Analog Devices : Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs) : What shall we do ... http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/u...

Close this Window

(Sung to the tune of "What shall we do with the drunken sailor?"1)

Operational amplifiers (op-amps) may be bought with one, two, three (for video), four, or even more
devices on a chip and packaged in a single IC package. Sometimes the constraints of optimal design leave
us with an unused op-amp. The question then is - what do we do with it?

Sometimes we can reconfigure to use one or more extra (but smaller) chips with fewer op-amps in total -
but this may complicate layout, or inventory. So we've got an op-amp we don't need. In an earlier article I
have observed that sometimes it gets used as a comparator - and that this is not necessarily a good idea2.
But this is not the topic for today.

The best thing to do with a surplus op-amp it is to use it. There are lots of places in an analog circuit
where a buffer amplifier may improve performance - and a unity gain buffer uses no extra components.
Simply apply the signal to the non-inverting input and join the inverting input and the output. Such a
buffer reduces loading on the signal source and, having a very low output impedance, allows the design of
the next stage to be simplified. (It may be necessary to use a resistor, rather than a short-circuit, between
the output and the inverting input of the op-amp if the device is a current-feedback op-amp, or has a
minimum stable Acl >1, but there are very few such multiple op-amps. If needed the resistor should be
optimised for bandwidth if the device is actually being used as a buffer amplifier, otherwise 100 kΩ will
almost always be suitable.)

Figure 1

Leaving all of an unused op-amp's terminals unconnected is a really really bad idea. An open-circuit
output terminal does not present any particular problems, but if an op-amp input is allowed to float there

1 von 5 05.10.2009 13:58

Analog Devices : Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs) : What shall we do ... http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/u...

is no path for the bias current and the inputs may behave as if they are being over-driven. This will cause
the output stage to saturate, which increases its current consumption - sometimes dramatically. And it's
wasteful if an amplifier we're not even using draws much more power than one that's doing a useful job.
Joining the inputs to each other but leaving them otherwise unconnected has almost exactly the same,
bad, effects.

Figure 2

Furthermore an op-amp with open inputs may experience electrostatic fields. If such a field should bias an
input outside the device rails it may trigger destructive latch-up and destroy the whole chip, not just the
unused device.

Figure 3

Or the electrostatic field may be an AC field and induce AC voltages in the input(s) which are amplified
and cause large AC current variation and crosstalk to other op-amps on the chip.

Figure 4

2 von 5 05.10.2009 13:58

Analog Devices : Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs) : What shall we do ... http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/u...

Some users connect one input to the positive and the other to the negative supply. This is not a good idea,
either. It is obvious that such a configuration will saturate the amplifier and, as we have seen, this may
waste current, but it may also be ill-advised for other reasons. Some op-amps have quite a small absolute
maximum differential input voltage (i.e. between the inputs), even though they may have a much larger
common-mode range. Exceeding absolute maximum ratings is forbidden as it is likely to destroy the
device.

But even op-amps with a rail-rail differential input rating may have problems. Consider the venerable
OP-07 as an example.

Figure 5

This op-amp was the first high precision monolithic op-amp and was introduced by Precision Monolithics
Inc (PMI - now a division of Analog Devices) over a quarter of a century ago. Despite its age it is still
widely used - and improved, more modern, devices still use similar input stages. This input stage contains
protective circuitry, resistors R3 and R4 and diodes Q21, Q22, Q23 and Q24, intended to protect the
base-emitter junctions of its input transistors Q1 and Q2. If a large differential voltage is applied to its
input the diodes Q21 and Q22, or Q23 and Q24, conduct and clamp the potential between the bases of Q1
and Q2 to a safe level. Instead of a few nA of input current there are now many mA. Not only does this
waste power, but it heats the chip and, with higher power supplies, may even overheat it and cause
thermal damage.

Figure 6

Connecting unused inputs to each other and to a potential within the op-amp's common-mode range, will
again cause the output stage to saturate, since the offset voltage of an op-amp is never exactly zero and
will be amplified by the open-loop gain.

3 von 5 05.10.2009 13:58

Analog Devices : Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs) : What shall we do ... http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/u...

Figure 7

What we should do with an unused op-amp is connect the device as a follower (output to inverting input
as in Fig 1) and connect the non-inverting input to a potential somewhere within the input common-mode
range. With a dual supply system the ground is ideal, but connecting to the positive or negative of a single
supply system, even with an op-amp with rail-rail inputs, will cause saturation and the resulting power
waste if the offset voltage has the wrong polarity. (If amplifying the offset causes the output to try and go
outside the rails it will saturate, and possible sink too much power, instead.) The "potential somewhere
between the supply rails" may be any point in the circuit with a suitable potential, since the loading
caused by the op-amp input is minimal.

Figure 8

The simplest way to provide such an input is to connect to the midpoint of two high value (~½ MΩ)
resistors in series between the supply rails.

James Bryant
Midsomer Norton
March 2009

1
What shall we do with the unused op-amp? (X3)

Early in the morning.

CHORUS
Wey-hey and up she rises, (X3)
Early in the morning.
Don't let it lie with its inputs floating, (X3)

4 von 5 05.10.2009 13:58

Analog Devices : Rarely Asked Questions (RAQs) : What shall we do ... http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/u...

Early in the morning.

CHORUS
Don't tie the inputs to the power rails, (X3)
Early in the morning.
CHORUS
Don't short the input pins together, (X3)
Early in the morning.
CHORUS
Use it as a buffer with a DC input, (X3)
Early in the morning.
CHORUS

2
http://www.analog.com/en/analog-to-digital-converters/products/rarely-asked-questions
/RAQ_comparatorsOpAmp/fca.html
http://www.analog.com/static/imported-files/rarely_asked_questions/op-AmpsAsComparatorsv1.ppt

5 von 5 05.10.2009 13:58