e(ie $ed a la(ge(

i %e('a$e "e$ause %he VFPE ge!)e)"(a e %e,%u(i g %!(e !( *ulled !u% )!(e 'i"e(s '(!) %he ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile du(i g shea(i g/ As e,*e$%ed0 %he 'aille PVC a d %e,%u(ed VFPE %he s)!!%h VFPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e e,hi"i%ed l!+e( *ea1 a d (esidual shea( s%(e g%hs %ha ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es/ The (eas! %ha% %he s)!!%h VFPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e e,hi"i%ed a l!+e( *ea1 a d (esidual shea( s%(e g%h %ha %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e is %he di''e(e $e i su('a$e *lia"ili%./ E&e %h!ugh %he VFPE ge!)e)"(a e is )!(e *lia"le a d 'le,i"le %ha a HDPE ge!)e)"(a e0 i% is s%ill less *lia"le %ha %he 'aille !( s)!!%h sides !' a PVC ge!)e)"(a e a d %hus e,hi"i%s a l!+e( i %e('a$e s%(e g%h/ As a 'i al $!)*a(is! 0 Figu(e < *(ese %s %he shea( s%(ess9dis*la$e)e % (ela%i! shi*s '!( 'aille PVC0 %e,%u(ed HDPE0 a d %e,%u(ed VFPE

ge!)e)"(a e/GT7 ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es a% a !()al s%(ess !' 167 1Pa/ The VFPE a d HDPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es (ea$hed a *ea1 s%(e g%h $! di%i! a'%e( a**(!,i)a%el. A )) !' shea( dis*la$e)e % a d %he %he e,*e(ie $ed a su"s%a %ial *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss 3=8 %! <8G5/ O

!%he( ha d0 %he 'aille PVC i %e('a$e *ea1ed a% a shea( dis*la$e)e % !' a"!u% 1; )) a d l!s% ! l. 78 %! 7AG !' i%s *ea1 shea( s%(e g%h/ Addi%i! all.0 a $!)*a(is! e &el!*es %ha %he !' Figu(es = a d A sh!+s %ha% %e,%u(ed HDPE %e,%u(ed VFPE ge!)e)"(a e ge!%e,%ile ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es *(!du$ed highe( *ea1 a d l!+e( (esidual 'ailu(e $!((es*! di g i %e('a$es/ I $! $lusi! 0 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e

i %e('a$es a**ea( %! .ield si)ila( *ea1 shea( s%(e g%hs a d $! side(a"l. highe( (esidual shea( s%(e g%hs %ha si)ila( %e,%u(ed HDPE a d %e,%u(ed VFPE ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es/ @ SHEAR STRENGTH OF FAI44E PVC GEOMEMBRANE/NON?OVEN

GEOTEFTI4E INTERFACES To st*d, the effects of vario*s non)oven 'eote4tile properties on !C

'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interface shear stren'ths0 five different non)oven 'eote4tiles )ere sheared a'ainst the faille(finished side of a !C 'eo/e/+rane. The five non)oven 'eote4tiles )ere chosen s*ch that the effects of non)oven 'eote4tile fi+er t,pe0 /ass per *nit area0 and calenderin' co*ld +e st*died )hile holdin' the re/ainin' non)oven 'eote4tile properties constant. 2.9 Effect of Non)oven Geote4tile Fi+er Co/position and T,pe on Interface

Shear Stren'th N! +!&e ge!%e,%iles $a "e )a u'a$%u(ed +i%h di''e(e % "ase *!l.)e(s0 %he %+! )!s% $!))! "ei g *!l.es%e( a d *!l.*(!*.le e/ T! i &es%iga%e %he e''e$% !' 'i"e( $!)*!si%i! ! i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%h0 a *!l.es%e( ge!%e,%ile 3GT75 a d a *!l.*(!*.le e ge!%e,%ile 3GT=5 +e(e shea(ed agai s% a 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ Si $e %he %+! ! +!&e ge!%e,%iles ha&e di''e(e % *!l.)e( $!)*!si%i! s0 %he 'i"e(s %he)sel&es

*(!"a"l. d! !% *!ssess %he sa)e (!ugh ess a d ha(d ess/ Addi%i! all.0 %he 'i"e(s )!s% li1el. d! !% ha&e %he sa)e dia)e%e( !( +eigh%/ H!+e&e(0 "!%h ge!%e,%iles ha&e a )ass *e( u i% a(ea !' A=8 g/) 7 a d a(e eedle *u $hed +i%h $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e(s/ The *ea1 a d (esidual 'ailu(e e &el!*es '!( %he %+! i %e('a$es a(e *(ese %ed i Figu(e @/ I% is a**a(e % %ha% %he *!l.es%e(9"ased ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e .ielded highe( *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles %ha %he *!l.*(!*.le e9"ased ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e/ F!( e,a)*le0 a% a !()al s%(ess !' 788 1Pa0 %he se$a % *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles '!( %he 'aille PVC/*!l.es%e( ge!%e,%ile a(e E7 a d 7< deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el.0 +hile %he se$a % *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/*!l.*(!*.le e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e a(e 7E a d 78 deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el./ P!l.es%e(9"ased ! +!&e ge!%e,%iles +e(e als! '!u d %! .ield highe( i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%hs %ha *!l.*(!*.le e9"ased ! +!&e ge!%e,%iles +he shea(ed agai s% %he %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e 3S%a(1 e% al/ 166<5/ This %(e d is )!s% li1el. $aused ". di''e(e $es i 'i"e( dia)e%e(0 ha(d ess0 (!ugh ess0 a d +eigh% as +ell as $!)*!si%i! al *(!*e(%ies/

Addi%i! all.0 %+! &e(sus $! %i u!us5 ! i %e('a$es/ B!%h

! +!&e 0 *!l.*(!*.le e ge!%e,%iles 3GT1 a d %he shea( s%(e g%h !' 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e

GT=5 +e(e used %! de%e()i e %he e''e$% !' ge!%e,%ile 'i"e( %.*e 3s%a*le

ge!%e,%iles a(e eedle *u $hed a d ha&e a )ass *e( u i% a(ea !' A=8 g/) 7/ H!+e&e(0 %he GT1 ge!%e,%ile u%ili-es s%a*le 'i"e(s +hile %he GT= ge!%e,%ile u%ili-es $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e(s/ Figu(e ; sh!+s %he *ea1 a d (esidual 'ailu(e e &el!*es '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/GT1 a d GT= i %e('a$es/ The 'ailu(e e &el!*es i di$a%e %ha% %he s%a*le 'i"e( ge!%e,%ile .ielded g(ea%e( *ea1 a d (esidual i %e('a$e s%(e g%hs +he shea(ed agai s% a 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ A !%he( i)*!(%a % $ha(a$%e(is%i$ i 'e((ed '(!) Figu(e ; is %ha% %he s%a*le 'i"e( ge!%e,%ile did !% u de(g! as la(ge a *!s%9*ea1

s%(e g%h l!ss as %he $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e( ge!%e,%ile/

A *!ssi"le

e,*la a%i! '!( %his "eha&i!( is %ha% %he s%a*le 'i"e(s a(e %!! s)all !( 'i e %! e)"ed i %! %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e %! %he sa)e deg(ee as %he l! ge( a d la(ge( $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e(s/ I% +as !"se(&ed a'%e( shea(i g %ha% 'e+e( s%a*le 'i"e(s +e(e %!( !u% du(i g shea(0 +hi$h e a"led %he s%a*le 'i"e( %he $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e( ge!%e,%ile ge!%e,%ile %! s%a. )!(e i %a$% %ha

a d *(e&e %ed %he i %e('a$e '(!) u de(g!i g a la(ge *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss/ This )a. "e a%%(i"u%ed %! %he $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e(s "ei g l! ge( a d ha&i g )!(e $! %a$% a(ea +i%h %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ The g(ea%e( $! %a$% a(ea )a. ha&e i $(eased %he shea( '!($e ! (esul%i g i %he $! %i u!us 'i"e( %ea(i g !( *ulli g !u%/ O $e %he $! %i u!us 'i"e( is (e)!&ed a la(ge( (edu$%i! i %he i %e('a$e shea( !()al s%(esses0

'(!) %he ge!%e,%ile0 i% is !(ie %ed *a(allel %! %he di(e$%i! !' shea(/ The l! g a%u(e !' %he 'i"e( (esul%s i (esis%a $e %ha a s%a*le 'i"e(/ I addi%i! 0 %he $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e(s !( *ulled !u% a d %he

+e(e a"le %! e)"ed i %! %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e a% high all!+i g %he $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e(s %! "e %!(

i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%h %! de$(ease as shea(i g *(!g(essed/ Thus0 %he )e$ha i$al *(!*e(%ies !' %he 'i"e(s a**ea( %! i 'lue $e %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile shea( "eha&i!(/ @/7 E''e$% !' N! +!&e Ge!%e,%ile Mass Pe( U i% A(ea ! I %e('a$e

Shea( S%(e g%h T)o non)oven0 pol,prop,lene 'eote4tiles0 one )ith a /ass per *nit area of 713 '$/7 -GT;. and the other )ith a /ass per *nit area of 3:1 '$/ 7 -GT:.0 )ere sheared a'ainst a faille !C 'eo/e/+rane to e4a/ine the effects of /ass per *nit area on interface shear resistance. #oth of the 'eote4tiles are needle p*nched and have contin*o*s sin'le fi+ers. The 713 '$/7 'eote4tile ,ielded a 'reater interface shear resistance than the 3:1 '$/7 'eote4tile0 as indicated +, the fail*re envelopes of Fi'*re @. For e4a/ple0 at a nor/al stress of 711 k a0 the 713 '$/ 7 'eote4tile interface e4hi+ited secant peak and resid*al friction an'les of 7B and 73 de'rees0 respectivel,0 co/pared to 7; and 71 de'rees0 respectivel,0 for the 3:1 '$/ 7

'eote4tile. This /a, +e ca*sed +, the fi+ers of the 3:1 '$/ 7 'eote4tile +ein' /ore easil, torn or p*lled o*t d*rin' shear than the fi+ers of the 713 '$/ 7 'eote4tile and the increased n*/+er of fi+ers in the heavier 'eote4tile placin' /ore fi+ers in contact )ith the s*rface of the !C 'eo/e/+rane. The increased n*/+er of fi+ers in contact )ith the s*rface of the !C 'eo/e/+rane increases the n*/+er of fi+ers that can act*all, +e re/oved fro/ the 'eote4tile. Once a fi+er is re/oved0 it is oriented parallel to the direction of shear0 )hich red*ces the interface shear resistance. Therefore0 the /ass per *nit area appears to sli'htl, infl*ence the faille !C 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interface shear stren'th. 2.; Effect of Non)oven Geote4tile Calenderin' on Interface Shear Stren'th To investi'ate the effect of non)oven 'eote4tile calenderin' on interface shear stren'th0 a faille !C 'eo/e/+rane )as sheared a'ainst a non)oven0

calendered 'eote4tile -GT3.. This 'eote4tile possesses the sa/e properties as the GT9 non)oven 'eote4tile e4cept that it is calendered. The peak and resid*al fail*re envelopes for the faille !C 'eo/e/+rane$GT3 and GT9 'eote4tile interfaces are sho)n in Fi'*re 91. It can +e seen that the calendered 'eote4tile interface ,ielded lar'er peak and resid*al interface shear stren'ths than the non(calendered 'eote4tile. This trend is attri+*ted to the s*rface of the calendered 'eote4tile +ein' ro*'her and /ore ri'id than that of the non(calendered 'eote4tile. This ro*'hness and ri'idit, /a, ena+le the calendered 'eote4tile to e/+ed into the !C 'eo/e/+rane to a 'reater de'ree and prevent the fi+ers fro/ +ein' p*lled or torn o*t and oriented parallel to the direction of shear. Additionall,0 the calendered 'eote4tile0 like the non(calendered 'eote4tile0 e4perienced appro4i/atel, 38 post( peak stren'th loss at nor/al stresses of 711 and :11 k a and no post(peak stren'th loss at nor/al stresses +et)een 92 and 911 k a. This +ehavior is pro+a+l, d*e to

the ro*'h s*rface of the calendered 'eote4tile +ein' s/oothed at hi'h nor/al stresses0 there+, ca*sin' so/e loss of shear stren'th. The s/oothin' of the calendered 'eote4tile at hi'h nor/al stresses )as deter/ined +, vis*all, co/parin' the ori'inal$presheared /aterial )ith the calendered 'eote4tile after shearin' to the resid*al condition. It co*ld +e seen that so/e of the /atted finish of the ori'inal calendered 'eote4tile had +een re/oved res*ltin' in a /ore plia+le s*rface. Ho)ever0 at lo)er nor/al stresses0 the calendered s*rface is not s/oothed si'nificantl,0 )hich acco*nts for the a+sence of a post(peak stren'th loss. In s*//ar,0 non)oven 'eote4tile calenderin' appears to have an i/pact on peak and

resid*al

interface

shear

stren'ths.

SHEAR STRENGTH OF FAI55E !C GEO"E"#RANE$6RAINAGE CO" OSITE AN6 GEONET INTERFACES

6raina'e co/posites and 'eonets are co//onl, *sed to facilitate lateral draina'e in liner and cover s,ste/s of landfills and other applications. Therefore0 the shear +ehavior of !C 'eo/e/+rane$draina'e co/posite and 'eonet interfaces )as e4a/ined in this st*d,. As disc*ssed previo*sl,0 the draina'e co/posite and 'eonet have t)o and one non)oven 'eote4tiles0 respectivel,0 heat +onded to the 'eonet. Fi'*re 99 presents a co/parison of the peak and resid*al fail*re envelopes for faille !C 'eo/e/+rane$draina'e co/posite and 'eonet -)itho*t a 'eote4tile in contact )ith the !C 'eo/e/+rane. interfaces. The draina'e co/posite and 'eonet interfaces e4hi+ited a 71 and :3 percent post(peak stren'th loss0 respectivel,0 at a nor/al stress of :11 k a. This stren'th loss is hi'her than the post(peak stren'th losses o+served for the vario*s ri'id 'eonet e/+edded in the soft !C 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interfaces. One of the reasons for these lar'er stren'th losses is that the relativel, !C 'eo/e/+rane s*rface *nder all of the applied nor/al stresses. Th*s0 as interface shearin' +e'an0 relativel, hi'h shear stresses )ere reH*ired to dislod'e the 'eonet fro/ its initial e/+edded position. Once the 'eonet had +een dislod'ed0 it sheared across the s*rface of the a/o*nt of post(peak stren'th loss. The 'ailu(e e &el!*es i Figu(e 11 als! sh!+ %he e''e$% !' ha&i g a ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile "e%+ee %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e a d %he ge! e% i a d(ai age !C 'eo/e/+rane )itho*t +ein' a+le to e/+ed0 there+, res*ltin' in a si'nificant

$!)*!si%e i %e('a$e/ This ge!%e,%ile is %he sa)e as %he GT7 ge!%e,%ile e,$e*% %he )ass *e( u i% a(ea is 7@8 g/) 7 i s%ead !' A=8 g/)7/ I% $a "e see %ha% %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e .ielded a&e(age *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles !' a"!u% 7@ a d 77 deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el./ The $!((es*! di g &alues '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ge! e% i %e('a$e a(e a**(!,i)a%el. 7A a d 78 deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el./ T! e,*lai %his di''e(e $e0 i% is !%ed %ha% %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/GT7 i %e('a$e .ielded su"s%a %iall. highe( i %e('a$e s%(e g%hs 3a&e(age *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles !' E7 a d 7< deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el.5 %ha %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e/ The highe( i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%hs '!( %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e/GT7 i %e('a$e %ha %he d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e is a%%(i"u%ed %! %he la(ge( $! %a$% a(ea '!( %he GT7 ge!%e,%ile &e(sus %he a(ea $!((es*! di g %! %he ge! e% i %he d(ai age $!)*!si%e/ The highe( shea( s%(e g%h !' %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e &e(sus %he ge! e% i %e('a$e is a%%(i"u%ed %! %he highe( '(i$%i! al (esis%a $e '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e GT7 i %e('a$e %ha %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/HDPE ge! e% i %e('a$e/

;/1

C!)*a(is! !' Faille PVC a d Te,%u(ed HDPE Ge!)e)"(a e/D(ai age C!)*!si%e I %e('a$e Shea( S%(e g%hs Fi'*re 97 presents the fail*re envelopes for te4t*red H6 E and faille !C

'eo/e/+rane$draina'e co/posite interfaces. As )as the case for the non)oven 'eote4tile interfaces0 the faille !C 'eo/e/+rane interface e4hi+ited a peak shear stren'th si/ilar to that of the te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane interface. Also0 a lar'er post(peak stren'th loss -31 to A18. )as o+served for

the te4t*red H6 E interface than for the faille !C interface -;1 to ;38.. Since a 'eonet cannot s*+stantiall, e/+ed in a H6 E 'eo/e/+rane at nor/al stresses *nder 311 k a -Stark et al. 9@@A.0 the sa/e /echanis/s responsi+le for the lar'e post(peak stren'th losses in te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane$non)oven 'eote4tile interfaces pro+a+l, prod*ce a si/ilar shear +ehavior in te4t*red H6 E

'eo/e/+rane$draina'e co/posite interfaces. In addition0 the 'eonet da/a'es and s/oothes the asperites of the te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane d*rin' shearin'0 there+, decreasin' the ro*'hness of the te4t*red s*rface and f*rther red*cin' the interface stren'th. Ho)ever0 the s*rface of a faille !C 'eo/e/+rane )as act*all, ro*'hened +, the 'eonet as shearin' pro'ressed. This )as deter/ined +, vis*all, co/parin' the sheared !C 'eo/e/+rane to a piece of the ori'inal /aterial. The sheared /aterial had striations ca*sed +, the rails of the 'eonet that )ere parallel to the direction of shear. All of these factors acco*nt for the lo)er post(peak stren'th loss in a faille !C 'eo/e/+rane$draina'e co/posite interface as co/pared to that in the correspondin' te4t*red H6 E interface. @ SHEAR STRENGTH OF AN >NREINFORCE6 GC5$FAI55E !C

GEO"E"#RANE INTERFACE A GC5 can +e *sed in landfill cover and liner s,ste/s to partiall, or co/pletel, replace a co/pacted cla, liner. A faille !C 'eo/e/+rane )as sheared a'ainst an *nreinforced GC5 to deter/ine the shear +ehavior of this interface. As /entioned previo*sl,0 the GC5 )as not allo)ed to h,drate. Fi'*re 9; presents the res*lts of shear tests perfor/ed on the *nreinforced0 s/ooth H6 E 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$faille !C 'eo/e/+rane interface. At a nor/al stress +et)een 31 and 911 !C k a0 the critical shear s*rface shifted fro/ the dr, +entonite$faille

'eo/e/+rane

interface

to

the

s/ooth

H6 E

'eo/e/+rane +ackin'$dr, +entonite interface. In other )ords0 at nor/al stresses 'reater than appro4i/atel, 911 k a0 the *nreinforced GC5 e4perienced an internal adhesive fail*re +eca*se the adhesive +ondin' the dr, +entonite to the s/ooth

'eo/e/+rane +ackin' failed in shear. This +ehavior )as also o+served +, Eid and Stark -9@@2. for an *nreinforced0 s/ooth H6 E 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane interface. An adhesive fail*re takes place )hen the adhesive *sed to +ond the dr, +entonite to the s/ooth 'eo/e/+rane +ackin' is )eaker in shear than the dr, +entonite$faille !C 'eo/e/+rane interface. Therefore0 the fail*re s*rface shifts to the +otto/ of the *nreinforced +entonite la,er and the peak and resid*al friction an'les decrease0 as indicated +, the discontin*ities in the fail*re envelopes sho)n in Fi'*re 9;. At nor/al stresses of 31 k a and +elo)0 the adhesive does not fail and the interface has avera'e peak and resid*al friction an'les of 72 and 79 de'rees0 respectivel,. =hen an adhesive fail*re occ*rs at a nor/al stress +et)een 31 and 911 k a0 the avera'e peak and resid*al friction an'les are red*ced to 92 and 99 de'rees0 respectivel,. In s*//ar,0 the *nreinforced0 s/ooth H6 E 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$faille !C 'eo/e/+rane interface stren'th is stress dependent and this characteristic sho*ld +e considered in the desi'n process. For e4a/ple0 a t,pical landfill cover s,ste/ is s*+?ected to nor/al stresses less than 31 k a0 )hich s*''ests that fail*re )ill occ*r at the dr, +entonite$ !C 'eo/e/+rane interface. Ho)ever0 an adhesive fail*re /a, occ*r in a landfill liner s,ste/ since nor/al stresses on a liner *s*all, e4ceed 911 k a. The u (ei '!($ed GC4 dis$ussed i %he *(e&i!us *a(ag(a*h is als! )a u'a$%u(ed +i%h a %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g/ The u (ei '!($ed0 %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e9"a$1ed GC4/'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e +as %es%ed %! de%e()i e i' a %e,%u(ed ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g has a e''e$% ! %he i %e('a$e 'ailu(e )!de a d shea( s%(e g%h/ The *ea1 a d (esidual 'ailu(e e &el!*es '!( %his i %e('a$e a(e *(ese %ed i Figu(e 1=/ I% $a "e see %ha% %he %e,%u(ed ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g *(e&e %ed a adhesi&e 'ailu(e '(!) !$$u((i g a% !()al s%(esses (a gi g '(!) 1@ %! =88 1Pa/ T! &e(i'. %his $! $lusi! 0 %he

se$a % *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles a% a !()al s%(ess !' =88 1Pa '!( %he u (ei '!($ed0 %e,%u(ed ge!)e)"(a e9"a$1ed GC4/'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e a(e 7= a d 1; deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el./ H!+e&e(0 %he $!((es*! di g &alues a(e ! l. 1= a d 18 deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el.0 '!( %he u (ei '!($ed0 s)!!%h ge!)e)"(a e9"a$1ed GC4 i %e('a$e/ T! e,*e(ie $e a adhesi&e 'ailu(e +i%h a %e,%u(ed ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g0 %he d(. "e %! i%e *a(%i$les +!uld ha&e %! shea( !&e( %he as*e(i%es !' %he ge!)e)"(a e0 +hi$h +!uld (e2ui(e a shea( s%(ess g(ea%e( %ha %he shea( s%(e g%h !' %he d(. "e %! i%e/'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e/ The(e'!(e0 a %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g i $(eases i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%hs a% !()al s%(esses g(ea%e( %ha a"!u% 188 1Pa ". )!"ili-i g a la(ge( shea( (esis%a $e "e%+ee %he ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g a d %he d(. "e %! i%e/ This hel*s %! *(e&e % a adhesi&e 'ailu(e i %he u (ei '!($ed GC4 '!( !()al s%(esses !' =88 1Pa a d u de(/ This di''e(s '(!) (esul%s *(ese %ed ". S%a(1 a d Eid 3166@5 '!( %he u (ei '!($ed0 %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e9"a$1ed GC4/%e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e0 as dis$ussed "el!+/

6/1 C!)*a(is! !' U (ei '!($ed0 Te,%u(ed HDPE Ge!)e)"(a e9 Ba$1ed GC4/Faille PVC a d Te,%u(ed HDPE Ge!)e)"(a e I %e('a$e Shea( S%(e g%hs A co/parison of peak and resid*al fail*re envelopes for the *nreinforced0 te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$faille !C and te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane interfaces is presented in Fi'*re 93. This ill*strates the effect of the encaps*latin' 'eo/e/+rane on the shear +ehavior of the *nreinforced GC5. The te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane interface /o+iliKes a sli'htl, hi'her shear stren'th than the faille !C 'eo/e/+rane interface at nor/al stresses less than a+o*t 923 k a. This is pro+a+l, ca*sed +, the asperites of the

te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane e/+eddin' into the dr, +entonite la,er of the GC5. As shearin' +e'ins0 a relativel, hi'h shear stress /*st develop to shear the asperites

over the dr, +entonite particles. The faille !C 'eo/e/+rane is relativel, s/ooth and fle4i+le co/pared to the te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane0 and it does not e/+ed into the dr, +entonite la,er to the e4tent of the te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane. Th*s0 the faille !C 'eo/e/+rane did not develop as /*ch frictional resistance Also0 as disc*ssed a+ove0 the !C 'eo/e/+rane )hen sheared over the *nreinforced GC5.

*nreinforced0 te4t*red 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$faille

interface did not e4perience an adhesive fail*re for nor/al stresses of :11 k a and +elo). Ho)ever0 at nor/al stresses a+ove ro*'hl, 923 k a0 an adhesive fail*re occ*rred in the *nreinforced0 te4t*red 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane interface -Eid and Stark 9@@2.. The faille !C 'eo/e/+rane /o+iliKes less shear resistance )ith the dr, +entonite0 )hich doesnLt allo) eno*'h shear stress to develop to ca*se an adhesive fail*re. Ho)ever0 the te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane possesses a 'reater shear resistance )ith the dr, +entonite0 ena+lin' the shear stress reH*ired for an adhesive fail*re to develop. As a res*lt0 the adhesive fail*re in the *nreinforced GC5$te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane interface red*ces the peak and resid*al shear stren'ths so0 at nor/al stresses 'reater than a+o*t 923 k a0 the *nreinforced0 te4t*red H6 E 'eo/e/+rane(+acked GC5$te4t*red H6 E and faille and resid*al friction an'les. 91 CONC5>SIONS This paper descri+es torsional rin' shear and lar'e(scale direct shear test res*lts on !C 'eo/e/+rane$'eos,nthetic interfaces. Ta+les 9 and 7 present a data+ase of peak and resid*al !C 'eo/e/+rane interface stren'ths0 respectivel,0 that can +e *sed for co/parison p*rposes. The follo)in' concl*sions are +ased on the data and interpretations presented in this paper& !C 'eo/e/+rane interfaces ,ield si/ilar peak

1/

The i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%hs !"%ai ed '(!) %!(si! al (i g shea( %es%s a(e i ag(ee)e % +i%h %h!se !"%ai ed '(!) la(ge9s$ale di(e$% shea( %es%s a% a !()al s%(ess !' 167 !( 788 1Pa '!( %he i %e('a$es $! side(ed/ The(e'!(e0 i% +as assu)ed %ha% %he (i g shea( de&i$e

$!uld "e used as a su"s%i%u%e '!( %he la(ge9s$ale di(e$% shea( a**a(a%us as *e()i%%ed ". ASTM D AE71 3166;5 '!( %he !%he( !()al s%(esses %es%ed du(i g %his (esea($h/ 7/ The s)!!%h side !' a PVC ge!)e)"(a e *(!&ides highe( *ea1 a d (esidual i %e('a$e shea( (esis%a $es %ha %he 'aille side/ Addi%i! all.0 %he(e +as ! !%i$ea"le *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss '!( %he s)!!%h PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es/ The g(ea%e( '(i$%i! al (esis%a $e !' %he s)!!%h side !' a PVC ge!)e)"(a e is a%%(i"u%ed %! a highe( *lia"ili%./'le,i"ili%. a d la(ge( $! %a$% a(ea +i%h %he !&e(l.i g ge!s. %he%i$ %ha %he 'aille side/ The highe( *lia"ili%. !' %he s)!!%h side als! a$$!u %s '!( %he egligi"le *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss i s)!!%h PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es/ Si $e %he 'aille side .ielded l!+e( i %e('a$e shea( (esis%a $es %ha %he s)!!%h side0 %he da%a"ases i Ta"les 1 a d 7 '!$us ! 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es i !(de( %! *(!&ide l!+e( "!u d &alues !' *ea1 a d (esidual i %e('a$e s%(e g%hs/ Faille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es e,hi"i% s)alle( *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!sses %ha %he %e,%u(ed HDPE a d %e,%u(ed VFPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es %es%ed du(i g %his s%ud./ Te,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es e,hi"i% *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!sses !' A8 %! <8G a d %e,%u(ed VFPE ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es EA %! =AG as $!)*a(ed %! less %ha 7AG '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es $! side(ed i %his *a*e(/ The %e,%u(ed ge!)e)"(a es e,hi"i% a la(ge( *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss "e$ause %he %e,%u(i g %ea(s !( *ulls !u% )!(e ge!%e,%ile 'i"e(s a d %he %e,%u(i g is s)!!%hed !( *!lished du(i g shea( 3S%a(1 e% al/ 166<5/ Faille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es d! !% e,hi"i% a *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss a% !()al s%(esses less %ha A8 1Pa/ The *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss a% highe( !()al s%(esses 3188 %! =88 1Pa5 a**ea(s %! "e $aused ". %he %ea(i g !( *ulli g !u% !' ge!%e,%ile 'i"e(s %ha% ha&e e)"edded i %! %he *lia"le 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ A% l!+ !()al s%(esses0 %he ge!%e,%ile 'i"e(s a(e u a"le %! su''i$ie %l. e)"ed i %! %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e0 +hi$h (edu$es 'i"e( da)age a d *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss/ Fi"e( $!)*!si%i! a d %.*e a**ea(s %! i)*a$% %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%h/ A *!l.es%e(9"ased ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile .ielded highe( *ea1 a d (esidual i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%hs +he shea(ed agai s% %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e su('a$e %ha a *!l.*(!*.le e9"ased ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile !' %he sa)e +eigh%/ This is *(!"a"l. $aused ". di''e(e $es i 'i"e( *(!*e(%ies0 su$h as ha(d ess0 (!ugh ess0 +eigh%0 a d dia)e%e(/ This %(e d has als! "ee !"se(&ed '!( %e,%u(ed HDPE

E/

=/

ge!)e)"(a e/ ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile i %e('a$es 3S%a(1 e% al/ 166<5/ Addi%i! all.0 a s%a*le 'i"e( ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile .ielded highe( i %e('a$e s%(e g%hs %ha $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e( ! +!&e ge!%e,%iles '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$es %es%ed he(ei / This (esul% is %he su"#e$% !' addi%i! al (esea($h "u% ! e *!ssi"le e,*la a%i! '!( %his (esul% is %ha% %he $! %i u!us si gle 'i"e( is l! ge( a d la(ge( %ha a s%a*le 'i"e( a d %hus has a highe( $! %a$% a(ea +i%h %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e0 +hi$h $auses )!(e 'i"e(s %! "e (e)!&ed '(!) %he ge!%e,%ile/ A/ A ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile +i%h a )ass *e( u i% a(ea !' 78A g/) 7 .ields highe( *ea1 i %e('a$e s%(e g%hs %ha a A=8 g/) 7 ge!%e,%ile '!( %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e su('a$e %es%ed he(ei / This (esul% is a%%(i"u%ed %! %he hea&ie( ge!%e,%ile ha&i g )!(e 'i"e(s i $! %a$% +i%h %he PVC ge!)e)"(a e0 +hi$h (esul%s i a g(ea%e( u)"e( !' 'i"e(s "ei g *ulled !u% a d !(ie %ed *a(allel %! %he di(e$%i! !' shea( %ha %he 78A g/)7 ge!%e,%ile/ Cale de(i g a ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile *(!du$es g(ea%e( i %e('a$e shea( s%(e g%h +i%h %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e %es%ed he(ei %ha a ! +!&e ge!%e,%ile %ha% is !% $ale de(ed/ This a**ea(s %! "e $aused ". %he (!ughe( su('a$e !' %he $ale de(ed ge!%e,%ile "ei g a"le %! e)"ed 'u(%he( i %! %he *lia"le PVC ge!)e)"(a e su('a$e %ha %he ! 9$ale de(ed ge!%e,%ile/ The 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e .ields highe( shea( s%(e g%hs %ha %he 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/ge! e% 3+i%h!u% a ge!%e,%ile5 i %e('a$e/ The e,%(a ge!%e,%ile i %he d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e (esul%s i a highe( shea( (esis%a $e %ha %he ge! e% i %e('a$e/ The highe( i %e('a$e s%(e g%h a**ea(s %! "e $aused ". a g(ea%e( $! %a$% a(ea 3ge! e% (ails a$%i g %h(!ugh %he ge!%e,%ile *lus %he ge!%e,%ile5 %ha ! l. %he ge! e% (ails/ The 'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e/d(ai age $!)*!si%e i %e('a$e .ields a si)ila( *ea1 shea( s%(e g%h as %he $!((es*! di g %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e a d u de(g!es a s)alle( *!s%9*ea1 s%(e g%h l!ss "e$ause !' less da)age %! %he ge!%e,%ile "! ded %! %he ge! e%/ The use !' a PVC ge!)e)"(a e %! e $a*sula%e a u (ei '!($ed0 s)!!%h HDPE ge!)e)"(a e9"a$1ed GC4 (esul%s i a i %e('a$e s%(e g%h %ha% is s%(ess de*e de %/ A% !()al s%(esses !' A8 1Pa a d "el!+0 'ailu(e !$$u(s a% %he d(. "e %! i%e/'aille PVC ge!)e)"(a e i %e('a$e a d (esul%s i a&e(age *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles !' a"!u% 7< a d 71 deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el./ H!+e&e(0 a% !()al s%(esses g(ea%e( %ha a"!u% 188 1Pa0 %he 'ailu(e su('a$e shi'%s %! %he s)!!%h ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g/d(. "e %! i%e i %e('a$e "e$ause a adhesi&e 'ailu(e !$$u(s +i%hi %he u (ei '!($ed GC4/ This adhesi&e 'ailu(e

</

@/

;/

6/

(edu$es %he a&e(age i %e('a$e *ea1 a d (esidual '(i$%i! a gles %! a(!u d 1< a d 11 deg(ees0 (es*e$%i&el./ Use !' a %e,%u(ed HDPE ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g i %he u (ei '!($ed GC4 )!"ili-es a la(ge( shea( (esis%a $e ! %he ge!)e)"(a e "a$1i g/d(. "e %! i%e i %e('a$e/ This all!+s highe( *ea1 a d (esidual shea( s%(e g%hs %! de&el!* %ha '!( %he s)!!%h ge!)e)"(a e9"a$1ed GC4 i %e('a$e/ AC<NO=5E6G"ENTS GSE 5inin' Technolo',0 Inc. of Ho*ston0 Te4as0 Serrot International0 Inc. of Henderson0 Nevada0 and Canadian General To)er0 5td. of Ca/+rid'e0 Ontario0 Canada provided the 'eos,nthetics *sed in this st*d,. The s*pport of these or'aniKations is 'ratef*ll, ackno)led'ed. The second a*thor also ackno)led'es the s*pport provided +, a >niversit, of Illinois Scholar A)ard. REFERENCES AST" 6 3;790 9@@B0 DStandard Test Method for Determining the Coefficient of Soil and Geosynthetic or Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic Friction by the Direct Shear MethodE0 A/erican Societ, for Testin' and "aterials0 !ol. 1:.1@0 =est Conshohocken0 enns,lvania0 >SA. B!&e0 H/ A/0 16680 CDi(e$% Shea( F(i$%i! Tes%i g '!( Ge!s. %he%i$s i ?as%e C! %ai )e %D0 Proceedings, ASTM Symposium on Geosynthetic Testing for Waste Containment Applications 0 S*e$ial Te$h i$al Pu"li$a%i! 18;10 **/ 7=197A</ #,rne0 R. J.0 <endall0 J. and #ro)n0 S.0 9@@70 DCa*se and "echanis/ of Fail*re0 <ettle/an Hills 5andfill #(9@0 >nit IAE0 Proceedings, ASCE Specialty Conference on Performance and Stability of Slopes and Emban ments ! II 0 ASCE0 Ne) %ork0 Ne) %ork0 >SA0 pp. 99BB(9793. D!&e0 H/ E/ a d F(!s%0 H/ D/0 16660 CPea1 F(i$%i! Beha&i!( !' S)!!%h Ge!)e)"(a e9Pa(%i$le I %e('a$esD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 0 V!l/ 17A0 N!/ @0 **/ A==9AAA/ Eid0 H. T. and Stark0 T. 6.0 9@@20 DShear #ehavior of an >nreinforced Geos,nthetic Cla, 5inerE0 Geosynthetics International0 Ind*strial Fa+rics Association International0 Roseville0 "innesota0 >SA0 !ol. :0 No. A0 pp. A:3(A3@. <oerner0 R. ".0 "artin0 J. . and <oerner0 G. R.0 9@BA0 DShear Stren'th ara/eters #et)een Geo/e/+ranes and Cohesive SoilsE0 "o#rnal of Geote$tiles and Geomembranes0 !ol. :0 No. 90 pp. 79(;1.

Ma(%i 0 H/ P/0 :!e( e(0 R/ M/ a d ?hi%%.0 H/ E/0 16;=0 CE,*e(i)e %al F(i$%i! E&alua%i! !' Sli**age Be%+ee Ge!)e)"(a es0 Ge!%e,%iles0 a d S!ilsD0 Proceedings, nternational Conference on Geomem!ranes 0 De &e(0 C!l!(ad!0 USA0 **/ 161916</ Mi%$hell0 H/ :/0 Seed0 R/ B/ a d Seed0 H/ B/0 16680 C:e%%le)a Hills ?as%e 4a d'ill Sl!*e Failu(e II 4i e(9S.s%e) P(!*e(%iesD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 11<0 N!/ =0 **/ <=@9<<;/ Negusse.0 D/0 ?i#e+i$1(e)e0 ?/ :/ D/ a d Vaid0 Y/ P/0 16;60 CGe!)e)"(a e I %e('a$e F(i$%i! D0 Canadian Geotechnical Journal0 V!l/ 7<0 N!/ 10 **/ 1<A9 1<6/ O>R!u(1e0 T/ D/0 D(us$hel0 S/ H/ a d Ne%(a&ali0 A/ N/0 16680 CShea( S%(e g%h Cha(a$%e(is%i$s !' Sa d P!l.)e( I %e('a$esD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 11<0 N!/ E0 **/ =A19=<6/ Sa,e a0 S/ :/0 a d ?! g0 Y/ T/0 16;=0 CF(i$%i! Cha(a$%e(is%i$s !' a Ge!)e)"(a eD0 Proceedings, nternational Conference on Geomem!ranes0 De &e(0 C!l!(ad!0 USA0 **/ 1;@9168/ Seed0 R/ B/ a d B!ula ge(0 R/ ?/0 16610 CS)!!%h HDPE9Cla. 4i e( I %e('a$e Shea( S%(e g%hsI C!)*a$%i! E''e$%sD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 11@0 N!/ =0 **/ <;<9<6E/ Seed0 R/ B/0 Mi%$hell0 H/ :/ a d Seed0 H/ B/0 16680 C:e%%le)a Hills ?as%e 4a d'ill Sl!*e Failu(e III S%a"ili%. A al.sisD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 11<0 N!/ =0 **/ <<69<;6/ S%a(10 T/ D/0 16660 CS%a"ili%. !' ?as%e C! %ai )e % Fa$ili%iesD0 Proceedings of Waste Tech "##0 Na%i! al S!lid ?as%es Ma age)e % Ass!$ia%i! 0 Ne+ O(lea s0 4!uisia a0 USA0 Fe"(ua(.0 **/ 197=/ S%a(10 T/ D/ a d P!e**el0 A/ R/0 166=0 C4a d'ill 4i e( I %e('a$e S%(e g%hs F(!) T!(si! al9Ri g9Shea( Tes%sD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 1780 N!/ E0 **/ A6@9<1A/ S%a(10 T/ D/0 ?illia)s! 0 T/ A/ a d Eid0 H/ T/0 166<0 CHDPE Ge!)e)"(a e/Ge!%e,%ile I %e('a$e Shea( S%(e g%hD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 1770 N!/ E0 **/ 16@978E/ Ta1asu)i0 D/ 4/0 G(ee 0 :/ R/ a d H!l%-0 R/ D/0 16610 CS!il9Ge!s. %he%i$ I %e('a$e S%(e g%h Cha(a$%e(is%i$sI A Re&ie+ !' S%a%e9!'9%he9A(% Tes%i g P(!$edu(esD0 Proceedings, Geosynthetics "#$ Conference 0 A%la %a0 Ge!(gia0 USA0 V!l/ 10 **/ ;@9188/

?illia)s0 N/ D/0 a d H!uliha 0 M/ F/0 16;@0 CE&alua%i! !' I %e('a$e F(i$%i! P(!*e(%ies Be%+ee Ge!s. %he%i$s a d S!ilsD0 Proceedings, Geosynthetics "%& Conference0 Ne+ O(lea s0 4!uisia a0 USA0 V!l/ 70 **/ <1<9<7@/ Yegia 0 M/ :/0 a d 4ahla'0 A/ M/0 16670 Dis$ussi! !' C:e%%le)a Hills ?as%e 4a d'ill Sl!*e Failu(e II 4i e(9S.s%e) P(!*e(%iesD0 ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering0 V!l/ 11;0 N!/ =0 **/ <=E9<=A/

Copyright 2008 Environmental Protection, Inc. | All Rights Reserved | "aniel #. Rohe

aintained !y