1/30/14, 5:31 PM

Revision
Types of triangles
Name Diagram Properties

Scalene

All sides and angles are di!erent.

Isosceles

Two sides are equal in length. The angles opposite the equal sides are also equal.

Equilateral

All three sides are equal in length and all three angles are equal.

Acuteangled

Each of the three interior angles is less than 90 .

Obtuseangled

One interior angle is greater than 90 .

Rightangled

One interior angle is 90 .

Table 1

Congruent triangles
Condition Diagram

SSS (side, side, side)

ABC EDF

SAS (side, incl. angle, side)

GHI JKL

AAS (angle, angle, side)

MNO PQR

RHS ( 90 , hypotenuse, side)

STU VWX
Table 2

Similar triangles
Condition Diagram

AAA (angle, angle, angle)

^=D ^, B ^=E ^, C ^ =F ^ A ABC ||| DEF

SSS (sides in prop.)

MN RS

ML RT

NL ST

MNL ||| RST

Table 3

Circle geometry
If O is the centre and OM AB , then AM = MB . If O is the centre and AM = MB , then

^ O = BM ^ O = 90 . If AM = MB and AM OM AB , then MO passes through centre O.

Table 4

If an arc subtends an angle at the centre of a circle and at the circumference, then the angle at the centre is twice the size of the angle at the circumference.

Table 5

Angles at the circumference subtended by arcs of equal length (or by the same arc) are equal.

Table 6

Cyclic quadrilaterals
If the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD are the chords of a circle with centre O , then:

^ +C ^ = 180 A
Reason: (opp. s cyclic quad. supp.)

^ +D ^ = 180 B
Reason: (opp. s cyclic quad. supp.)

^C = D ^ EB
Reason: (ext. cyclic quad. = int. opp )

^ =A ^ =C ^ A 1 2
Reason: (vert. opp. s, ext. cyclic quad.) Table 7 Proving a quadrilateral is cyclic:

If A + C = 180 or B + D = 180 , then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Table 8

If A1 = C or D1 = B, then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Table 9

If A = B or C = D, then ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Table 10

Tangents to a circle
A tangent is perpendicular to the radius (OT ST ), drawn to the point of contact with the circle.

Table 11

If AT and BT are tangents to a circle with centre O, then:

OA AT (tangent radius) OB BT (tangent radius) TA = TB (tangents from same point are

equal) Table 12

If DC is a tangent, then DT A = T BA and

^ B = TA ^ B . If DT ^A = TB ^ A or CT ^ B = TA ^B, CT then DC is a tangent touching at T .

Table 13

The mid-point theorem

The line joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side.

Given: AD = DB and AE = EC , we can conclude that DE BC and DE = 1 BC . 2

Exercise 1: Revision
Problem 1:

^ N = 60 and OM ^ P = z . Calculate the value of MO NP in a circle with centre O. MO z , giving reasons.

Practise more questions like this Answer 1:

^ P z
Problem 2:

1 ^ MO N 2 = 30 = 30 =

( at centre = twice at circumference) (alt. s, MO NP)

O is the centre of the circle with OC = 5 cm and chord BC = 8 cm.

Determine the lengths of:

OD AD AB
Practise more questions like this Answer 2:

In ODC,

OC 2 52 OD AO AD = = = =

= OD2 + DC 2 = OD2 + 42 = 3 cm 5 cm AO + OD 5+3 8 cm = = = 42 + 82 80 45 cm

(Pythagoras)

(radius)

AD In ABD,

AB 2 AB 2 AB AB

= BD 2 + A D 2

(Pythagoras)

Problem 3:

^ R and PQ ^ S = a. PQ is a diameter of the circle with centre O. SQ bisects PQ

Write down two other angles that are also equal to a . Calculate POS in terms of a , giving reasons. Prove that OS is a perpendicular bisector of PR. Practise more questions like this Answer 3:

^S RQ OQ ^S OQ ^S PO ^S = 2 PQ = 2a

=a = OS ^Q = a = OS

^ R) (given SQ bisects PQ (equal radii) (isosceles OQS)

(s at centre and circumference on same chord) (proven) (alt. s equal) (alt. s, QR OS) ^ = in semi-circle) (R

^S RQ QR ^ R PT OS
Problem 4:

^O = a = QS OS ^S = RT = 90 = TR perp. bisector of PR

( from centre bisects chord)

^ D = 35 . BD is a diameter of the circle with centre O. AB = AD and OC

Calculate the value of the following angles, giving reasons:

^ C CO ^ D CB ^ D BA ^ D AD ^B OD
Practise more questions like this Answer 4:

OC ^C OD ^D CO ^D CB

= OD = 35

(equal radii ) (isosceles OCD) (sum s = 180)

= 180 (35 + 35) = 110 1 ^ COD 2 = 55 = ^D BA

( at centre = 2 at circum. )

= 90

( in semi-circle) (isosceles ABD) (sum s in = 180)

^B AD ^B AD

^D = AB 180 90 = 2 = 45

Problem 5:

O is the centre of the circle with diameter AB. CD AB at P and chord DE intersects AB at F.

Prove the following:

^ P = DB ^ P CE ^D = 2CB ^ A AB ^D = CB

1 2

^A CO

Practise more questions like this Answer 5:

In CBP CP ^B CP BP CBP ^P CB ^D CE ^A But CB ^D CE ^A DB ^A CB ^D AB

Problem 6:

and DBP: = DP ^ B = 90 = DP = BP DBP ^P = DB ^D = CB ^A = DB

(OP CD) (given) (common) (SAS) (CBP DBP)

(s on chord CD) (CBP DBP)

^A = 2CB

^A = CB 1 ^ = CO A 2 1 ^ = CO A 2

(CBP DBP) ( at centre = 2 at circum. )

QP in the circle with centre O is extended to T so that PR = PT . Express m in terms of n.

Practise more questions like this Answer 6:

^R QP n n m
Problem 7:

^ T

=m = 2m = 2(2m) = 4m 1 = n 4

(PT = PR) (ext. = sum int. s) (s at centre and circumference on QR)

In the circle with centre O, OR QP , QP = 30 mm and RS = 9 mm. Determine the length of y.

Practise more questions like this Answer 7:

In QP QS QS QO2 y2 y2 18y y
Problem 8:

QOS, = 30 1 = QP 2 = 15 = = = =

(given) ( from centre bisects chord) (Pythagoras)

= OS 2 + QS 2

(y 9)2 + 152 y 2 18y + 81 + 225 306 17 mm

PQ is a diameter of the circle with centre O. QP is extended to A and AC is a tangent to the circle. BA AQ and BCQ is a straight line.

Prove the following:

^ Q = BA ^P PC BAPC is a cyclic quadrilateral AB = AC

Practise more questions like this Answer 8:

^Q PC ^Q BA ^Q PC ^Q PC

= 90 = 90 ^Q = BA

( in semi-circle) (given BA AQ)

^Q = BA BAPC is a cyclic quad. ^Q CP ^P BC ^C = AB ^ Q + CQ ^P = CP ^P = CQ ^Q = CP ^C = AB = AC

(proven) (ext. angle = int. opp. ) (ext. of cyclic quad.) (ext. of ) (tangent-chord)

^P AC ^A BC AB
Problem 9:

(s opp. equal sides)

TA and TB are tangents to the circle with centre O. C is a point on the circumference ^ and AT B = x .

Express the following in terms of x, giving reasons:

^ T OB ^A C ^ AB
Practise more questions like this Answer 9:

^T AB

^T = BA 180 x = 2 x = 90 2

(TA = TB) (sum s of TAB)

^T OB ^A OB

= 90 x 2

= 90 (90 = ^ C

x 2)

(tangent radius)

^T = AB = 90

x 2

(tangent chord)

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