2013-14 UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

20 credits

MODULE HANDBOOK

V11213
FROM REFORMATION TO REVOLUTION: AN INTRODUCTION TO EARLY MODERN HISTORY C.1500-1789

Module Convenor: Dr Julia Merritt julia.merritt@nottingham.ac.uk Module Lecturers: Dr David Appleby david.appleby@nottingham.ac.uk Dr Richard Gaunt richard.gaunt@nottingham.ac.uk Dr Sheryllynne Haggerty sheryllynne.haggerty@nottingham.ac.uk Mr Philip Riden philip.riden@nottingham.ac.uk Dr Liudmyla Sharipova liudmyla.sharipova@nottingham.ac.uk Module Tutors: Ms Amy Calladine ahxac3@nottingham.ac.uk Mr Stephen Lamont ahxsl@nottingham.ac.uk Mr Philip Riden philip.riden@nottingham.ac.uk Dr Josh Rodda ahxjmr1@nottingham.ac.uk Mr Robert Rudge ahxrjr@nottingham.ac.uk Dr Peter Russell peter.russell@nottingham.ac.uk

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Learning Outcomes Module Details Recommended General Reading Seminars Writing a Gobbet Semester 1 Lecture Programme Semester 1 Seminar and Essay Reading Semester 1 Essay Questions Semester 2 Lecture Programme Semester 2 Seminar and Essay Reading Semester 2 Essay Questions 3 3 5 8 10 11 13 15 44 45 47 84

Cover Illustration: Adriaen Pietersz van de Venne, Fishing for Souls (1614) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaen_van_de_Venne

V11213
From Reformation to Revolution: An Introduction to Early Modern History, c.1500-1789
INTRODUCTION This module introduces students to major issues in the social, political and cultural history of Europe in the early modern period by analysing demographic, religious, social and cultural changes that took place between c.1500 and 1789. Students will examine the tensions produced by warfare, religious conflict, the changing relationships between rulers, subjects and political elites, trends in socio-economic development and the discovery of the New World. This crucially important period witnessed Europe split by the religious differences of the Reformation, shaken by local rebellions and uprisings, transformed by the discovery of the New World, and affected by destructive and costly wars that spread across the continent. How did these forces of change interact in the period and what did this mean for the nascent European nation-states and the people of Europe? These issues will be addressed thematically, through comparing the experience of different countries. Topics for more detailed study include monarchies and princely courts, urbanization, social issues such as poverty, household and family, as well as literacy and print culture, witchcraft, the development of trade, protest, toleration and persecution, and the military revolution. Throughout, students will be encouraged to deal critically with broader historiographical debates on these issues. LEARNING OUTCOMES a. Knowledge and understanding. By the end of the module students should be able to: explain and interpret the underlying forces that shaped European history in the years c.1500-1789 show an awareness of the factors affecting the lives of people who lived at this period evaluate the forces of continuity and change at work within the period demonstrate an awareness of the variety of perspectives in the discipline, notably those of economic, political, social and cultural history b. Intellectual skills. By the end of this module students should be able to: think critically and imaginatively about the subject matter identify and address key problems relevant to it

4 be aware of differing historical interpretations of the subject matter read secondary sources critically construct coherent and independent historical arguments of their own

c. Professional/ practical skills. This module will develop students ability to: select, sift and synthesise information from a range of secondary and selected primary sources identify and compare key arguments in those materials demonstrate appropriate bibliographical and referencing skills use the IT resources effectively to assess information d. Transferable skills. This module will also help students to: manage a large and disparate body of information communicate arguments and ideas effectively in speech and writing express themselves clearly, coherently and fluently in written work work and learn actively with others manage and take responsibility for their own studies demonstrate appropriate IT skills in seminars and the presentation of coursework.

MODULE DETAILS 1. Lectures Lectures in the module will take place on a weekly basis, last approximately 50 minutes each, and will be held at the following time and in the following venues. **Please note that lectures are held at different times and places in semester one and semester two. SEMESTER 1 Thursday at 12 noon in Room B1 of the Physics Building, University Park SEMESTER 2 Monday at 9:00 in Room C24 of the Coates Building, University Park Lectures are a particularly important component of your course. They provide the backbone of the module, and assessment on the module assumes knowledge of the material presented in the lectures. You should also read around the lecture, in order to deepen your knowledge and understanding of the topic.

2. Seminars Each student will be required to sign up online for a seminar group and attend 8 weekly seminars (per semester) run by the module tutors. You must sign up for a seminar group on the electronic system called Moodle. Instructions on how and when to do this will be given out at registration. Seminar attendance is compulsory. At the first session your tutor will explain the work you will be undertaking, how this will be structured, and your responsibilities within the class. The precise format of seminars will be decided by your tutor, but strong emphasis will be placed on student contributions to seminars. You may be expected to make short formal presentations, or alternatively, to organize the seminar as part of a smaller group of seminar leaders. Additional information will be provided by module tutors at the first seminar. If, for any reason, you miss the first seminar, you must contact your tutor immediately, so that you will be prepared for the seminar series as a whole. IMPORTANT NOTE: It is extremely important that you let us know if you are unable to attend a seminar because of illness or serious personal problems (this is a Department of History requirement). Please telephone or e-mail the School of Humanities Taught Courses Office or your tutor. You should do this before the class starts if at all possible, or else as soon as possible after the seminar which you missed.

6 An attendance register will be kept at each seminar. Failure to explain an absence satisfactorily will result in a letter being sent to you and may lead to further penalties in relation to your completion of the module. 10% of the final assessment is based on your seminar performance and attendance (5% on performance, 5% on attendance). PLEASE NOTE that persistent failure to attend seminars may jeopardise your chances of completing the module. Full details of the procedures and penalties applied in respect of unsatisfactory attendance can be found in the Undergraduate Handbook.

3. Assessment The module is assessed as follows: an evaluation of your seminar performance (worth 10%) [see above] two 2,000 word essays (worth 50% of the total mark) [see below] an end-of-year examination of 2-hours duration (worth 40%) [see below]

Essays. Each student must write two essays of 2,000 words (the word count excludes the bibliography), which will count for 50% of the overall mark. The use of illustrative material such as maps, graphs and tables is welcome, but only where they are relevant to the subject matter of the essay. Essays must be word processed. Hand in TWO hard copies of each essay, with an official School of Humanities Cover Sheet for each copy, in the coursework submission box in the Humanities Building. IN ADDITION submit an electronic version of your essay via Moodle. See the Undergraduate Handbook for full details of the procedures for essay presentation and submission. You should pay particular attention to the sections on the proper acknowledgement of references and sources and the penalties which apply in respect of plagiarism and collusion.

Essay Deadlines SEMESTER 1: Tuesday 3 December 2013 SEMESTER 2: Tuesday 11 March 2014 NB. All coursework must be submitted by 4.00pm on the day of the deadline. Please note that any work submitted electronically later than the deadline will incur an immediate fixed 5% penalty. Late essays submitted in hard copy will additionally be penalized by a cumulative 5% penalty per working day.

7 Examination. All students must sit the examination, which takes place towards the end of the second semester. The examination will constitute 40% of the assessment. Students will answer three questions in two hours, one of which will be a gobbet exercise (see below). Remember the Department of History regulation that you should not use the same material to answer examination questions which has been used in your essay. In other words, if you write an essay on the nobility you cannot answer a question on the nobility in the examination. Past examination papers for the module are available through the Student Portal under the Library site: search by module code (V11213) or title to see available papers. These are for general guidance only and older exam papers reflect an earlier version of the course. Exam papers can be downloaded and printed off for personal use. Communication The module convenor is available for general enquiries relating to the administration of the module as a whole. The module tutors are available for specific questions relating to your seminar group. Your personal tutor is available to discuss individual matters relating to your studies within the Department. If you need an extension for a History coursework essay, the only person who can grant such an extension is the Year 1 Examinations Officer in History. You will have to contact the exams officer as soon as you become aware that an illness or other unforeseeable circumstances are likely to prevent your from submitting your coursework on time. The name and contact details of the Year 1 Exams Officer in History will be posted on the Year 1 notice board in Lenton Grove. Extensions will only be granted on presentation of evidence from a qualified professional (e.g. a note from a doctor).

Tutors are available by e-mail (see the front cover of this booklet) or by attending one of their office hours. Tutors will communicate these to you at the first seminar and through notice boards in the teaching block of Lenton Grove.

8 RECOMMENDED GENERAL READING The following provide the suggested general reading for this module. The books listed have basic introductory material on almost all of the themes of the module. They will not give you sufficient material to write on any one topic, but each provides a good basic guide. You are expected to be able to marshall evidence from several historians rather than relying on any one or two books to provide sufficient material for seminars, essays and the examination. In particular, you should expect to make use of the designated reading for each topic. As yourself if the historians you are reading seem to agree or disagree and why this is the case. The recommended core text for the module is Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789 (2006), available in the Hallward Library. Blackwells Bookstore, on the University Park Campus, also stock the text for purchase. For the related website, which contains original sources to support the book (which are of relevance to this module) see: http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521808941 &ss=res (you need to click on the Resources tab) B. Kmin (Editor), The European World, 1500-1800 (2009) is also highly recommended and there should also be copies for sale at Blackwells.

General Bibliography H. Kamen, Early Modern European Society (2000). R. Bonney, The European Dynastic States 1494-1660 (1991). W. Doyle, The Old European Order 1660-1800 (2nd Edition, 1992). J. Merriman, A History Of Modern Europe (1996). P. Musgrave, The Early Modern European Economy (1999). A. Cunningham and O.P. Grell, The Four Horsemen Of The Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine And Death In Reformation Europe (2000). D. Kirby, Northern Europe In The Early Modern Period: The Baltic World, 1492-1772 (1990). F. Braudel, Civilisation And Capitalism, 15th-18th Century (3 Vols, 1992). On the sixteenth century: H.G. Koenigsberger And G.L. Mosse, Europe In The Sixteenth Century (2nd Edition, 1989). R. Mackenny, Sixteenth-Century Europe 1500-1600 (1991). On the seventeenth century: J. Bergin, The Seventeenth Century (2001). T. Munck, Seventeenth Century Europe: State, Conflict, And The Social Order in Europe, 1598-1700 (1990). D.H. Pennington, Seventeenth Century Europe (2nd Edition, 1989). On the eighteenth century:

9 M.S. Anderson, Europe In The Eighteenth Century 1713-83 (3rd Edition, 1987). O. Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest 1730-89 (1980). J. Black, Eighteenth-Century Europe (1990). T.C.W. Blanning (editor), The Eighteenth Century, 1688-1815 (2000), Chapters 2, 3, 6. General Reference Guides/Encylopedias: J. Dewald (editor), Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World (6 Volumes, 2004). H. Kamen (editor), Whos Who in Europe, 1450-1750 (2000) [E-BOOK]. Electronic Resources: In the lists of reading which follow, you will find references to printed sources available electronically either through online journals or as E-BOOKS. When searching the library catalogue by book title or title of the journal/ periodical, you will be able to select electronic versions (where available). The handbook provides an indication where this should be the case. IMPORTANT NOTICE: In general, you should not just search the internet for additional resources - many websites provide unreliable material. You will find out more about this through your Learning History studies. However, there are some general websites which you might find useful which give access to various original texts, papers and images for this period. http://www.earlymodernweb.org.uk/emr/ http://www.besthistorysites.net/EarlyModernEurope.shtml http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/johnson/exhibition/

If you decide to use a website for any piece of work then you need to provide the full url (i.e. all the section underlined in the examples given above, which denotes the address of the website) and the date on which you accessed it, in the bibliography.

10 SEMINARS For each seminar there is at least one item of core reading, which is easily accessible (usually an online journal article, a chapter from the general reading or a section of an E-Book). All students in the seminar group must read this item (at the very least) in order to prepare for the seminar. In the case of seminar sessions focusing on a document, you must read the document PLUS any associated secondary reading. When preparing for seminars, do be sure to bear in mind the specified seminar questions. A number of items of further reading are also provided to help you. These may offer contextualization, contrasting theories or case studies against which broader arguments can be tested. Seminars are usually organized around presentations given by assigned members of the seminar group, who should divide up the further reading among themselves. Those responsible for a given seminar should aim to address the specified seminar questions between them. The core reading and further reading together form the bibliography for the assessed essays. Seminar topics Seminars meet for 8 weekly sessions (per semester). The first seminar meeting is introductory and on this occasion you will be told which topics your group will be studying. Each topic has two seminar sessions associated with it. The first seminar will consider the topic more broadly and discuss a range of secondary literature, while the second seminar focuses on analyzing a primary source from the period (a document or picture). A possible format for seminars We appreciate that this is your first experience of University study, and below are some guidance notes for seminars on this module. However, the exact format of the seminars will be outlined by your seminar tutor at the introductory seminar. One model for seminars is the following: The seminar group will consist of approximately 15-20 students, but will be split into four cell groups of three or four students. Each cell group will work together in seminars, and will lead two of the eight seminars consecutively: the first of the two seminars will introduce the topic, the second will take place in the following week and focus on a relevant primary source or case study. In order to contribute effectively, each student needs to undertake some reading for each seminar, not just for the class that their cell group is leading. Work undertaken for seminars may be used in answering examination questions, provided that it has not also been used in the module essays.

0-20 minutes Cell group leading the session (a) introduces the topic, primary source or case study

11 (b) (c) isolates the key issues for discussion provides a list of questions for other cell groups to discuss

NB: the cell group works out its own method of delivery, perhaps with one or two students taking the lead, possibly using appropriate audio-visual facilities, such as a power-point presentation, an OHP, flipchart, or whiteboard. Make sure that each member of the cell knows in advance what their role is. It might also be helpful to prepare an agenda for the seminar. 20-35 mins Cell groups work independently discussing questions and compiling feedback material 35-45 mins Feedback, organised by the cell group leading the session, who might want to put comments on an OHP transparency, flip chart etc. 45-50 mins Cell group leading the seminar sums up, draws conclusions etc. At the end of the seminar the tutor will provide feedback to the presenting group and discuss the next seminar topic with the cell group which will be leading the following class. ESSAY WRITING The rules for punctuating footnotes and bibliographies are set out in the Undergraduate Handbook and need to be followed exactly.

WRITING A GOBBET Each seminar topic has a primary source(s) attached to it. From these documents a short passage will be extracted and you will be asked to write upon one of these as part of the final examination. A gobbet is a brief analytical commentary on a short fragment of text taken from a primary source. PLEASE NOTE that a gobbet is very different from an essay. This exercise requires you to write concisely both about the specifics of a given document (eg. authorship, dating, context) and also the significance of the passage (or image) in relation to the themes of the course. To begin with, read the extract carefully, trying to establish the issue of primary importance and distinguish it from others, which might be significant in themselves, but are not central to your analysis of the fragment in question. Can you detect any possible bias on the part of the author(s)? Why are they saying what they are saying? Whose interests may have been at stake? Do note that you may be asked to write a gobbet about one of the pictures featured in the seminar booklet, but the principles of analysis are basically the same. Gobbet answers should typically address the following issues:

12 (i) The nature of the document. What type of source is it? Is there anything about the type of publication, the identity of the author, or intended audience that needs to be borne in mind when interpreting its content? Is the dating of the extract relevant? (ii) The content of the passage. What is being described in the passage, and are there allusions to particular issues or events within the text that require explanation? (iii) Evaluation/broader significance of the passage. What does the passage reveal about broader themes in the study of the topic or course? The precise length that you devote to the issues above will vary according to the nature of the different documents. But it is vital that you attach importance to the third issue (the significance of the passage), and do not spend too long in simply describing what it says. A key rule (especially in an exam situation) is to stick to the point and avoid introducing any extraneous information or making any statements that you do not relate directly to the text itself. During the exam itself, you will also be writing two essay questions,. This means that you simply cannot afford to spend more than 40 minutes on a single gobbet. Generally speaking, a gobbet should not be longer than 750 words in length. Gobbets are written as continuous prose, not as a series of bullet points.

13 SEMESTER 1 LECTURE PROGRAMME

Thursday 12 noon, Room B1, Physics Building 1. 3 October 2013 lecturers) Introduction (Dr Appleby and other module

An introduction to the module; a description of the themes of the module and an explanation of the basic chronology. (PLEASE NOTE that this is a 2-hour lecture) 2. 10 October 2013 Population (Mr Riden)

In this lecture the key theme is demographic development through time. What was it, how important was population increase, and what were the social consequences of population growth in the early modern period? 3. 17 October 2013 Rural Life (Dr Appleby) This lecture considers the nature and organisation of agricultural work conducted by the vast majority of the European population in the early modern period. 4. 24 October 2012 Household and Family (Dr Haggerty)

This lecture concentrates on the concept of family, household structures and the working rhythm of everyday life 5. 31 October 2013 The City in Early Modern Europe (Dr Merritt)

This lecture considers the nature of the city in the early modern period in some of its social, cultural and political aspects. 6. 7 November 2014 Poverty (Dr Haggerty)

This lecture will concentrate on the shifting perceptions of poverty in the early modern period, and how responses to poverty changed in consequence. . Directed Studies Week: 11-15 November 2013 No lecture this week This week should be used to continue work on your first module essay as well as completing any seminar preparation required by your tutor. Please remember the University regulations on attendance continue to operate during this period. You will also need to continue attending seminars and lectures in other Schools and Departments of the University, unless they, too, have a Directed Studies Week at this time.

7.

21 November 2013 Reformation Merritt)

and

Counter-Reformation

(Dr

14

An introduction to the religious change of the sixteenth century, its political and cultural implications for the countries of Central and Western Europe. 8. 28 November 2013 Toleration and Persecution (Dr Merritt)

An examination of the emergence of the confessional state in postReformation Europe, focusing on the state-sponsored attempts to introduce religious toleration and trying to assess their limitations. 9. 5 December 2013 Capitalism and Commerce (Dr Haggerty)

This lecture considers the rise of capitalism in early modern Europe and whether this entailed a new mindset, or simply the further development of older commercial relationships. 10. 12 December 2013 European (Dr Haggerty) Expansion and Imperialism

This lecture compares and contrasts the various motives of the Europeans when they set out to discover the new world and the creation of thier Empires both West and East.

15 SEMESTER 1 SEMINAR AND ESSAY READING 1. POPULATION PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: What are the main drivers of population growth? List the three main phases of population growth in Europe. What was the link between population growth and urbanisation? Did countries across Europe have different experiences of population change? Core Reading: Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe, pp. 44-77, 270-75, 412-18. Kamen, Early Modern European Society, Chapter 1. Merriman, History of Modern Europe, pp. 384-8. Mokyr, Joel, Review of Three Centuries of Population Change The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction by E. A. Wrigley; R. S.Schofield Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Oct., 1983), pp. 183-192 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. Smith, R.M. (2001), 'Welfare of the Individual and the Group: Malthus and Externalities', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 145 , pp. 402-414 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY].

Further Reading: P. Slack, The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (1990). M. Flinn, European Demographic System, 1500-1850 (1981). N. Canny, Europeans on the Move (1994). C. Cipolla, Fontana Economic History of Europe, Volume 2 (1973), Chapter by Mols. E.A. Wrigley and R.S. Schofield, Population and Economy. Cambridge Economic History of Europe (1981), Chapter 1. Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volume 4, Chapter 1. E.A. Wrigley, 'Population Growth: England, 1680-1820', in A. Digby and C. Feinstein (editors), New Directions in Economic and Social History (1989). J. Landers and A. Mouzas, Burial Seasonality and Causes of Death in London, 1670-1819, Population Studies, 42, 1 (1988), 58-83. D. Sella, Coping with Famine: The Changing Demography of an Italian Village in the 1590s, Sixteenth-Century Journal, 22, 2 (1991), 185-97. D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, Population in History (1965), Chapters. 4, 6, 18, 19, 21-26. H. Miskimin, The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe (1978), Chapter 2. G. Parker and L. Smith, The General Crisis of the 17th Century (1978). P. Hohenberg and L. Lees, The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1950 (1985). E.B. Ross, The Malthus Factor: population, poverty and politics in capitalist development (Zed Bookjs, 1998). M. Turner (ed.), Malthus and his Time (Macmillan 1986).

16 P. Demeny and G. McNicoll (eds.), The Earthscan Reader in Population and Development (Earthscan, 1998).

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: Why was Malthus so pessimistic about prospects for population growth? Why was Malthus proved wrong in the case of Western Europe's subsequent population history? In what ways did Malthus's views influence either contemporary or later public policy towards population growth? Text: The positive checks to population include all the causes, which tend in any way prematurely to shorten the duration of human life, such as unwholesome occupations; severe labour and exposure to the seasons; bad and insufficient food and clothing arising from poverty; bad nursing of children; excesses of all kinds; great towns and manufactories; the whole train of common diseases and epidemics; war, infanticide, plague, and famine. Of these positive checks, those which appear to arise from the laws of nature may be called exclusively misery; and those which we bring upon ourselves, such as wars, excesses of all kinds, and many others, which it would be in our power to avoid, are on a mixed nature. They are brought upon by vice, and their consequences are misery. T.R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)

17 2. RURAL LIFE PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: Why is it important to study the way of life of rural societies in the early modern period? How valid are contrasts drawn in historiography between Eastern and Western European rural societies? Did rural life and work evolve at the same pace as urban areas affected by the development of industry and commerce? Core Reading: P. Burke, Review: The Brenner Debate, The American Journal of Sociology, Volume 92, Number 4 (January 1987), pp. 1050-52 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. G. Dallas, Review: The Brenner Debate, Journal of Social History, Volume 20, Number 4 (Summer 1987), pp. 832-36 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. R.J. Holton, Review: The Brenner Debate, Contemporary Sociology, Volume 16, Number 2 (March 1987), pp. 165-67 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. W.W. Hagen, Capitalism and the countryside in early modern Europe: interpretations, models, debates, Agricultural History, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), pp. 13-47 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. Further Reading: E. Cameron, Early Modern Europe (1999), Chapter 1. W. Rosener, The Peasantry of Europe (1994), Chapters 6-11. T. Scott (editor), The Peasantries of Europe: From the Fourteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (1998). R. Brenner, various articles in Past and Present, Number 70 (1976), and Number 97 (1982) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. These have also been reprinted in T. Aston and C. Philpin (editors), The Brenner Debate (1985). A. Appleby, Grain Prices and Subsistence Crises in England and France, 1590-1740, The Journal of Economic History, Volume 39, Number 4 (December 1979), pp. 865-887 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. J. Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (1978). M.L. Bush, Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500 (1992), Chapter 8. P. Hoppenbrouwers and J.L. van Zanden, Peasants into Farmers? The Transformation of Rural Economy and Society in the Low Countries in the Light of the Brenner Debate (2001). E. Le Roy Ladurie, The Peasants of Languedoc (1974). E. Le Roy Ladurie, The French Peasantry, 1450-1660 (1987). D. Moon, The Russian Peasantry 1600-1930: The World the Peasants Made (1999).

18 W.N. Parker and E.L. Jones, European Peasants and their Markets (1975). J. de Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age (1974). J. Whittle, The Development of Agrarian Capitalism: Land and Labour in Norfolk, 1330-1580 (2000). J.J. Spengler, Demographic factors and early modern economic development demographic factors and early modern economic development, Daedalus, Vol. 97, No. 2, Historical Population Studies (Spring, 1968), pp. 433-446 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. L. Vardi, Imagining the harvest in early modern Europe, The American Historical Review, Vol. 101, No. 5 (Dec., 1996), pp. 1357-1397 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. P.T. Hoffman, Taxes and agrarian life in early modern France: land sales, 1550-1730, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Mar., 1986), pp. 37-55. [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. M. Ejrnaes and K.G. Persson, Grain storage in early modern Europe, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 762-772. [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. R. Nielsen, Storage and English government intervention in early modern grain markets, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 1-33. [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY].

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: How extensive does the process of enclosure appear to be in the region Hartlib describes? What European influences can be discerned in these land improvement techniques? What sort of resistance does Hartlib expect to land improvement? Text: An extract from Samuel Hartlib, The Compleat Husband-Man: or, A discourse of the whole art of husbandry; both forraign and domestick (1659) [BOOK AVAILABLE IN FULL VIA EEBO] It's a common saying, that there are more waste lands in England, in these particulars, than in all Europe besides, considering the quantity of land. I dare not say this is true; but hope if it be so, that it will be mended. For of late much hath been done for the advancement of these kinds of land; yet there are as yet great Deficiencies. In the times of Papistry, all in this Island were either Souldiers or Scholars; Scholars by reason of the great honours, privileges, and profits, (the third part of the Kingdome belonging to them) and Souldiers, because of the many and great warres with France, Scotland, Ireland, Wales. And in those times Gentlemen thought it an honour to be carelesse, and to have houses, furniture, diet, exercises, apparell, &c. yea all things at home and abroad, Souldier-like: Musick, Pictures, Perfumes, Sawces, (unlesse good stomacks) were counted, perhaps unjustly, too effeminate. In Queen Elizabeth's dayes Ingenuities, Curiosities and Good Husbandry began to take place, and then Salt Marshes began to be fenced from the Seas; and yet

19 many were neglected, even to our dayes, as Hollhaven in Essex, Axtel-holme Isle in York-shire: many 1000 of Acres have lately been gained from the Sea in Lincolne-shire, and as yet more are to be taken in there, and in other places. Rumsey-marsh in Kent consisting of 45000 Acres and upwards, (as Cambden relateth) is of some antiquity where the land is usually let for 30 s per Acre, and yet 1 d per week constantly is pay'd, through the whole levil, for the maintenance of the wall, and now and then 2 d whereas ordinary salts are accounted dear at 5 s or 6 s per Acre; so that the improvement is very considerable: the same I may say of Fens, especially that great Fen of Lincoln-shire, Cambridge, Huntingdon consisting as I am informed of 380000 Acres, which is now almost recovered; and a friend of mine told me very lately, that he had profered a marke per Acre; for 900 Acres together, to sowe Rape on, which formerly was scarcely valued at 12 d per Acre; very great therefore is the improvement af draining of lands, and our negligence very great, that they have been wast so long, and as yet so continue in divers places: for the improving of a Kingdome is better than the conquering of a new one. I see likewise no small faults in this land, by having so many Chases and Forrests, where brambles, brakes; furzes do grow, when as these trumperies might be cut up, and pot-ashes made of them; and the ground imployed profitably for Corne, or Pasture. I know a Forrest by Brill in Buckingham-shire taken in, and the land is usually let being now wel enclosed, for 4 or 5 Nobles per Acre. Sort of waste-land, is dry healthy Commons. I know that poor people wil cry out against me, because I call these waste lands; but it's no matter: I desire Ingenious Gentlemen seriously to consider, whether or no these lands might not be improved very much by the Husbandry of Flaunders, (viz.) by sowing Flax, Turneps, great Clover-Grasse, if that Manure be made by folding Sheep after the Flaunders way, to keep it in heart? Whether the Rottennesse and Scabbinesse of Sheepe, Murrein of Cattel, Diseases of Horses, and in general all diseases of Cattel do not especially proceed from Com|mons? If the rich men, who are able to keep great stocks, are not great gainers by them? Whether Commons do not rather make poore, by causing idlenesse, than maintain them; and such poor, who are trained up rather for the Gallowes or beggery, than for the Common-wealths service? How it cometh to passe, that there are fewest poor, where there are fewest Commons, as in Kent, where there is scarce six Commons in the County of a considerable greatness? How many do they see enriched by the Commons; and if their Cattel be not usually swept away by the Rot, or starved in some hard winters?

20 If that poor men might not imploy 2 Acres enclosed to more advantage; than twice as much in a Common? And Lastly, if that all Commons were enclosed, and part given to the Inhabitants, and part rented out, for a stock to set all the poor on work in every County; I determine nothing in this kind: but leave the determination for wiser heads.

Gobbet for in-class analysis: Extract from the Report of the Estates of Normandy (1651) [Available at: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/17france-soc.asp] Saint-Quentin. Of the 450 sick persons whom the inhabitants were unable to relieve, 200 were turned out, and these we saw die one by one as they lay on the roadside. A large number still remain, and to each of them it is only possible to dole out the least scrap of bread. We only give bread to those who would otherwise die. The staple dish here consists of mice, which the inhabitants hunt, so desperate are they from hunger. They devour roots which the animals cannot eat; one can, in fact, not put into words the things one sees. []The parish priest at Boult [] tells us [] his parishioners [] subsisted on chopped straw mixed with earth, of which they composed a food which cannot be called bread. Other persons in the same place lived on the bodies of animals which had died of disease, and which the cur, otherwise unable to help his people, allowed them to roast at the presbytery fire.

21 3. HOUSEHOLD AND FAMILY

PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: What source material is used to construct the model of the early modern household? What were the differences between households of varying social status, occupation and region? How different were the roles of men, women and children in the functioning of the family household? How did wider community affect the functioning of the early modern household? Did the family unit influence the development of early modern European societies?

Core Reading: E.A. Hammel and P. Laslett, Comparing household structure over time and between cultures, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16/1 (January 1974), pp. 73-109 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Kamen, Early Modern European Society, Chapters 1, 2, 7.

Further Reading: M. Anderson, Approaches to the History of the Western Family, 1500-1914 (1980). E. Cameron (editor), Early Modern Europe (2001), Chapter 1. J. Casey, Family and Community in Early Modern Spain: The Citizens of Granada, 1570-1739 (2008). G. Crossick, The Artisan and the European town, 1500-1900 (1997). J. Farr, Artisans in Europe, 1300-1914 (2000). J.L. Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality (1979). J. Goody, The European Family (1999). R.A. Houlbrooke, The English Family, 1450-1700 (1984). R. Jutte, Household and family life in late sixteenth-century Cologne: the Weinsberg family, Sixteenth Century Journal, 17/2 (Summer, 1986) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] D.H. Kaiser, Urban household composition in early modern Russia, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 23/1 (Summer, 1992), pp. 39-71 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] D.I. Kertzer, Family Life in Early Modern Times, 1500-1789 (2001). P. Laslett, Size and structure of the household in England over three centuries, Population Studies, 23/2 (1969), pp. 199-223 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]

22 P. Laslett, The comparative history of household and family, Journal of Social History, 4/1 (1970), pp. 75-87 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] P. Laslett, Household and Family in Past Times (1972). H. Medick, The proto-industrial family economy, Social History, 3 (1976). M Mitterauer and R Sieder (editors), The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present (1981). H. Rebel, Peasant stem families in early modern Austria, Social Science History, 2/3 (Spring, 1978), pp. 255-291 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] R. Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture 1500-1800 (1999). E. Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (1976). L. Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800 (abridged edition) (1979). M. Todd, Humanists, Puritans and the spiritualized household, Church History, 49/1 (March, 1980), pp. 18-34 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] J. Walter and R. Schofield, Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society (1989). R. Wheaton, Family and kinship in Western Europe: the problem of the joint family household, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 5 (1975), pp. 601-28 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] K. Wrightson, English Society 1580-1680 (2003), Chapter 4, pp. 165-82.

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: How useful are artefacts, such as this painting, as primary sources? What factors do you have to take into account when analysing at Aertsens Kitchen? Does this image correspond with your understanding of home and family in the early modern period? Reading: Margaret A. Sullivan, Aertsens Kitchen and Market Scenes: Audience and Innovation on Northern Art, The Art Bulletin, 81/2 (1999), pp. 23644 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Liana Vardi, Imagining the Harvest in Early Modern Europe, American Historical Review, 101/5 (1996), pp. 1357-97 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]

23 Image: Pieter Aertsen (1508-1575), Kitchen Scene, Allegory Voluptas Carnis [Latin for the pleasure of the flesh]

http://easipedia.net/c041/8263_0.htm

24

4. THE CITY IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: Which cities experienced growth in this period and why? How did the character of the urban environment change in this period and why? How did the growth of centralized political authority affect urban centres? How positive or negative were attitudes towards cities in this period? Core Reading: P. Benedict, French Cities From The Sixteenth Century To The Revolution: An Overview In P. Benedict (Editor), Cities And Social Change In Early Modern France (1992), pp. 6-45 [E-BOOK]. Further Reading: H. Ballon, The Paris of Henri IV: Architecture and Urbanism (1991), especially Introduction, Chapter 3 and Conclusion. P. Clark, European Cities and Towns 400-2000 (2009), especially Chapters 7, 9 and 10. P. Clark (editor), The Cambridge urban history of Britain, Volume 2, (2000), Chapters 6 and 10. A. Cowan, Urban Europe, 1500-1700 (1998). M. Girouard, Cities and people: a social and architectural (1985), Chapter 910, pp. 181-232. C.R. Friedrichs, Urban Politics in Early Modern Europe (2000), Chapters 4-5, pp. 35-64 [E-BOOK]. D. Harreld, Trading places: The public and private spaces of merchants in sixteenth-century Antwerp, Journal of Urban History 29 (2003), 657-69 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. M. THart, The glorious city: monumentalism and public space in seventeenth century Amsterdam in P. OBrien (editor) Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2000) [Available at: http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/m.c.thart/] H. Hills, Mapping the Early Modern city, Urban History 23 (1996), 145-70 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. P. Hohenberg, and L.H. Lees, The Making of Urban Europe, 1000-1994 (1985). C. Koslofsky, Court culture and street lighting in seventeenth -century Europe Journal of Urban History 28 (2002), 743-68 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] D. Ringrose, The impact of a new capital city: Madrid, Toledo, and New Castile, 1560-1660, Journal of Economic History 33 (1973) 761-91 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] J. De Vries, European urbanization 1500-1800 (1984)

25 L. Williams, To recreate and refresh their dull spirites in the sweet and wholesome ayre: green space and the growth of the city in J.F. Merritt (editor) Imagining Early Modern London (Cambridge, 2001), 185-216 A. Lees and L. Lees Hollen, Cities and the Making of Modern Europe, 17501914 (2007).

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What does the documentary extract below tell us about the physical and geographical environment of London? What do the restrictions on building tell us about the role James I sought for his capital? To what extent did monarchs of this period involve themselves in building, regulating and promoting cities and why? Reading: J. Robertson, Stuart London and the idea of a royal capital city , Renaissance Studies 15/1 (2001), 38-58 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Text: A Proclamation for restraint of Building, in and about London (3 August 1611) The Kings Majesty, perceiving the manifold inconveniences daily growing by increase of new Buildings in the Cities of London and Westminster, and the Suburbs and Liberties thereof, whereby the people increasing to so great numbers, are not well to be governed by the wonted Officers, and the price of Victuals is thereby much enhanced, and the health of his Subjects inhabiting in the Cities and places aforesaid is much endangered, and many other good Towns and Burroughs thereby unpeopled and in their trades much decayed; And also perceiving the general commodity which would grow to his said Cities of London and Westminster, and the Liberties and Suburbs of the same, if the use of Building with Bricks there were more practised and put in use, and that Timber thereby would be greatly preserved and spared, which is much wasted and grown very scant within this Realm; and also observing how much it would grace and beautify the said Cities, being the principal places of this Kingdom, for the resort and entertainment of foreign princes, which from time to time do come into this Realm, if an Uniformity were kept in the said Buildings, and the foreparts or forefronts of the houses, standing and looking towards the Streets, were all builded with Brick and Stone, which is more durable and more safe and defensible against fire, and is by experience found to be of little more charge than the building with Timber: Doth therefore straightly prohibit and forbid all persons whatsoever, that they shall [] build, erect or set up, or cause to be builded, erected or set up within thy Cities of London or Westminster, or the Suburbs thereof [] any manner of Buildings, be they dwelling Houses, Stables, Shops, Stalls, or any other Building whatsoever, except it shall be upon the foundation of a former dwelling

26 House, Stable, Shop, Stall or other building respectively. [] And that they shall [] [not] build, erect or set up [] upon any old foundation [] any building [] except the said house, habitation, shop or storey so to be builded as is aforesaid, or at the least the forefront .. be wholly built of brick, or of brick and stone. []

Gobbet for in-class analysis: [One of several plans for the restoration of London after the Great Fire of 1666. It was submitted to King Charles II by the famous writer, gardener and amateur architect John Evelyn (1620-1706). Evelyn's plan proposed a street running from the church of St Dunstans in the East to the St Paul's Cathedral, and in having no quay or terrace along the river. It was not implemented, and the rebuilt city generally followed the streetplan of the old one.]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Evelyn%27s_plan_for_the_rebuilding_of _London_after_the_Great_Fire.JPG LEGEND

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 8. Temple Bar Fleet Conduit St Dunstans in the West Sergeants Inn The New Channel The College of Physicians St Pauls 21. The Navy Office 22. Billings-Gate 23. The Fish Market 24. Queens Heath 25. Pauls Wharf 26. The Sluice 27. Sessions House, Newgate Prison, Public Work House, & Bridewell 28. The Church Yards and Inn 29. The Key 30. Black Friars Church and Watling

9-10. The two Sheriffs of London Houses 11. Mercers Chapel 12. Bow Church and the Arches

27
Street 31. The Tower 32. New-Gate 33. Alders-Gate 34. Cripple-Gate 35. Moor-Gate 36. Bishops-Gate 37. Ald-Gate 38. Charles-Gate

13. The Fountain in Grace-Church Street 14. St Dunstans in the East 15. Guild Hall 16. Christs Hospital and Church 17. The Lord Mayors House 18. The Royal Exchange 19. The Trinity House 20. The Custom House & Admiralty Court

28 5. POVERTY PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: How important were the notions of the deserving and the undeserving poor? How did the rise of Protestantism affect attitudes to charity? How did the concept of Christian responsibility change over time? What were the differences in secular and religious charity and how they changed over time? What were the differences in attitudes to poverty and provision of poor relief in different parts of Europe? Core Reading: Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe, pp. 211-12, 405-12 M.K. McIntosh, Poverty, Charity and Coercion in Elizabethan England , Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35/3 (2005), pp. 457-79 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] M. Safley, The Reformation of Charity: The Secular and the Religious in Early Modern Poor Relief (Boston, Brill, 2003) [E-BOOK] B. Pullan, Catholics. Protestants and the Poor in Early Modern Europe, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35/3 (2005), pp. 441-56. [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Further Reading: R.C. Allen, Progress and Poverty in Early Modern Europe, Economic History Review, 56/3 (2003), 403-43 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] A.L. Beier, The Problem of the Poor in Tudor and Stuart England (1983). C. Lis and H. Soly, Poverty and Capitalism in Pre-Industrial Europe (1979), Chapters 3-5. S. Cavallo, Charity and Power in Early Modern Italy (1995). P. Clark, The European Crisis of the 1590s (1985), Chapter 13. P.A. Fideler, Social Welfare in Pre-Industrial England: The Old Poor Law Tradition (2006) S. Hindle, On the Parish? The Micro-Politics of Poor Relief in England, c.1550-1750 (2004). O. Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest, 1730-89 (1989). R. Jutte, Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe (1994). C.S. Schen, Constructing the Poor in Seventeenth-Century London, Albion, 32/3 (2000), pp. 450-63 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] A. Shepard, Poverty, Labour and the Language of Social Description in EarlyModern England, Past and Present, 201 (2008), pp. 51-95 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] P. Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (1988). N. Tersptra, Apprenticeship in Social Welfare: From Confraternal Charity to Municipal Poor Relief in Early Modern Italy, Sixteenth Century Journal, 25/1 (1994), pp.101-120 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] J. Walter and R. Schofield, Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern society (1989), Chapters 1 and 5.

29 S.J. Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (1986).

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: Why did Eden write his report in 1797? What assumptions do you think Eden may have formed when researching and writing his report? Do you think he was criticising current Poor Law provision, and if so, why? Reading: For context please read Sir Frederick Morton Edens entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8450?docPos=2 Text: Sir Frederick Morton Eden, The State of the Poor: Or, an History of the Labouring Classes in England from the Conquest to the Present Period; ... Together with Parochial Reports, 3 vols, vol. 1 (London, 1797) [EBOOK], pp. 268-270 [images 309-311] There are few more difficult points to decide, than whether a labourer, in a particular parish, can support a family of four or five children by his labour; yet, I conceive, the spirit of the Poor Laws requires that the parish-officers should be fully convinced he cannot, before they deem him an object worthy of relief. In large and populous parishes, it must often be the case, that the magistrate has neither leisure to investigate, nor means of ascertaining, the circumstances of every Pauper that comes before him. The overseer, it is true, lives more immediately among the poor; but if he happens to be a tradesman at all interested in conciliating the good-will of his neighbours, the powerful calls of self-interest, perhaps, may sometimes suggest to him, that a liberal expenditure of parish money will ensure him the custom of his fellow parishioners. Even if he is a substantial independent yeoman, he will often be overpowered by the cravings of the idle, or the clamours of the profligate: or, if uninfluenced by this bias, which neighbourly intercourse and connections often, very naturally, create; he will eagerly grasp at that reward, to which no man in a public station is indifferent: in the remotest corner of the kingdom, the administrator of parochial finance is usually a candidate for village popularity. [] The [] [law] provides that the church-wardens and overseers of the Poor of any parish, with the consent of the major part of the parishioners, in [] public meetings for that purpose assembled, upon usual notice given, may purchase or hire any house or houses in the parish or place, and contract with persons for the logging, employing, and keeping of poor persons. And, in case any poor person shall refuse to be lodged, kept, and maintained, in such house or

30 houses, such person shall be put out of the parish-books, and not entitled to relief. Where parishes are small, two or more such parishes, with the approbation of a Justice of Peace, may unite in purchasing or hiring houses for these purposes. And church-wardens, &c. of one parish, with the consent of the major part of the parishioners, may contract with the church-wardens, &c. of any other parish for the lodging and maintenance of the poor. But no poor persons, or their apprentices, children, &c. shall acquire a settlement in the parish, town, or place, to which they shall be removed by virtue of this Act. [] Very soon after passing this Act, many parishes availed themselves of the powers, which it conferred, in hiring, or erecting work-houses, and letting out their Poor to a contractor; and in a publication, which appeared in the year 1725, intituled, An account of several Work-houses, it is said, that this method of maintaining the Poor had met with approbation, and success throughout the kingdom. This work was reprinted in 1732, with considerable additions; and, in its enlarged state, affords much curious information respecting sixty work-houses in the country, and about fifty in the metropolis. The principal projector and undertaker of most of these establishments, was a Mr. Matthew Marryott, of Olney, in Buckinghamshire, whose activity appears, in several instances, to have reduced the Poors Rates very considerably. The indefatigable zeal of the planners of the various work-houses, was, in most instances, (not only where Mr. Marryott was the manager or contractor, but in other places,) for the few years preceding the publication of the account of the work-houses, rarely unsuccessful: but, from comparing the present state of those parishes which erected work-houses, in consequence of this Act, with their condition seventy years ago, it would seem that the expectations entertained by the nation, that great and permanent benefits would be the result of these establishments, have not been realized.

Gobbet for in-class analysis: The following extract is taken from the same source, Edens The State of the Poor, p. 270 [image 311] From the following view of the state of several parishes (which had adopted work-houses) between 1720 and 1732, their expenses for the Poor in the year 1776, and the assessments in the years 1783, 1784 and 1785, it will apear that the charge of maintaining their Poor has advanced very rapidly, notwithstanding the aid of work-houses, and, perhaps, as rapidly as in those parishes which have continued to relieve their Poor by occasional pensions at their own habitations.

31 6. REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: What factors encouraged the spread of the Reformation? What factors impeded its advance? How successful was the Counter-Reformation? Core Reading: B. Kumin, The European World 1500-1800 (2009): The Long Reformation pp.97-115 (Lutheran and Reformed) and pp. 117-127 (Catholic, ie.the Counter-Reformation) C. Scott Dixon, Contesting the Reformation (2012), Introduction (pp. 1-6) and Confessional Cultures (esp. 163-180) [E-Book]. Further Reading: R. Scribner, R. Porter and M. Teich (editors), The Reformation in national context (1994) note especially Scribners A comparative overview (pp.21525), and the articles by Kamen on Spain, Menchi on Italy, Greengrass on France, and Scribner on Germany. A. Pettegree (editor), The Reformation world (2002) [E-BOOK]: especially see Chapters 9 (C. Scott Dixon, The princely reformation in Germany), 11 (G. Murdoch on Eastern Europe), 15 (O.P. Grell on Scandinavia), and 17 (D. Coleman on Spain). P. Marshall, Reformation England 1480-1642 (2003), Chapters 6-7. C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation in Germany (2002). R. Scribner, The German Reformation (1986). D. MacCulloch, Reformation: Europes House Divided, 1490-1700 (2003) On the successes and failures of the Counter-Reformation see: M.R. Forster, The Thirty Years War and the failure of Catholicization in D.M. Luebke (editor), The Counter-Reformation: essential readings (1999). M.R. Forster, Catholic revival in the age of the baroque: religious identity in southwest Germany, 1550-1750 (2001), ch.6 and conclusion [E-BOOK]. M. Laven, Encountering the Counter-Reformation, Renaissance Quarterly, 59/3, (2006), 706-20 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. R. Po-Chia Hsia, The world of Catholic renewal 1540-1770 (1998), Chapters 3-4.

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What is a catechism? Why and in what ways does the passage draw attention to issues of authority? Why is Protestantism regarded as a threat to Catholicism?

32 For a basic explanation of what a catechism is for and a link to a Protestant catechism (the Heidelberg catechism of 1563) see the website of the modernday Canadian Reformed church: http://www.heidelberg-catechism.com/en/new/ [Be sure to click on why was it written, as the bottom right-hand corner of the page]

Text: Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests (first published by the order of Pope Pius V in 1566) [Available at: http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/romancat.html]

INTRODUCTION The Necessity Of Religious Instruction [] it is clear how necessary at all times for the attainment of eternal salvation has been the labour and faithful ministry of an authorised teacher; for it is written, how shall they hear, without a preacher? [] in these last days he [God] hath spoken to us by his Son [Jesus] []. Furthermore, the Son gave some to be apostles, and some prophets, and others pastors and teachers, to announce the word of life; that we might not be carried about like children tossed to and fro with every wind of doctrine, but holding fast to the firm foundation of the faith, we might be built together into an habitation of God in the Spirit. [] the same Saviour has ordained that their ministry should be invested with so great authority that He says to them: He that hears you, hears me; and he that despises you despises me. These words He spoke not only of those to whom His words were addressed, but likewise of all who, by legitimate succession, should discharge the ministry of the word, promising to be with them all days even to the consummation of the world. Need of an Authoritative Catholic Catechism But while the preaching of the divine Word should never be interrupted in the Church, surely in these, our days, it becomes necessary to labour with more than ordinary zeal and piety to nourish and strengthen the faithful with sound and wholesome doctrine, as with the food of life. For false prophets have gone forth into the world, to corrupt the minds of the faithful with various and strange doctrines []. In this work, to such extremes has their [Protestants] impiety, practiced in all the arts of Satan, been carried, that it would seem almost impossible to confine it within any bounds; and did we not rely on the splendid promises of the Saviour, who declared that He had built His Church on so solid a foundation that the gates of hell shall not prevail against it, we should have good reason to fear lest, beset on every side by such a host of enemies and assailed and attacked by so many machinations, it would, in these days, fall to the ground. For to say nothing of those illustrious States which heretofore professed, in piety and holiness, the true Catholic faith transmitted to them by their

33 ancestors, but are now gone astray wandering from the paths of truth and openly declaring that their best claims to piety are founded on a total abandonment of the faith of their fathers - there is no region, however remote, no place, however securely guarded, no corner of Christendom, into which this pestilence has not sought secretly to insinuate itself. [] The Nature of this Work The Fathers, therefore, of the General Council of Trent, anxious to apply some healing remedy to so great and pernicious an evil, were not satisfied with having decided the more important points of Catholic doctrine against the heresies of our times, but deemed it further necessary to issue, for the instruction of the faithful in the very rudiments of faith, a form and method to be followed in all churches by those to whom are lawfully entrusted the duties of pastor and teacher. To works of this kind many, it is true, had already given their attention, and earned the reputation of great piety and learning. But the Fathers deemed it of the first importance that a work should appear, sanctioned by the authority of the Council, from which pastors and all others on whom the duty of imparting instruction devolves, may be able to seek and find reliable matter for the edification of the faithful; that, as there is one Lord, one faith, there may also be one standard and prescribed form of propounding the dogmas of faith, and instructing Christians in all the duties of piety.

Gobbet for in-class discussion: The following extract is taken from the same source, the Tridentine Catechism of Pope Paul V For those who intended to corrupt the minds of the faithful [Protestant heretics], knowing that they could not hold immediate personal intercourse with all, and thus pour into their ears their poisoned doctrines, [they] adopted another plan which enabled them to disseminate error and impiety more easily and extensively. Besides those voluminous works by which they sought the subversion of the Catholic faiththey also composed innumerable smaller books, which, veiling their errors under the semblance of piety, deceived with incredible facility the unsuspecting minds of simple folk.

34 7. TOLERATION AND PERSECUTION PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: Why did religious toleration emerge in early modern Europe and how stable was it? Did it reflect the desires of local communities or of national rulers? How did both religious persecution and toleration relate to state development? Core Reading: Keith Lurie, Religious Coexistence in A. Bamji, G.H. Janssen and M. Laven (eds.) Ashgate Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013), pp. 55-70 [EBOOK] M Further Reading: J. Pollman, Being a Catholic in Early Modern Europe in Bamji et al, Ashgate Companion to the Counter-Reformation (2013), pp. 165-81 [E-BOOK] M. Braddick, State formation in Early Modern England (2000), Confessionalization, pp. 287-336 [E-BOOK]. Turchetti, Religious concord and political tolerance in sixteenth - and seventeenth-century France, Sixteenth Century Journal, 22 (1991), 15-25 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. J. Harrington and H. Smith, Confessionalisation, community and state building in Germany, 1555-1870, Journal of Modern History, 69 (1997), 77101 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. H. Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: An historical revision (2000), Chapter 7. R. Kleinman, Changing interpretations of the Edict of Nantes: The administrative aspect, 1643-61, French Historical Studies, 10 (1978), 541-71 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. P. Roberts, Royal authority and justice during the French Religious Wars, Past and Present, 184 (2004), 3-32 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. C. Russell, Arguments for religious unity in England, 1530 -1650, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 18 (1967), 201-26 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. C. Scott Dixon, The princely reformation in Germany, in A. Pettegree (editor), The Reformation world (2002) [E-BOOK]. H. Schilling, Confessional Europe, in T. Brady, H. Oberman and J. Tracy (editors), Handbook of European history, 1400-1600 (1994), Volume 2, pp.641-81. M. Goldie, The theory of religious intolerance in Restoration England, in O. Grell, J. Israel and N. Tyacke (editors), From persecution to toleration: The Glorious Revolution and religion in England (1991), pp.331-68. C. Herman, Settlements: Spains national Catholicism, in T. Brady, H. Oberman, and J. Tracy (editors), Handbook of European history, 1400-1600 (1994), Volume 2, pp.491-518.

35 On some of the ambiguities involved in ideas of religious toleration: W. Frijhoff, Religious toleration in the United Provinces: from case to model, and M. Prak The politics of intolerance: Citizenship and religion in the Dutch Republic (seventeenth to eighteenth centuries), both in R. Po-Chia Hsia and H. van Nierop (editors), Calvinism and religious toleration in the Dutch Golden Age (2002), pp.27-52 [E-BOOK] J. Dunn, The claim to freedom of conscience: Freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of worship?, in O. Grell, J. Israel and N. Tyacke (editors), From persecution to toleration: The Glorious Revolution and religion in England (1991), pp.171-93.

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: To what extent did the Edict of Nantes marginalize the Protestant minority? Can you identify possible areas of tension as a consequence? How secure might both Protestants and Catholics have felt under the provisions of the Edict of Nantes? Reading: For a very basic overview, see http://www.historytoday.com/richardcavendish/edict-nantes

Text: The Edict Of Nantes (1598) Henry, By the Grace of God, King of France, and Navarre, to all to whom these presents come, greeting. [] As God has not seen fit that my subjects should as yet worship and adore Him under one form of religion. [] We have, by this perpetual and irrevocable edict, established and proclaimed and do establish and proclaim: [] 3. We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored and re-established in all places and quarters of this kingdom and country under our obedience, and where the exercise of the same faith has been intermitted, to be there again, peaceably and freely exercised without any trouble or impediment. [] 6. And not to leave any occasion of trouble and difference among our subjects, we [] permit those of the Reformed Religion [Calvinists], to live and dwell in all the cities and places of this our kingdom and country under our obedience, without being inquired after, vexed, molested, or compelled to do any thing in religion, contrary to their conscience, nor by reason of the same be searched after in houses or places where they live, they comporting themselves in other things as is contained in this our present Edict or Statute.

36 9. We permit also to those of the said religion to hold, and continue the exercise of the same in all the cities and places under our obedience, where it hath by them been established and made public by many and divers times, in the Year 1586, and in 1597, until the end of the month of August, notwithstanding all decrees and judgments whatsoever to the contrary. [] 14. They [Calvinists] will not exercise the said religion in our Court, nor in our territories and countries beyond the mountains, nor in our city of Paris, nor within five leagues of the said city: nevertheless, those of the said religion dwelling in the said lands and countries beyond the mountains, and in our said city and within five leagues about the same, shall not be searched after in their houses, comporting themselves in all other things according as is contained in our present edict or law. 20. They shall also be obliged to keep and observe the festivals of the Catholic church, and shall not on the same days work, sell, or keep open shop, and likewise the artisans shall not work out of their shops, in their chambers or houses privately on the said festivals, and other forbidden days, of any trade, the noise whereof may be heard by those that pass by, or by the neighbours. 21. Books concerning the said reformed religion shall not be printed or sold publicly, save in the cities and places where its public exercise is permitted. [] Royal Warrant (30 April 1598) His Majesty in addition to what is contained in the edict he has recently drawn up [] has granted and promised them that all the fortif ied places, towns, [and] chateaux which they held up to the end of last August, in which there will be garrisons, shall remain in their hands under the authority and allegiance of His Majesty for the space of eight years, counting from the day the said edict is published. [] For the upkeep of the garrisons to be stationed in these towns, His Majesty has apportioned a sum not to exceed 180,000 crowns, not including those in the province of Dauphin, which will be paid for in addition to the said sum. []

Gobbet for in-class analysis: The Peace Treaty of Augsburg (1555) [Available at: http://pages.uoregon.edu/sshoemak/323/texts/augsburg.htm] 15. In order to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation between the Roman Imperial Majesty and the Electors, Princes and Estates, let neither his Imperial Majesty nor the Electors, Princes, etc., do any violence or harm to any estate of the empire on the account of [] their religious belief [Lutheranism], [but ut let them enjoy their] liturgy and ceremonies as well as their estates and other rights and privileges in peace [].

37 16. Likewise [] all the Estates and Princes who cling to the old religion [Catholicism] [shall] live in absolute peace and in the enjoyment of all their estates, rights, and privileges. 17. However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions [i.e. all other Protestant sects, including Calvinism] shall not be included in the present peace but be totally excluded from it.

38 8. CAPITALISM AND COMMERCE PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: What conditions/factors helped the economy to develop during this period? What is proto-industrialisation? Can we apply the term capitalism to early modern Europe? If so, what sort of capitalism was it? Did the development of capitalism require a new mindset? How important were merchants to the growth of the economy in Europe at this time? Core Reading: Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe, pp.202-7, 418-37. M. Prak, Early modern capitalism: an introduction, in M. Prak (editor), Early Modern Capitalism (2000), pp.1-20 [E-BOOK]. J.L. van Zanden, Early modern economic growth: a survey of the European economy, 1500-1800, in M. Prak (editor), Early Modern Capitalism (2000), pp.67-84 [E-BOOK]. Further Reading: F. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World (1992). C. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution (1976). R. Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (1973). J. de Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age (1974). J. de Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis (1976). J. de Vries and A. van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815 (1997). R. Duplessis, Transitions to capitalism in Early Modern Europe (1997). J. I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740 (1989). H. Kellenbenz, The Rise of the European Economy, 1500-1750 (1976). P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1988). X. Lamikiz, Trade and Trust in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (2010). D. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (1998). H. Miskimin, The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe (1978). S. Ogilvie, Guilds, Efficiency, and Social Capital: Evidence from German Proto-Industry, Economic History Review, 57/2 (2004), 186-233 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. M. Prak (editor), Early Modern Capitalism (2000) [E-BOOK]. E. Wallerstein, The Modern World system, Vol. 1: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century (1990). E. Wallerstein, The Modern World system, Vol. 2: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World Economy 1600-1750 (1990). M. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930). N. Zahediah, The Capital and the Colonies: London and the Atlantic Economy, 1660-1700 (2010).

39

PART TWO: CASE STUDY AMSTERDAM Issues to think about: To what extent was Amsterdam representative of the new commercial centres in early modern Europe? What functions did port cities and other commercial centres perform? Did Amsterdam become particularly successful because it was a Protestant city? Reading: See relevant sections in Fernand Braudel, Civilization and capitalism, 15th-18th century (Vol. 2) (1982) M. Prak, Early Modern Capitalism: Economic and Social change in Europe 1400-1800 (2001), Chapter 6, The Prosperity of the North, pp. 138-61 [E-BOOK] W.D. Smith, The Function of Commercial Centres in the Modernization of European Capitalism: Amsterdam as an Information Exchange in the Seventeenth Century, Journal of Economic History, 44/4 (1984), 9851005 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Matthus Merian (1593-1650), Map of Amsterdam (c. 1640) Bird's eye view of the Amsterdam harbour with the city shown in plan. Shows the canal system, city walls, fields, and gardens attached to individual houses.

http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-of.php?id=1241

40

9. EUROPEAN EXPANSION AND IMPERIALISM PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: Which European states were involved in expansion during 1500-1800? What were the various motives behind expansion? How were these aims achieved? At which times were each of the various Empires most powerful? How did relationships with indigenous peoples develop over time? Core Reading: Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe, pp. 216-51, 438-83. P. Butel, The Atlantic (1999), Chapters 3, 4 and 5 [E-BOOK] (discusses Iberia, France, the Dutch and the English) E. Mancke, Early Modern Expansion and the Politicization of Oceanic Space, Geographical Review, 89/2 (1999), 225-36 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Further Reading: K.R. Andrews, Trade Plunder and Settlement (1984). D. Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (2000). F. Bethencourt and D. R. Curto, Portuguese Expansion, 1400-1800 (2007). D. Birmingham, Trade and Empire in the Atlantic World, 1400-1600 (2000). H. Bowen, The Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain 1766-1833 (2006). Cambridge Economic History, Volume IV, Chapters 3 and 4. E. Cameron, Early Modern Europe (1999), Chapter 4. R. Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (1973). J. De Vries, The Dutch Atlantic Economies, in P. Coclanis (editor), The Atlantic Economy (2005). J.H. Elliott, The Old World and the New (2nd Edition, 1992). J.H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 14921800 (2007).[E-BOOK] (good for comparing Spain and England) F. Fernndez-Armesto, 'Empires in their Global Context, ca. 1500 to ca. 1800', in Jorge Caizares-Esguerra and Erik Seeman (editors), The Atlantic in Global History (2006 ), pp. 93-110. H. Kamen, Spains Road to Empire (2002). J. I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade (1989). J. Lang, Conquest and Commerce: Spain and England in the Americas (1975). M. Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668 (2004). D. Ormrod, The Rise of Commercial Empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770 (2003). A. Pagden, Lords of all the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-1800 (1995). A. Pagden, Fellow Citizens and Imperial Subjects: Conquest and Sovereignty in Europes Overseas Empires, History and Theory, 44, 4 (2005), pp.28-46

41 M.N. Pearson, The World of the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (2005). C.G. Pestana, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2009) [E-BOOK] [Case study on England] J. Postma and V. Enthoven, Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Trade and Shipping, 1585-1817 (2003). J.R. Seeley, The Expansion of England (1883). C. Veliz, The New World of the Gothic Fox: Culture and Economy in British and Spanish America (1994). G. Williams, Buccaneers, Explorers and Settlers: British Enterprise and Encounters in the Pacific (2005).

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: Who were the main beneficiaries of the Charter of Virginia and in what ways did they benefit from it? Does the text of the Charter reflect the aims of English expansion? Why was the English Crown interested in promoting overseas expansion? Text: The First Charter of Virginia, April 10, 1606 [Available at: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va01.asp] JAMES, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. WHEREAS our loving and well-disposed Subjects, Sir Thorn as Gales, and Sir George Somers, Knights, Richard Hackluit, Clerk, Prebendary of Westminster, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, Thomas Hanharm and Ralegh Gilbert, Esqrs. William Parker, and George Popham, Gentlemen, and divers others of our loving Subjects, have been humble Suitors unto us, that We would vouchsafe unto them our Licence, to make Habitation, Plantation, and to deduce a colony of sundry of our People into that part of America commonly called VIRGINIA, and other parts and Territories in America, either appertaining unto us, or which are not now actually possessed by any Christian Prince or People []. And to that End, and for the more speedy Accomplishment of their said intended Plantation and Habitation there, are desirous to divide themselves into two several Colonies and Companies; the one consisting of certain Knights, Gentlemen, Merchants, and other Adventurers, of our City of London and elsewhere, which are, and from time to time shall be, joined unto them, which do desire to begin their Plantation and Habitation in some fit and convenient Place, between four and thirty and one and forty Degrees of the said Latitude, alongst the Coasts of Virginia, and the Coasts of America aforesaid: And the other consisting of sundry Knights, Gentlemen, Merchants, and other Adventurers, of our Cities of Bristol and Exeter, and of our Town of Plimouth, and of other Places, which do join themselves unto that Colony,

42 which do desire to begin their Plantation and Habitation in some fit and convenient Place, between eight and thirty Degrees and five and forty Degrees of the said Latitude, all alongst the said Coasts of Virginia and America []. And we do also ordain, establish, and agree, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors, that each of the said Colonies shall have a Council, which shall govern and order all Matters-and Causes, which shall arise, grow, or happen, to or within the same several Colonies, according to such Laws, Ordinances, and Instructions, as shall be, in that behalf, given and signed with Our Hand or Sign Manual, and pass under the Privy Seal of our Realm of England; Each of which Councils shall consist of thirteen Persons, to be ordained, made, and removed, from time to time, according as shall be directed and comprised in the same instructions; And shall have a several Seal, for all Matters that shall pass or concern the same several Councils; Each of which Seals, shall have the King's Arms engraver on the one Side thereof, and his Portraiture on the other []. And that also there shall be a Council, established here in England, which shall, in like manner, consist of thirteen Persons, to be for that Purpose, appointed by Us, our Heirs and Successors, which shall be called our Council of Virginia; And shall, from time to time, have the superior Managing and Direction, only of and for all Matters that shall or may concern the Government, as well of the said several Colonies, as of and for any other Part or Place, within the aforesaid Precincts of four and thirty and five and forty Degrees abovementioned; Which Council shall, in like manner, have a Seal, for matters concerning the Council or Colonies, with the like Arms and Portraiture, as aforesaid []. And that they shall, or lawfully may, establish and cause to be made a Coin, to pass current there between the people of those several Colonies, for the more Ease of Traffick and Bargaining between and amongst them and the Natives there, of such Metal, and in such Manner and Form, as the said several Councils there shall limit and appoint. [] Provided always, and our Will and Pleasure is, and we do hereby declare to all Christian Kings, Princes, and States, that if any Person or Persons which shall hereafter be of any of the said several Colonies and Plantations, or any other, by his, their, or any of their Licence and Appointment, shall, at any Time or Times hereafter, rob or spoil, by Sea or Land, or do any Act of unjust and unlawful Hostility to any the Subjects of Us, our Heirs, or Successors, or any the Subjects of any King, Prince, Ruler, Governor, or State, being then in League or Amitie with Us, our Heirs, or Successors, and that upon such Injury, or upon just Complaint of such Prince, Ruler, Governor, or State, or their Subjects, We, our Heirs, or Successors, shall make open Proclamation, within any of the Ports of our Realm of England, commodious for that purpose, That the said Person or Persons, having committed any such robbery, or Spoil, shall, within the term to be limited by such Proclamations, make full Restitution or Satisfaction of all such Injuries done, so as the said Princes, or others so complaining, may hold themselves fully satisfied and

43 contented; And, that if the said Person or Persons, having committed such Robery or Spoil, shall not make, or cause to be made Satisfaction accordingly, within such Time so to be limited, That then it shall be lawful to Us, our Heirs, and Successors, to put the said Person or Persons, having committed such Robbery or Spoil, and their Procurers, Abettors, and Comforters, out of our Allegiance and Protection; And that it shall be lawful and free, for all Princes, and others to pursue with hostility the said offenders, and every of them, and their and every of their Procurers, Aiders, abettors, and comforters, in that behalf. []

Gobbet for in-class analysis: The following extract is taken from the same source, King James Is First Charter of Virginia We, greatly commending, and graciously accepting of, their Desires for the Furtherance of so noble a Work, which may, by the Providence of Almighty God, hereafter tend to the Glory of his Divine Majesty, in propagating of Christian Religion to such People, as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God, and may in time bring the Infidels and Savages, living in those parts, to human Civility, and to a settled and quiet Government [].

44 SEMESTER 1 ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Population Why did the population of Europe experience a period of sustained growth in the eighteenth century, when in previous centuries such growth had proved temporary? 2. Rural Life The history of rural society in early modern Europe is as much a story of failure as success. Discuss 3. Household and Family Widowhood was often the best or the worst time for women. Discuss. 4. The City in Early Modern Europe How did cities change in the early modern period and why? 5. Poverty Why was the notion of the deserving and the undeserving poor so important in the early modern period? 6. Reformation and Counter-Reformation What forces were most important in determining the spread of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation? 7. Toleration and Persecution Why did early modern states seek to curb religious dissent and how successful were their efforts? 8. Capitalism and Commerce Early modern Europe had a capitalist economy. Discuss. 9. European Expansion and Imperialism Were all European powers interested in the imposition of culture, customs and above all religion upon peoples in the new world?

45 SEMESTER 2 LECTURE PROGRAMME Monday, 9:00, Room C24, Coates Building

12.

27 January 2014

Literacy and Print Culture (Dr Sharipova)

An overview of the cultural changes that accompanied the introduction of the printing press and its effect on the spread of new religious ideas, literacy and education in early modern Europe . 13. 3 February 2014 Nobility (Dr Merritt) An examination of the political, economic and social power of the nobility in early modern Europe, with particular emphasis on the changes that affected this social group in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 14. 10 February 2014 Monarchies and Courts (Dr Sharipova)

The structures of central government in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; composite states, princely courts, ideas of kingship and notions of absolutism 15. 17 February 2014 The Military Revolution (Dr Appleby)

This lecture considers the on-going debate as to whether there was a military revolution during this period, as well as the different views of historians as to how this affected the development of the state, its financing and the growth of centralised bureaucracies. 16. 24 February 2014 Popular Protest (Dr Appleby)

This lecture examines expressions of popular protest and why it was so widespread in Europe during the early modern period. 17. 3 March 2014 Industry and Transport (Mr Riden)

Although most people continued to earn their living from farming throughout this period, industry expanded and by 1789 the Industrial Revolution had begun in England, if not in continental Europe. This lecture will look at where and when industry grew, what raw materials were used and what products were made, who consumed the increased output of manufactured goods, and how improvements in transport helped the growth of industry. 18. 10 March 2014 Popular Culture (Dr Gaunt)

A consideration of the cultural pursuits and pastimes identifiable in the early modern period in the context of elite and popular definitions of culture 19. 17 March 2014 Magic and Witchcraft (Dr Sharipova)

46 An examination of the relationship between religion and magic, the impact of religious change of the sixteenth century on witchcraft persecution and the decline of magic beliefs toward the eighteenth century. 20. 24 March 2014 (Dr Appleby) The Practice and Politics of Fine Art, c. 1500-1789

This lecture provides an overview of developments in fine art (particularly painting) during the early modern period, focusing on artists studios and the mechanics of the European art market. We will also consider how art production was affected by political, religious and societal trends. 21. 31 March 2014 Gaunt) Historiography of the Early Modern Period (Dr

This lecture considers, in broad terms, the historiographical trends in the writing of early modern European history; it goes on to illustrate these trends by considering the historiography of a number of selected examples. 22. 7 April 2014 Conclusion (Dr Sharipova)

Summing up on the material covered in the module, with some advice on preparation for the exam.

47 SEMESTER 2 SEMINAR AND ESSAY READING 10. LITERACY AND PRINT CULTURE PART ONE Themes and issues for discussion in seminars: How did the invention of movable print and its subsequent wide application affect other areas of life in early modern Europe? How close was the link between the increase in printed book production and the levels of literacy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? How justified were governments fears of the dangers of unregulated print culture? Core Reading: E. Eisenstein, Some conjectures about the impact of printing on western society and thought', Journal of Modern History, 40 (1968) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY.] M. Knights and A McShane, From Pen to Print: A Revolution in Communications? In B. Kumin (ed) The European World, 1500-1800 (2009), pp. 183-93. Further Reading: T. Cogswell, The politics of propaganda: Charles I and the people in the 1620s, Journal of British Studies, 29 (1990), 187-215 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY.] B. Dooley and S.A. Baron (editors), The politics of information in Early Modern Europe (2001), Introduction [E-BOOK]. L. Charipova, Latin Books and the Eastern Orthodox Clerical Elite in Kiev, 1632-1780 (2006), pp. 1-4 R. Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (1997), Chapters 7 and 8 R. Darnton, An Early Information Society: News and the Media in EighteenthCentury Paris, The American Historical Review, 105:1 (2000), pp. 1-35 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] E. Eisenstein, The printing revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1983), Part I, Chapter 3: Some features of print culture. J. Feather, From censorship to copyright: Aspects of the governments role in the English book trade, in K. Carpenter (editor), Books and society in history (1983), pp.173-98. L. Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, The coming of the book: The impact of printing, 1450-1800 (1976), Chapter 7.1: Some basic data: sizes of editions (pp. 216-22); 6: Censorship and banned books (pp. 244 -7); Chapter 8.1: From manuscript to printed book (pp. 248-61); 3: The book and the Reformation (pp. 287-319). A. Graff, The importance of being printed, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 11 (1980), 265-86 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY].

48 P. Grendler, The Roman Inquisition and the Venetian press, 1540 -1605, in Journal of Modern History, 47 (1975), 48-65 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. H. Love, Scribal publication in seventeenth-century England (1993) M. McLuhan, The Gutenberg galaxy: the making of typographic man (1962) W.J. Ong, Orality and literacy: the technologising of the word (1991) [EBOOK] A. Pettegree, Catholic Pamphleteering in A. Pettegre e (ed.) The Reformation World (2009) [E-Book], pp. 109-25 H. Pierce, Unseemly Pictures: Graphic Satire and Politics in Early Modern England (2008). Specifically on the aspects of literacy, see: R. Houston, Literacy in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800, 2nd Edition (2002), Chapters 7-8.[Excellent overview] K. Maag, Education and Literacy in A. Pettegree, The Reformation World (2000) [E-BOOK], pp. 535-544 R. Gawthrop and G. Strauss, Protestantism and literacy in early modern Germany, Past and Present, 104 (1984), 31-55 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. S. Nalle, Literacy and culture in early modern Castile, Past and Present, 125 (1989), 65-96 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. K. Thomas, The meaning of literacy in early modern England, in G. Baumann (editor), The written word: Literacy in transition (1986), pp.97-131.

PART TWO: CASE STUDY DO BOOKS CAUSE REVOLUTIONS?: THE DARNTON DEBATE Issues to think about: What does Robert Darntons communications circuit tell us about the ways in which news and ideas were transmitted in the early modern period? Why does Darnton believe that eighteenth-century French popular literature was a powerful cause of the French Revolution? On what grounds do some historians raise objections to this argument? Reading: Robert Darnton, The High Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France, Past and Present, 51 (1971), pp. 81-115 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Jeremy Popkin, Robert Darntons Alternative to the Enlightenment, in M.T. Mason (editor), The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (1998), pp. 105-128 [article available from Dr Sharipova] David Williams, Review: The Darnton Debate: Books and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century by Haydn Mason, The Modern Language Review, 95:2 (2000), pp. 510-511 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]

49

50

Robert Darntons revised communications circuit (1995)

From Robet Darnton, The forbidden best-sellers of pre-revolutionary France (New York, 1995), p. 189

51

11. NOBILITY PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: How compatible were the interests of monarchs and nobilities in the period? By what means did central governments seek to bring their nobilities under control? To what extent did they succeed? Core Reading: H. Zmora, Monarchy, aristocracy and the state in Europe, 1300-1800 (2001), Chapters 4-5 [E-BOOK] Gaston, Ryan, All the king's men : educational reform and the restoration of the service nobility in early seventeenth-century Spain in M. P. Romaniello and C Lipp (eds) Contested Spaces of Nobility in Early Modern Europe (2011) [E-Book] Further Reading: R. Asch (editor), Nobilities in transition: Courtiers and rebels in Britain and Europe (2003). H. Scott (editor), The European nobilities in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 2 vols, (London, 1995), especially the following articles: I. A. A. Thompson, The nobility in Spain, 1600-1800, and Roger Mettam, The French nobility, 1610-1715 (Volume 1); as well as James van Horn Melton, The nobility of the Bohemian and Austrian lands, 1620-1780, Knud Jespersen, The rise and fall of the Danish nobility, 1600 -1800, and A. F. Upton, The Swedish nobility, 1600-1772 (Volume 2). The Spaces of Nobility in in M. P. Romaniello and C Lipp (eds) Contested Spaces of Nobility in Early Modern Europe (2011), pp.1-10 [E-Book] (see also other articles by Scott, Lukowski and others) W. Beik, Absolutism and society in seventeenth-century France: State power and provincial aristocracy in Languedoc (1985). D. Bitton, The French nobility in crisis, 1560-1640 (1969), Chapter 3.[See Google Books] M.L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble (1988). J. Dewald, The formation of a provincial nobility: The magistrates of the Parlement of Rouen, 1499-1610 (1980). J. Dewald, The European nobility, 1400-1800 (1996), Chapter 3. K. MacHardy, The rise of absolutism and noble rebellion in early modern Habsburg Austria, 1570-1720, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34 (1992), 407-38 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY].

52 PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What are the key attributes of nobility, according to the passage? How flexible is the hierarchy described here? To what extent does the impression conveyed in the passage seem to go against other things you may have read about the nobility in this period?

Reading: For information on Sir Thomas Smith, search the Oxford Dictionarly of National Biography (ODNB). This can be accessed via the elibrary gateway under the Library tab of the Portal. It is simpl est to search under by title, ie Oxford Dictionarly of National Biography Text: Sir Thomas Smith, De Republica Anglorum: The maner of gouernement or policie of the realme of England (written in 1562-65, the book was first published in 1583) [BOOK AVAILABLE IN FULL VIA EEBO] Of the Barony Dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons, either be created of the prince or come to that honour by being the eldest sons, or highest in succession to their parents [] In England no man is created baron except he may dispend of yearly revenue, one thousand pounds [] Viscounts, earls, marquises and dukes have more according to the proportion of the degree and honour, but though by chance he or his son have less, he keepeth his degree; but if the decay be excessive and not able to maintain his honour so sometimes they are not admitted to the upper house in the parliament, although they keep the name of Lord still. Of Gentlemen Gentlemen be those whom their blood and race doth make noble and known [] for that the ancestor hath been notable in riches or in his virtues [] Which if the successors do keep and follow, they be vere nobiles [] if they do not, the fame and riches of their ancestors serve to cover them so long as it can, as a thing once gilted though it be copper within, till the gilt be worn away [] The prince and common wealth have the same power that their predecessors had [] to honour virtue where he doth find it, to make gentlemen esquires, knights, barons, earls, marquises and dukes, where he seeth virtue able to bear that honour or merits, to deserve it, and so it hath always been used among us. But ordinarily the king doth but make knights and create the barons and higher degrees: for as for gentlemen, they be made good cheap in England. For whosoever studieth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the universities, who professeth liberal sciences, and to be short, who can live idly and without manual labour, and will bear the port, charge and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called master, for that is the title which men give to esquires and other gentlemen, and shall be taken for a gentleman.

53 Of Yeomen Those whom we call yeomen next unto the nobility, the knights and squires, have the greatest charge and doings in the common wealth, or rather are more travailed to serve in it than all the rest. This sort of people confess themselves to be no gentlemen, but give honour to all which be or take upon them to be gentlemen, and yet they have a certain pre-eminence and more estimation than labourers and artificers, and commonly live wealthily, keep good houses, do their business, and travail to get riches; these be (for the most part) farmers to gentlemen, and with grazing, frequenting of markets, and keeping servants, not idle servants as the gentleman doth, but such as get both their own living and part of their masters. By these means do come to such wealth, that they are able and daily do buy the lands of unthrifty gentlemen, and after setting their sons to the schools, to the Universities, to the law of the Realm, or otherwise leaving them sufficient lands whereon they may live without labour, do make their said sons by those means gentlemen.

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR What is derogation? To what extent does the passage suggest differing attitudes towards noble behaviour, in France and elsewhere? Reading: D.Bitton, The French Nobility in Crisis 1560-1640 (1969), pp. 66-76) [Available via Google Books.] Text: Code Michau (French law enacted 1629) We decree that all nobles who become engaed in maritime commerce either directly or through proxy, do not derogate from their nobility, without however being free to do retail business, nor being exempt from paying import, export, and passage duties on their merchandise

54 12. MONARCHIES AND COURTS PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: Why did settled princely courts become a widespread phenomenon in the early modern period? What functions did they serve? To what extent did princely courts in different parts of Europe succeed in fulfilling these roles? Core Reading: H. Zmora, Monarchy, aristocracy and the state in Europe, 1300-1800 (2001), Chapter 5 [E-BOOK]. Further Reading: J. Adamson (editor), The princely courts of Europe, 1500-1750 (1999). A. Birke, and R. Asch (editors), Courts, patronage and the nobility at the beginning of the modern period 1450-1650 (1991). A.G. Dickens (editor), Courts of Europe (1977). For particular case-studies, see individual chapters in the above collections and also: Austria V. Press, The Habsburg court as a centre of the imperial government, Journal of Modern History, Supplement 58 (1986), 23-45 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. England G. Elton, Tudor Government: The points of contact. III. The Court, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Series, 26 (1976), 211-28; reprinted in G. R. Elton, Studies in Tudor and Stuart politics and government, Volume 3 (1983), pp.38 ff. D. Starkey (editor), The English court: From the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War (1987), Introduction. France R. Knecht, The court of Francis I, European Studies Review, 8 (1978), 6 ff. R. Mettam, Power and faction in Louis XIVs France (1988), Chapter 2. Spain J. Brown, and J. Elliott, A Palace for a King: the Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV (1980 or 2003). J. Elliott, The court of the Spanish Habsburgs: A peculiar institution?, in Elliott, Spain and its world 1500-1700: Selected essays (1989).

55 PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What was the advantage for Castiglione of writing his book in the form of a dialogue or conversation between several individuals? Why did Count Ludovico insist that the best courtier had to be of a noble birth? What are the ideal courtiers primary characteristics according to the two interlocutors? Reading: E. Saccone, The portrait of the courtier in Castiglione, Italica, 64:1 (1987), pp. 1-18 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] V. Cox, The Renaissance dialogue: literary dialogue in its social and political contexts, Castiglione to Galileo (1992) J.R. Woodhouse, Baldesar Castiglione: A Reassessment of The Courtier (1978) Text: The book of the courtier by Count Baldesar Castiglione [first published 1528], trans. by L.E. Opdycke (1903), pp. 22-24 [Available online at: http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft#page/n11/mode/2up] [Dialogue about the ideal of a courtier] 14. [Count Ludovico:] I wish, then, that this Courtier of ours should be nobly born and of gentle race; because it is far less unseemly for one of ignoble birth to fail in worthy deeds, than for one of noble birth, who, if he strays from the path of his predecessors, stains his family name, and not only fails to achieve but loses what has been achieved already; for noble birth is like a bright lamp that manifests and makes visible good and evil deeds, and kindles and stimulates to virtue both by fear of shame and by hope of praise. And since this splendor of nobility does not illumine the deeds of the humbly born, they lack that stimulus and fear of shame, nor do they feel any obligation to advance beyond what their predecessors have done; while to the nobly born it seems a reproach not to reach at least the goal set them by their ancestors. And thus it nearly always happens that both in the profession of arms and in other worthy pursuits the most famous men have been of noble birth, because nature has implanted in everything that hidden seed which gives a certain force and quality of its own essence to all things that are derived from it, and makes them like itself: as we see not only in the breeds of horses and of other animals, but also in trees, the shoots of which nearly always resemble the trunk; and if they sometimes degenerate; it arises from poor cultivation. And so it is with men, who if rightly trained are nearly always like those from whom they spring, and often better; but if there be no one to give them proper care, they become like savages and never reach perfection. It is true that, by favour of the stars or of nature, some men are endowed at birth with such graces that they seem not to have been born, but rather as if some god had formed them with his very hands and adorned them with every

56 excellence of mind and body. [] And to give you an instance: you see my lord Don Ippolito DEste, Cardinal of Ferrara, who has enjoyed such fortune from his birth, that his person, his aspect, his words and all his movements are so disposed and imbued with this grace that although he is young he exhibits among the most aged prelates such weight of character that he seems fitter to teach than to be taught; likewise in conversation with men and women of every rank, in games, in pleasantry and in banter, he has a certain sweetness and manners so gracious, that whosoever speaks with him or even sees him, must needs remain attached to him forever. But to return to our subject: I say that there is a middle state between perfect grace on the one hand and senseless folly on the other; and those who are not thus perfectly endowed by nature, with study and toil can in great part polish and amend their natural defects. Besides his noble birth, I would have the Courtier favoured in this regard also, and endowed by nature not only with talent and beauty of person and feature, but with a certain grace and (as we say) air that shall make him at first sight pleasing and agreeable to all who see him; and I would have this an ornament that should dispose and unite all his actions, and his outward aspect, give promise of whatever is worthy the society and favour of every great lord. 15. Here, without waiting longer, my lord Caspar Pallavicino said: "In order that our game may have the form prescribed, and that we may not seem to slight the privilege given us to contradict, I say that this nobility of birth does not appear to me so essential in the Courtier; and if I thought I were saying what was new to any of us, I should cite instances of many men born of the noblest blood who have been full of vices; and on the other hand, of many men among the humbly born who by their virtue have made their posterity illustrious. And if what you just said be true, namely that there is in everything this occult influence of the original seed, then we should all be in the same case, because we had the same origin, nor would any man be more noble than another. But as to our differences and grades of eminence and obscurity, I believe there are many other causes: among which I rate fortune to be chief; for we see her holding sway in all mundane affairs, often amusing herself by lifting to heaven whom she pleases (although wholly without merit), and burying in the depths those most worthy to be exalted. I quite agree with what you say as to the good fortune of those endowed from birth with advantages of mind and body: but this is seen as well among the humbly born as among the nobly born, since nature has no such subtle distinctions as these; and often, as I said, the highest gifts of nature are found among the most obscure. Therefore, since this nobility of birth is won neither by talent nor by strength nor by craft, and is rather the merit of our predecessors than our own, it seems to me too extravagant to maintain that if our Courtier's parents be humbly born, all his good qualities are spoiled, and that all those other qualifications that you mentioned do not avail to raise him to the summit of perfection; I mean talent, beauty of feature, comeliness of person, and that grace which makes him always charming to everyone at first sight".

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Gobbet for in-class analysis: The Duke of Saint Simon, Memoirs of Louis XIV and his Court of the Regency (were not published in full until the 1820s) [Available in full at: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3875/3875-h/3875-h.htm] That evening an Apartment was held at the palace, as was customary three times a week during the winter; the other three evenings being set apart for comedy, and the Sunday being free. An Apartment as it was called, was an assemblage of all the Court in the grand saloon []. In the first place there was some music; then tables were placed all about for all kinds of gambling [].All was perfectly lighted. At the outset, the King went to the "apartments" very often and played, but lately he had ceased to do so. He spent the evening with Madame de Maintenon, working with different ministers one after the other. But still he wished his courtiers to attend assiduously.

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13. THE MILITARY REVOLUTION PART ONE General themes and issues for seminar discussion: What do some historians mean when they refer to the military revolution in early modern Europe? What assumptions about state development underlie these various theses? What problems are there with the theory of a military revolution? Do you think that Robertss original model of a military revolution is still fundamentally valid? Core Reading: G. Parker, The Military Revolution, 1955-2005: from Belfast to Barcelona and the Hague, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (January, 2005), pp. 205-09 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. D. Parrott, The military revolution of early modern Europe, History Today, Vol. 42, No. 12 (December, 1992), pp. 21-7 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. Further Reading: C.J. Rogers (ed.), The Military Revolution Debate (1995), Chapters by Roberts, Parrott and Thompson and Parker. A. Ayton and J.L. Price (eds.), The Medieval Military Revolution: State, Society and Military Change in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (1995). H. Dorn, The Military Revolution: military history or history of Europe?, Technology and Culture, Vol. 32, No. 3 (July, 1991), pp. 656-58 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. M. Duffy (ed.), The Military Revolution and the State (1980). D. Eltis, The Military Revolution in Sixteenth-Century Europe (1995). M. S. Kingra, The Trace Italienne and the military revolution during the Eighty Years War, 1567-1648, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 57, No. 3 (July 1993), pp. 431-46 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. D. R. Lawrence, The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England 1603-1645 (2009). J. A. Lynn, Women, Armies, and Warfare in Early Modern Europe (2008). G. Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (1988). D. Parrott, Richelieus Army: War, Government and Society in France, 1625 1642 (2001), pp. 547-53 [E-BOOK]. M. C. Paul, The military revolution in Russia, 1550-1682, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (January 2004), pp. 9-45 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. M. Poe, The consequences of the military revolution in Muscovy: a comparative perspective, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 38, No. 4 (October 1996), pp. 603-18 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY].

59 G. Raudzens, Military revolution or maritime evolution? Military superiorities or transportation advantages as main causes of European colonial conquests to 1788, Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 3 (July 1999), pp. 631-41 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. J. Scott Wheeler, The Making of a World Power (1999). Barton C. Hacker, Women and military institutions in early modern Europe: a reconnaissance, Signs, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer, 1981), pp. 643-671 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. C. Storrs (ed.), The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe (2008).

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: 1) How sound is George Moncks reasoning that an early modern states security was reliant on well-trained soldiers? 2) What do you think of George Moncks ideas about how to fund military training and maintain armies? 3) What links can you make between these issues and other topics covered by this module? Text: George Monck, Duke of Albemarle, Observations upon Military & Political Affairs (1671), pp. 147-9 [You have access to the full text of this book via Early English Books Online, and can learn more about George Monck via his entry in the online Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.] [Although published posthumously in 1671, this treatise was written by Monck in 1644-5. He was then a colonel being held prisoner-of-war in London. Monck was a professional soldier, who had already served in Europe and Ireland before being captured by Parliament in the First English Civil War. Further details of Moncks extraordinary career can be found in his entry in the online Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.] LET us first consider what danger a Country, Prince, or State is in, that is not so provident to provide a Rich Publick Treasure before-hand, either for a Defensive War, or an Offensive War: For in the Wars you must upon all occasions, have your hands in your Purses: and having not a Rich Publick Treasure beforehand, no Kingdom, or State, is able to make an Offensive War, to gain Countries, or Honour, unless they be drawn into a Country by a Party. Nor is such a Kingdom or State well able to defend itself in a Defensive War. For if an Enemy landeth in a Country, the obedience which at other times is willingly given to Princes, or States, is greatly weakned at such times, and all necessary means to maintain a War, is hardly drawn from the Subject; and the common people will be easily drawn to change Masters, when their oppression shall be more frequent from their Friends, than their Enemies: and such great oppressions at such a time upon the Commons (which of necessity there must be, when a Rich Treasure is not providently provided before-hand)

60 will prove very dangerous to any Kingdom or State in a Defensive War. Therefore that Kingdom or State that will live securely from an Enemy, must have a special care to provide a Rich Publick Treasure beforehand against unusual, and extraordinary casualties, which are not to be removed but by speedy and effectual Remedies. And no expedition can be made to avoid the dangers and ruine of a Kingdom or State, either in an Offensive, or a Defensive War, without a Rich Publick Treasure provided before-hand. And it is an easie thing for Governors of a Kingdom or State to raise a Rich Publick Treasure out of the extravagant Expences of the people, without giving any discontent at all; as having an Excise upon all the Beer, Ale, and Wine that is sold in all Ale-houses, and Taverns in a Kingdom or State, and likewise upon all the Tobacco that is brought into a Kingdom or State, and upon all kinds of Laces, Cards, and Dice. Now to conclude, and speak something how necessary it is for a Kingdom, or State to train up their people to the use of Arms. Such Kingdoms where the men are trained up in Academies of vertuous actuality, do always keep their Honours at an high price, affording at all times men of absolute and compleat carriage, both for designment and performance. I account a Rich Publick Treasure providently provided before-hand, and a people well trained in Martial Affairs, to be two of the only Pillars (next under God) that will preserve a Kingdom or State from ruine and danger. GOBBET FOR IN-CLASS ANALYSIS Image: Performing a left-hand wheel. [Source: Henry Hexham (c.1580-1650), The First Part of the Principles of the Art Military: Practiced in the Warres of the United Netherlands (2nd ed., 1642), p. 43. You have access to the full text of this book via Early English Books Online.]

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62 14. POPULAR PROTEST PART ONE Themes and issues for discussion in seminars: Why did early modern popular protests assume the forms that they did? What values and attitudes lay behind these forms of demonstration? Were these protests directed primarily against central authorities or local individuals or groups? Why did riots and other normal manifestations of discontent sometimes transmute into more serious forms of popular protest? Core Reading: N.Z. Davis, Rites of violence: religious riot in sixteenth-century France, Past and Present 59 (1973) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. For the anthropological influences on Daviss work, see J.C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance (1990), and his Weapons of the Weak (1985). Y.-M. Berc, Revolt and Revolution in Early Modern Europe (1987), especially pp.100-26. G. Murdock, P. Roberts, and A. Spicer (editors), Ritual and Violence: Natalie Zemon Davis and Early Modern France (2012) Further Reading: P. Blickle, Resistance, Representation and Community (1997), Parts I and II. J.H. Elliott, Revolution and continuity in early modern Europe, Past and Present, 42 (1969) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. O. Hufton, Europe: Privilege and Protest, 1730-89 (1989). Detailed studies of protest in individual countries England E.P. Thompson, The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century, Past and Present, 50 (1971), 76-136 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. D. Beaver, The great deer massacre: animals, honour, and communication in early modern England, Journal of British Studies 38 (1999) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. J. Walter and K. Wrightson, Dearth and the social order, Past and Present, 71 (1976) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. J. A. Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England (1999), Chapter 6 (particularly good on legitimising notions). J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England 1700-1832 (1992). J. Walter, A "rising of the people"?: the Oxfordshire rising of 1596, Past and Present, 107 (May 1985), 90-143 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. J. Walter, Grain riots and popular attitudes to the Law, in J. Brewer and J. Styles (editors), An Ungovernable People (1980).

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France W. Beik, Urban Protest in Seventeenth-Century France: the culture of retribution (1997), Chapters.1-3 and conclusion. R. Briggs, Communities of Belief (1989), Chapter 4. L. Scott van Doren, Revolt and reaction in the city of Romans, Dauphine, 1579-80, Sixteenth Century Journal 15 (1974) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. P. Burke, The Virgin of the Carmine and the revolt of Masaniello, Past and Present 99 (1983) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] but see the criticisms of this article in R. Villari, Masaniello: contemporary and recent interpretations, Past and Present, 108 (1985) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. Germany K. von Greyerz (editor), Religion, Politics and Social Protest: Three Studies in Early Modern Germany (1984), the contribution by P. Blickle (Chapter 3). The German Peasants War and the Fronde in France P. Blickle, The Revolution of 1525 (1985). T. Scott: Peasant revolts in early modern Germany, Historical Journal, 28 (1985) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. T. Scott, Community and conflict in early modern Germany, European History Quarterly, 16 (1986). R. Bonney, The European Dynastic States, 1494-1660 (1991), pp.232-8. P. Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660 (1982), Vol. 2, Chapter 13. R. Knecht, The Fronde (Revised Edition, 1986). O. Ranum, The Fronde: A French Fevolution, 1648-1652 (1993), especially Chapter 8, pp.248-70. More serious and prolonged revolts and revolutions P. Freedman, The German and Catalan peasants revolts, American Historical Review, 98 (1993) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. D. Sabean, Communal basis of pre-1800 peasant uprisings in western Europe, Comparative Politics 8 (1976) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. W. Schulze, Peasant resistance in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Germany in a European context in K. von Greyerz, Religion, Politics and Social Protest (1984). T. Robisheaux, Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany (1989), Chapter 7. J.H.M. Salmon, Peasant revolt in the Vivarais, 1575-1580, French Historical Studies, 11 (1979) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. R. Mousnier, Research into the popular uprisings before the Fronde in P. J. Coveney (editor), France in Crisis, 1620-1675 (1977). Y. Rodrguez Prez, The Dutch Revolt through Spanish Eyes (2008).

64 PART TWO: CASE STUDY THE PARIS BREAD RIOT (1725) Issues to think about: What were the underlying causes of popular discontent in Paris? Paris is obviously an urban area, so what was the relevance of the harvest to the food provision in the metropolis? What became the trigger for the riot? What (or who) were the targets for the rioters and why? Did the riot follow an established pattern (e.g. taxation populaire)? How did the authorities react to the riot? Additional reading: S.L. Kaplan, The Paris Bread Riot of 1725, French Historical Studies, 14/1 (Spring, 1985), pp. 23-56 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] L.A. Tilly, The food riot as a form of political conflict in France, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 2 (1971), 23-57 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] It would be useful to compare the 1725 Paris bread riot to two grain riots in Maldon, England in 1629, to ascertain similarities and differences between them. Taxation populaire, for example, seems very similar to E.P. Thompsons observation of the moral economy in early modern England (see a full reference to his article The moral economy of the English crowd above). The 1629 Maldon riots are described in detail in J. Walter, Grain Riots and Popular Attitudes to the Law: Maldon and the Crisis of 1629, in J. Brewer and J. Styles (editors), An Ungovernable People: The English and their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (1980), pp. 47-84.

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15. INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: What did industry comprise, and why did it expand in the period under discussion? Where was it located, and what raw materials and sources of energy did it use? What was produced, and where were the goods sold? How did improvements in transport help the growth of industry? Should the term Industrial Revolution be applied to describe any part of this period, or is proto-industrialisation a better concept to use? Core reading J.A. Chartres, Road Carrying in England in the Seventeenth Century: Myth and Reality, Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 30 (1977), 73-94 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] P. Musgrave, The early modern European economy (1999). Further reading F. Braudel, Civilization and capitalism 15th18th century, Vol. II: The wheels of commerce (1983), Chapters 2 and 3; Vol. III: The perspective of the world (1984), especially Chapter 6. E.E. Rich and C.H. Wilson (eds.), The Cambridge economic history of Europe, Vol. V: The economic organization of early modern Europe (1977). C.M. Cipolla (editor), The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. II: The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (1974), and Vol. III: The Industrial Revolution (1973). T. Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: Europe 16481815 (2007), Chapters 1-4. N.J.G. Pounds, An historical geography of Europe , 15001840 (1979). W. Doyle, The old European order 166001800 (1992), Chapters 1-3. R.S. Duplessis, Transitions to capitalism in early modern Europe (1997). J. de Vries, The economy of Europe in an age of Crisis 16001750 (1976). R. Davis, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies (1973). C. Cipolla, Guns, sails and empires: technological innovation and the early phases of European expansion, 14001700 (1985); or its earlier version, Guns and sails in the early phase of European expansion, 1400 1700 (1965). J. Goodman and K. Honeyman, Gainful pursuits: the making of industrial Europe 16001914 (1988). M. Berg, P. Hudson and M. Sonenscher (eds.), Manufacture in town and country before the factory (1983). M. Berg (editor), Markets and manufacture in early modern Europe (1991). L. Clarkson, Proto-industrialization: the first phase of industrialization? (1985). P. Kriedte et al., Industrialization before industrialization: rural industry in the genesis of capitalism (1982). C.G.A. Clay, Economic expansion and social change: England 15001700 (1984), chiefly Chapter 8.

66 M. Berg, The age of manufactures: industry, innovation and work in Britain 17001820 (1985). J.A. Chartres, Internal trade in England 15001700 (1977). C. Heywood, The development of the French economy, 17501914 (1992). T.S. Willan, The inland trade: studies in English internal trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (1976). C.W. Cole, Colbert and a century of French mercantilism (1964). J. de Vries, The Dutch rural economy in the Golden Age 15001700 (1974). J. Israel, Dutch primacy in world trade 15851740 (1989) J. Israel, The Dutch Republic: its rise, greatness and fall 14771806 (1995). R.T. Rapp, Industry and economic decline in seventeenth-century Venice (1976). M.E. Falkus, The industrialisation of Russia 17001914 (1972). J.H. Bater, St Petersburg: industrialisation and change (1976). D. Kirby, Northern Europe in the early modern period: the Baltic world 1492 1772 (1990), Chapters 1, 9 and 13. T.S. Willan, River navigation in England, 16001750 (1936). T.S. Willan, The English coasting trade, 16001750 (1938).

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What was a Swedish visitor like Angerstein particularly interested in? What reception did he get from those he tried to visit? What is the most useful feature of Angstein's text for a modern reader? How helpful do you think his illustrations are? Text: R.R. Angersteins Illustrated Travel Diary, 1753-1755: Industry in England and Wales from a Swedish Perspective, trans. by Torsten Berg and Peter Berg (London, 2001), pp. 32-41 [The extract describes the industrial spy Reinhold Rcker Angerstein s visit to Birmingham and some adjoining south Staffordshire towns in April 1754 .] I arrived in this city [Birmingham] at eight oclock in the evening and was dismayed to find all inns full of drunken blacksmiths and other artisans. My surprise, however, vanished soon enough when I found out that an election of Members of Parliament was in progress. [] Aston blast furnace The Aston iron furnace [Fig. 1], where ore is smelted to yield iron, is located a mile from the town. [] The height is 24 feet, the opening at the top is 2 feet square, and the shaft widens downward until the bosh is reached and then contracts to the hearth, which is shaped like a parallelogram. Charcoal made from oak, ash and birch is used here and the wood is purchased by the cord, which is 8 feet long, 4 feet wide and 4 feet high and costs 13 to 14 shillings.

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Fig. 1 The ore is obtained from the coal mines six-and-a-half English miles away. It looks like a blue clay that has hardened and contains remains of twigs. Seventeen tons a week can be made here. There are six workers at the furnace, who are paid 3 shillings [per week] and 17 pence per ton [of iron] and produce 17 tons per week. The furnace is charged every half-hour with six measures of coal, 36 inches long by 4 1/2 inches wide, and nine measures of ore 18 inches long []. Four [] dozen measures of coal per 24 hours. The bellows were made of leather, 18 feet long and cost new between 60 and 70. [] The overshot water wheel was 21 feet in diameter []. The furnace itself was built of brick with flying buttresses at two corners [Fig. 2]. During its last blast the furnace worked for three years except for 11 days.

Fig. 2

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Iron and steel fabricators I also visited a number of manufacturers to see how they carried out their work, particularly as far as iron and steel are concerned. [] Iron foundry I also saw the iron-melting furnace and how the pouring was done and how they cast slabs, hammerheads and anvils for forges, etc. For all of this, wooden patterns and sand moulds were used. The only thing to be pointed out in this connection is that pulverised brick flour was strewn over the sand surfaces to make the mould smoother and the casting better. After dinner I met some button manufacturers []. All of them took a jaundiced view of strangers because they were quite jealous of their machines and workers. [] Nail smithies On the way to Bromford I saw several nail factories, where there were generally four smiths for each small hearths. [] Steel furnace [also includes two iron stamps] On my was back to Birmingham, I viewed a steel furnace at Snowhill []. [A single loading takes] altogether 7 tons of iron []. The heating goes on for six days and used 16 tons of coal. The workers were paid 9 shillings to 10 shillings per week. Only regrund iron is used here. It comes from Bristol and was said to cost 22 per ton. The Russian iron has been tried but does not produce such good steel, and the English is quite useless for the purpose. The steel is sold for 28 per ton. [] Button factory Just below the steel furnace there was a button factory, to which I gained access with the assistance of the owner of the steel works. I saw here the casting, stamping, turning, polishing and scouring carried out very quickly and deftly, mostly with aid of the lathes, the spindles of which are split to hold the loop of the button. The owner of the works then came in and started to berate the workers for letting me in. I did not wish to become involved in any trouble with him, so I went on my way. Brass-works The brass-works [Fig. 3] lies the other side of the town [] and consists of nine furnaces with three built together in each of three separate buildings. The furnaces are heated with mineral coal, of which 15 tons is used for each furnace, and melting lasting ten hours. Each furnace holds nine pots, 14 inches high and 9 inches diameter at the top. Each pot is charged with 41 pounds of copper and 50 pounds of calamine, mixed with [char]coal.

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Fig. 3 During charging I observed that a handful of coal and calamine was first placed on the bottom of the pot, then came the mixture, which was packed in tightly, followed by about a pound of copper in small pieces, and finally again coal and calamine without copper covering the top. The procedure was said to lengthen the life of the pot both at the top and the bottom. The result of one charge was 75 pounds of brass, with a value of 4.10s per cwt. The calamine comes from Derbyshire, 40 miles from Birmingham and 12 miles the other side of Derby, but the copper is brought from Wales. The foremans wages were 14 shillings and those of the labourers 9 shillings per week. There are six workers for the nine furnaces and the casting takes place every 24 hours. The yearly production amounts to 300 tons. The price of the copper is 12d per pound and of the brass 10d per pound. Rolling mill [] I walked two English miles south of Birmingham to look at a rolling mill for sheets for boxes and narrow sheets of copper and silver plated tin to be used for the manufacture of buttons. This mill is not shown to strangers, but due to the recommendation of a file-cutter, whom I had taken with me as company, I was let in. This upset the owner when he arrived a little while later, and he loudly upbraided both the workers and the file-cutter. One of the workers asked me for a halfpenny, which he rolled out to a length of 30 inches. Another one was rolled to three times its diameter, without losing its text, figures or picture. [] Observations on factories Although I had to use many tricks and much effort before I could get to see everything I wished to, I observed in a number of factories that I visited that each worker had his individual and specialised work to do. Some were occupied with filing, others with punching, polishing, grinding, final cleaning and so on.

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Gobbet for in-class analysis: The following extract is taken from the same source, Angersteins Illustrated Travel Diary, p. 191: Lynn Regis [i.e. Kings Lynn in Norfolk] is situated at the mouth of the River Ouse, and has a convenient harbour. Ships of all sizes can enter it on the spring tides, but between these, entry is limited to medium-size vessels, of which the town itself owns a considerable number. [] The many navigable rivers in the country above Lynn give this place much trade and business. This consists particularly of shipment of corn, wool, butter etc as well as importation of iron, planks, timber, tar, hemp, coal, wine and other necessities that the country is unable to produce for itself.

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16. POPULAR CULTURE PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: What is culture? How helpful are distinctions between popular and elite variants of culture? What forms are characteristic of the popular culture in the period? To what extent did elite culture triumph over popular culture in the period? Core Reading: P. Burke, The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe, Past and Present, 146 (1995), pp. 136-50 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] T. Johnston, The Reformation and Popular Culture in A. Pettegree (ed.) The Reformation World (2009) [E-Book], pp. 545-558 Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. by H. Iswolsky (1968; 1984 editions) Further Reading: P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (1994). B. Reay, Popular Culture in Seventeenth-Century England (1988). R. Suggett, Festivals and Social Structure in Early Modern Wales, Past and Present, 152 (1996), 79-112 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Joan-Luis Marfany, The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe, Past and Present, 156 (1997), 174-191 (and see review and rejoinder by Burke from p. 192) [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] W. Beik, Review: Popular Culture and Elite Repression in Early Modern Europe, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 11, 1 (Summer 1980), 97-103 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] R. Chartier, Culture as appropriation: popular cultural uses in early modern France, S.L. Kaplan (editor), Understanding popular culture. Europe from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century, (1984), pp.229-54. Rough Music and Carnival N. Zemon Davis, The reason of misrule, in her Society and culture in Early Modern France (1975), pp.77-123. A. Gurevich, High and Low: medieval grotesque, in his Medieval popular culture (1990), pp.176-210. R. Scribner, Reformation, carnival, and the World Turned upside -down, in his Popular Culture and Popular Movements (1987), pp.71-210. E.P. Thompson, Rough music, in his Customs in Common (1991), pp. 467538. M. Ingram, Rough Music and the Reform of Popular Culture in Early Modern England, Past and Present, 105 (1984) 79-113 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]

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PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What do you understand to be the purpose of the skimmington? To what extent do you think such practices were widespread? What might this tell us about the nature of early modern popular culture? Reading: B.H Cunnington, A Skimmington in 1618, Folklore, 41/3 (1930), pp. 287-90 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] E.P. Thompson, Rough Music Reconsidered, Folklore, 103/1 (1992), pp. 326 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] Peter Millington, Folklore and Customs (for a Nottinghamshire focus) http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/themes/folklore.htm Also see entries on rough music and skimmingtons: http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924027937956#page/n223/mode/2up Text: Wiltes

The information of Thomas Mills de Iwemerford in the parishe of Callne and countye of Wiltes cutler and Agnes his wife, taken the first day of June anno domini 1618.

They and either of them say, that upon Wensday beinge the 27th day of May last past, about 8 or 9 of he clocke in the morninge, there came to Iwemerford, a younge fellowe of Callne named Croppe, plaiinge upon a drumme, accompanied with 3 or 4 more men and ten or twelve boyes, and Raphe Wellsteede of Iwemerford this examinants landlord, and him selfe came to them as far as the bridge in Iwemerford, and asked them what they meant, and they answered, that there was a Skimmington dwellinge there, and they came for him, whereupon Ralph wellsteede answeard them, that the report of Skimmingtons dwelling in Iwemerford was false, and prayed them to depart the towne, and the women of the towne understanding, that the drummer and his company came thither for a Skimmington, they made towardes the drummer, and cutt and part of his drumme, whereupon he and his company departed homewardes towards Callne; and about noone came againe from Callne to Iwemerford another drummer named William Wiatt, and with hm three or fower hundred men, some like soldters, armed with peices and other weapons, and a man ridinge spon a horse, having a white night cap upon his head, two strinnge hornes hanging by his eares, a cownterfayte beard upon his chine

73 made of a deares tayle, a smocke upon the top of his garmentes, and he rode upon a red horse with a paire of pottes under him, and in them some qwantitye of bruinge ghraines, which he used to cast upon the presse of people, rushing over thicke upon him in the way as he passed, and he and all his company made a stand when they came just against this examinantes howse, and then the gunners shot of their peices, pipes and hornes were sownded, togither with lowbells, and other smaller belles, which the company had amongst them, and rammes hornes and buckes hornes, caried upon forkes, were then and there lifted up and shewen, and duringe the stand, some the company, namely William Wellwin of Callne, butcher, William Brooke and John Bray of the same, butchers, William Rawlins of the same labowrer, and Awgustin Regnoldes of Yatesbury husbandman, togither with a greate number of others, whose names neither of these examinantes doth knowe, made towards their howse, and they both fearinge least some violence and injurye should be offered them, the rather becawse at their bendinge towardes their howse, divers stones were throwne in at their windowes, whereof some did hitt both of them, Thomas Mills the husbandman laches the streete doore, and laches his wife into hir chamber where she lay, and the company pressinge hard against his howse, he opened the streete doore to see whether he could perswade the company to departe from his howse, and presently the parties abovementioned namely William Wellwin, William Brooke, Jhon Bray, William Rawlins, Augustin Regnoldes and divers others, rushed in upon him into his entrye, and thence into his halle, and brake open his chamber doore upon his wife, and she offringe to escape from them by climinge a paire of staires to goe up into an upper roome, William Wellin plucked hir downe by the heeles beeing halfe up the stayres, and then he and the rest tooke hir up by the armes and the legges, and had hir owt thorowgh the hall into the entrye, where beeinge a wett hole, they threwe hir downe into it, and trod upon hir, and berated hir filthily with durt, and did beate hir black and blewe in many places, with an intent, as theise examinantes have credibly heard, to have had hir viz. Agnes owt of their howse to the horseman, and to have sett hir up behind him, to cary hir to Callne and there washe hir in the cukinge poole, and if she would not be still and sitt quietlye, then to stuffe hir mowth with graines. Thomas Milles furher saith that no man was so eager in breakinge open his doore as William Brooke butcher, and that he used theise wordes come Nan, we will have thee, we must have thee, and the drummer William Wiatt heard William Brooke use wordes to that effect as they went from Callne to Iwemerford, that they would fetche them owt of their howses, not expressinge then by name what persons they meant, nor he that said William Wiatte then knowinge what the company did intend.

The information of Peeter Wellsteede of Callne taylor taken the day and yeare abovewritten

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He saith that beeing at the howse of Raphe Welsteede his father in Iwemerford, when William Wellwin, and William Brooke came with their unruly company from Callne to Thomas Mills his howse, the said Raphe Welsteede, being Thomas Milles his landlord, as well for saving of his howse from hurst by the unruly multitude, as his tenantes from injurye, takinge this examinant with him went into the howse and endeavoured by their perswasion and other best helpe to oppose and represse the owtrage, but they litle prevailed, and were both well beaten for their labors. Jhon Hungerford

Source: Wiltshire and Swindon Archives, A1/110/1618/T168, reproduced by courtesy of Wiltshire Council. Original spelling and line-breaks retained; use of j and v modernised; viz. (vidilicet) has been translated as namely.

Gobbet for in-class analysis: Pieter Bruegel, The Battle Between Carnival and Lent (1559) Question to think about: In what ways does Bruegel represent the tensions between Carnival and Lent in this picture? Reading: Andrew Cunningham, Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe, Cambridge (2000), esp. page 220 G Martin Bruegel. (London, 1984) Keith Roberts. Bruegel, (1982) For a brief, online overview, see http://www.andrewgrahamdixon.com/archive/readArticle/130

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg

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17. MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT PART ONE Themes and issues for discussion in seminars: What is the main difference between magic and witchcraft? What was the relationship between Christian belief and witchcraft? Why were most of witchcraft accusations directed at women? Were there any differences in the modes of witchcraft persecution in different areas of Europe? How did attitudes towards magic and witchcraft change over time? Core Reading: M. Lennersand, Responses to witchcraft in late seventeenth - and eighteenth-century Sweden: The aftermath of the witch-hunt in Dalarna, in W. de Blcourt and O. Davies (editors), Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcraft and Magic in Enlightenment Europe (2004) [EBOOK]. B. Levack, The witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe (2nd Edition, 1995). K. Thomas, An anthropology of religion and magic, II, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 6 (1975), 91-109 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. Further Reading: L. Apps and A. Gow, Male Witches in Early Modern Europe (2003) [EBOOK]. R. Schulte, Man as Witch (2009) A. Rowlands, Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe (2009). E. Bever, The realities of Witchcraft and Popular Magic in Early Modern Europe (2008). E. Bever, Witchcraft, female aggression, and power in the early modern community, Journal of Social History, 35 (2002), 955-88 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. E. Bever, Witchcraft Prosecutions and the Decline of Magic, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 40:2 (2009), 263-93. S. Brauner, Martin Luther on witchcraft: A true reformer?, in J. Brink, A. Coudert and M. Horowitz (editors), The politics of gender in Early Modern Europe (1989), pp. 29-42. R. Briggs, Many reasons why: Witchcraft and the problem of multiple explanation, in J. Barry, M. Hester and G. Roberts (editors), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in culture and belief (1996), pp. 49-63. S. Clark, Protestant witchcraft, Catholic witchcraft, in D. Oldridge (editor), The witchcraft reader (2002), pp. 165-79. A. Coudert, The myth of the improved status of Protestant women: The case of the witchcraze, in J. Brink, A. Codert and M. Horowitz (editors), The politics of gender in Early Modern Europe (1989), pp. 61-89. O. Davies, Urbanisation and the Decline of Witchcraft: An Examination of London, Journal of Social History, 30 (1997), 597-617 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY].

77 A. Fox, Remembering the Past in Early Modern England: Oral and Written Tradition, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th Ser., 9 (1999), 23356 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. M. Gaskill, Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England, Past and Present, 198 (Feb 2008), 33-70 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]. L. Kassell, Medicine and Magic and Elizabethan London (2005). V. Kivelson, Through the Prism of Witchcraft: Gender and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century Muscovy, in B.E. Clements, B.A. Engel and C.D. Worobec (editors), Russias Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation (1991), pp. 74-94. V. Kivelson, Torture, truth, and embodying the intangible in Muscovite Witch Trials, in G. Marker, J. Nwuberger, M. Poe, and S. Rupp (editors), Everyday Life in Russian History: Quotidian Studies in Honour of Daniel Kaiser (2010), pp. 359-73 C. Larner, Witchcraft and religion: the Politics of Popular Belief, ed. by Alan Macfarlane (1984) B. Levack, State-building and witch-hunting in early modern Europe, in J. Barry, M. Hester and G. Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in early modern Europe (1996), pp. 96-116 P. Maxwell-Stuart, Witchcraft in Europe and the New World, 14001800 (2001). M. Ostling, Between the Devil and the Host: imagining witchcraft in early modern Poland (2011) H. Parish and W. Naphy (editors), Religion and superstition in Reformation Europe (2002). L. Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, sexuality and religion in Early Modern Europe (1994). W.F. Ryan, The witchcraft hysteria in Early modern Europe: was Russia an exception?, The Slavonic and East European Review , 76/1 (January 1998), pp. 33-70 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY] J. Sharpe, Magic and witchcraft, in R. Po-Chia Hsia (editor), A companion to the Reformation world (2004), pp. 440-54. K. Thomas, Religion and the decline of magic (1991). G. Waite, Heresy, magic, and witchcraft in Early Modern Europe (2003). R. Zguta, Was there a witch craze in Muscovite Russia?, Southern Folklore Quarterly, 41/1 (1977), pp. 119-28 R. Zguta, Witchcraft trials in seventeenth-century Russia, The American Historical Review, 82/5 (1977), pp. 1187-1207 [JOURNAL AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY]

PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR Issues to think about: What was Johannes Juniuss social standing before he was a ccused of the crimes of witchcraft and thrown into prison? Why do you think he confessed to commiting improbable crimes and had to implicate other people in witchcraft charges?

78 What issues of local politics were behind the spate of witchcraft trials in Bamberg in the 1620s, to which Johannes Junius fell a victim? Does this explain why several men, as well as women, faced accusations in this case? Did he manage to save himself by complying with his torturers demands to name further accomplices to his diabolical crimes?

Reading: H.R. Trevor-Roper, The European Witch-craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and other essays (1969) Available at: http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Fti tle=719&chapter=77036&layout=html&Itemid=27 H.C.E. Midelfort, Witch Hunting in Southwest Germany, 1562-1684: The social and Intellectual Foundations (1972) C. Woodford, Nuns as Historians in Early Modern Germany (2002), pp. 130-34 C. Woodford, Writing the Thirty Years War: Convent Histories by Maria Anna Junius and Elizabeth Herold, in C. van Wyhe (editor), Female Monasticism in Early Modern Europe: An Interdisciplinary View (2008), esp. pp. 247-8 Text: The Witch Persecutions, in G.L. Burr (editor), Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, 6 vols. (1898-1912) vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 23-28. [Available at: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/bamberg.html] [A letter secretly written by Johannes Junius, a former burgomaster at Bamberg, during his trial and passed to his daughter, who became a Catholic nun.] Many hundred thousand good-nights, dearly beloved daughter Veronica. Innocent have I come into prison, innocent have I been tortured, innocent must I die. For whoever comes into the witch prison must become a witch or be tortured until he invents something out of his head and God pity him bethinks him of something. I will tell vou how it has gone with me. When I was the first time put to the torture, Dr Braun, Dr Kotzendorffer, and two strange doctors were there. Then Dr Braun asks me, Kinsman, how come you here? I answer, Through falsehood, through misfortune. Hear, you, he says, you are a witch; will you confess it voluntarily? If not, we'll bring in witnesses and the executioner for you. I said I am no witch, I have a pure conscience in the matter; if there are a thousand witnesses, I am not anxious, but I'll gladly hear the witnesses. Now the chancellor's son was set before me [] and afterward Hoppfen Elss. She had seen me dance on Haupts-moor. [] I answered: I have never renounced God, and will never do it God graciously keep me from it. I'll rather bear whatever I must. And then came also God in highest Heaven have mercy the executioner, and put the thumb-screws on me, both hands bound together, so that the blood ran out at the nails and everywhere, so that for four weeks I could not use my hands, as you can see from the

79 writing. [] Thereafter they first stripped me, bound my hands behind me, and drew me up in the torture [this type of torture is called the strappado]. Then I thought heaven and earth were at an end; eight times did they draw me up and let me fall again, so that I suffered terrible agony. [] And this happened on Friday, June 30, and with God's help I had to bear the torture. . . . When at last the executioner led me back into the prison, he said to me: Sir, I beg you, for God's sake confess something, whether it be true or not. Invent something, for you cannot endure the torture which you will be put to; and, even if you bear it all, yet you will not escape, not even if you were an earl, but one torture will follow after another until you say you are a witch. Not before that, he said, will they let you go, as you may see by all their trials, for one is just like another. [] And so I begged, since I was in wretched plight, to be given one day for thought and a priest. The priest was refused me, but the time for thought was given. Now, my dear child, see in what hazard I stood and still stand. I must say that I am a witch, though I am not, must now renounce God, though I have never done it before. Day and night I was deeply troubled, but at last there came to me a new idea. I would not be anxious, but, since I had been given no priest with whom I could take counsel, I would myself think of something and say it. It were surely better that I just say it with mouth and words, even though I had not really done it; and afterwards I would confess it to the priest, and let those answer for it who compel me to do it. [] And so I made my confession, as follows; but it was all a lie. Then I had to tell what people I had seen [at the witch-sabbath]. I said that I had not recognized them. You old rascal, I must set the executioner at you. Say was not the Chancellor there? So I said yes. Who besides? I had not recognized anybody. So he said: Take one street after another; begin at the market, go out on one street and back on the next. I had to name several persons there. Then came the long street. I knew nobody. Had to name eight persons there. Then the Zinkenwert one person more. Then over the upper bridge to the Georgthor, on both sides. Knew nobody again. Did I know nobody in the castle whoever it might be, I should speak without fear. And thus continuously they asked me on all the streets, though I could not and would not say more. So they gave me to the executioner, told him to strip me, shave me all over, and put me to the torture. The rascal knows one on the market-place, is with him daily, and yet won't name him. By that they meant Dietmeyer: so I had to name him too. Then I had to tell what crimes I had committed. I said nothing. [] Draw the rascal up! So I said that I was to kill my children, but I had killed a horse instead. It did not help. I had also taken a sacred wafer, and had desecrated it. When I had said this, they left me in peace. Now, dear child, here you have all my confession, for which I must die. And they are sheer lies and made-up things, so help me God. For all this I was forced to say through fear of the torture, which was threatened beyond what I

80 had already endured. For they never leave off with the torture till one confesses something; be he never so good, he must be a witch. Nobody escapes, though he were an earl. [] Dear child, keep this letter secret so that people do not find it, else I shall be tortured most piteously and the jailers will be beheaded. So strictly is it forbidden. [] Dear child, pay this man a dollar. [] I have taken several days to write this: my hands are both lame. I am in a sad plight. [] Good night, for your father Johannes Junius will never see you more. July 24, 1628. [Juniuss note on the margin of his letter] Dear child, six have confessed against me at once: the Chancellor, his son, Neudecker, Zaner, Hoffmaisters Ursel, and Hoppfen Els all false, through compulsion, as they have all told me, and begged my forgiveness in God's name before they were executed. [] They know nothing but good of me. They were forced to say it, just as I myself was. []

Gobbet for in-class analysis: The following extract comes from the transcript of the interrogations of Johannes Junius, found in the same source, Burrs Translations and Reprints When in the year 1624 his law-suit at Rothweil cost him some six hundred florins, he had gone out, in the month of August, into his orchard at Friedrichsbronnen; and, as he sat there in thought, there had come to him [] [a spirit in] the form of a goat, which [] had seized him by the throat and demanded that he should renounce God Almighty, whereupon Junius said, "God forbid, and thereupon the spirit vanquished through the power of these words. Yet it came straightway back [] and persistently demanded of him that he renounce God in Heaven and all the heavenly host, by which terrible threatening he was obliged to speak this formula: "I renounce God in Heaven and his host, and will henceforward recognize the Devil as my God.

81 18. FINE ART: ARTISTS, PATRONS AND THE MARKET c.1500-1789 PART ONE Themes and issues for seminar discussion: Where were the main centres of the European art market, and why did they become the main centres? How did the art market function? In what ways can this session on Fine Art be linked with other themes on this course, such as religion, economics and the exercise of political power?

Core reading Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Early Modern Europe, 1450-1789 (2006), chs 4 and 10. Pages 139-46, and 352-7 are directly relevant, but you might like to read both chapters in their entirety to gain an overview of the intellectual background to art production early modern Europe. A. Hughes, The cave and the stithy: artists' studios and intellectual property in early modern Europe, Oxford Art Journal, vol. 13, no. 1 (1990), pp. 34-48. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR]. This article meanders in places, but if you follow the thread about the artist Peter Paul Rubens you should be able to build up a decent picture of his large and busy art business in Antwerp. The early modern art market N. De Marchi and H. J. Van Miegroet, Art, value, and market practices in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, The Art Bulletin, vol. 76, no. 3 (Sep., 1994), pp. 451-464. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] C. Gibson-Wood, Picture consumption in London at the end of the seventeenth century, The Art Bulletin, vol. 84, no. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 491-500. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] D. Kinkead, Juan de Luzn and the Sevillian painting trade with the New World in the second half of the seventeenth century, The Art Bulletin, vol. 66, no. 2 (Jun., 1984), pp. 303-310. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] E. Koolhaas-Grosfeld, The business of art in eighteenth-century Amsterdam: painting as a contribution to the wealth of the nation, Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 31, no. 1 (Fall, 1997), pp. 115-122. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] W. Wassyng Roworth, Painting for profit and pleasure: Angelica Kauffman and the art business in Rome, Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 29, no. 2 (Winter, 1995/1996), pp. 225-228. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] Studios, painters and patrons:

82 I. Gaskell, Gerrit Dou, his patrons and the art of painting, Oxford Art Journal, vol. 5, no. 1 (1982), pp. 15-23. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] P. Humfrey and R. MacKenney, The Venetian trade guilds as patrons of art in the Renaissance, The Burlington Magazine, vol. 128, no. 998 (May, 1986), pp. 317-327, 329-330. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] J. Michael Montias, Vermeer's clients and patrons, The Art Bulletin, vol. 69, no. 1 (Mar., 1987), ppp. 68-76. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR] L. A. Waldman, Raffaellino del Garbo and his world: commissions, patrons, associates, Artibus et Historiae, vol. 27, no. 54 (2006), pp. 5194. [AVAILABLE ELECTRONICALLY VIA JSTOR]

Techniques, theory and symbolism (background material for those particularly interested) C. L. Eastlake, Methods and Materials of Painting of the Great Schools and Masters (1960). J. Hall (ed.), Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art (1979). J. Hall (ed.), Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western art (1994). M. K. Talley, Portrait Painting in England: Studies in the Technical Literature before 1700 (1981). A superb book especially informative about the operation of Lelys studio. C. Ripa, Iconologia (1700). Used by artists throughout Europe as a reference work on secret signs and symbols. This is one of the English language versions, available via Early English Books Online (which is accessed via the Universitys eLibrary gateway).

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PART TWO: SOURCE-BASED SEMINAR

Issues to think about: Why in this letter is Rubens (the most famous artist in Europe at that time) so eager to placate his disgruntled patron? How (and why) are Rubens customers using his paintings as social or political capital? What is the significance of Rubens promising to paint the replacement painting entirely by himself? Who else would normally work on paintings aside from Rubens? Text: Extract from a letter written by Peter Paul Rubens to William Trumbull, Antwerp, 13 September 1621. [Source: R. Goldwater and M. Treves (eds.), Artists on Art from the 14th to the 20th Century (1976, rpt 1990), pp. 145-6.] I am quite willing that the picture painted for My Lord Ambassador Carleton be returned to me and that I should paint another hunting piece less terrible than that of the lions, making rebate as is reasonable for the amount already paid, and the new picture to be entirely by my own hand without admixture of the work of anyone else, which on the word of a gentleman I will carry out. I am very sorry that there should have been any dissatisfaction on the part of Mr Carleton, but he would never give me to understand clearly enough, though I often entreated him to do so, whether this picture was to be entirely original or merely touched by my own hand. I wish for an opportunity to put him in a good humour with me, although it should cost me some trouble to oblige him I have almost completed a large picture, entirely by my own hand and, in my opinion, one of the best, representing a lion hunt. The figures are as large as life. It is an order of My Lord Ambassador Digby, to be presented, I am given to understand, to the Marquis of Hamilton. But, as you truly say, such subjects have more grace and vehemence in a large than in a small picture. I should very much like the picture for the gallery of HRH the Prince of Wales to be of larger proportions, because the size of the picture gives us [painters] much more courage to represent our ideas adequately and with an appearance of reality

Alternative primary source: The website which accompanies the Weisner-Hanks book features a letter from the artist Artemisia Gentileschi to her patron Don Antonio Ruffo in 1649. The extract (the two are wrangling over the price of a commission) reveals some details of the artists overheads. The gobbet is item 14 in the pdf: http://www.cambridge.org/features/wiesnerhanks/downloads/primary_sources /Primary_sources_CH10.pdf

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SEMESTER 2

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Literacy and Print Culture Why did the advent of print both give rise to government propaganda and lead to increased state censorship? 2. Nobility A relationship of antagonism and competition. How accurately does this describe the relationship between monarchs and nobles in the early modern period? 3. Monarchies and Courts Explain the importance of princely courts as a part of the system of government in early modern Europe. 4. Military Revolution The early military revolution was nothing more than an infantry revolution. Discuss. 5. Popular Protest To what extent can a study of popular protest enhance our understanding of early modern society? (You may focus on two particular communities and/or a specific century if you wish) 6. Industry and Transport What was the most important reason for the growth of industry in early modern Europe? 7. Popular Culture To what extent was there a division between popular and elite culture in early modern Europe? 8. Magic and Witchcraft Was the Protestant Reformation a catalyst for witch-hunting? 9. The Practice and Politics of Fine Art, c. 1500-1789 Who controlled the art market in seventeenth-century Europe: artists, patrons or dealers?

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