2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.

Voltage and reactive power Heavy load situation:

Equality constraints for active

and reactive power:

PG = PL + Ploss
PG=10300 MW Ploss= 300 MW PL=10000 MW

QG = QL + Qloss QG= 3500 MVAR Qloss=1500 MVAR QL= 2000 MVAR

Low load situation:

PG= 5100 MW Ploss= 100 MW PL= 5000 MW

QG= -500 MVAR Qloss= -1500 MVAR QL=1000 MVAR

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.2

The synchronous generator

jX aI

I
Xa Xσ R
Ef jXσ I

Ef Er Vg Er
RI
if

Vg

I
Xa armature reactance Ef excitation emf
Xσ leakage reactance Er air gap emf
R armature resistance Vg terminal voltage
if excitation current

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.3

The synchronous generator

Active and reactive power supplied by the generator:

X d = X a + Xσ R << X a + X σ jX d I
I
Xd Ef

Ef Vg
Vg
if
δ

ϕ
Ef ⋅ Vg Vg2 I
Ef ⋅ Vg
Pg = ⋅ sin δ Qg = ⋅ cos δ −
Xd Xd Xd

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 2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.4

The synchronous generator

Over excitation Under excitation

jX d I jX d I

jX d I
Ef Vg Ef Vg Vg jX d I
Vg
Ef
Ef
ϕ
ϕ ϕ
I I
I I

Pg = 0 Qg > 0 Pg > 0 Qg > 0 Pg > 0 Qg < 0 Pg = 0 Qg < 0

Phase shifter Generator Generator Phase shifter
Lagging power factor Lagging power factor Leading power factor Leading power factor
(Synchronous capacitor) (Synchronous reactor)

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.5

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

Synchronous Step-up
Excitation generator Transformer

1: t
if
Network

Vg
V −
Vref
Amplifier ∑
+

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.6

Increase of reactive power supply (MVAR) Decrease of reactive power supply (MVAR)

- Change of reference voltage Vref - Change of reference voltage Vref

1
Vref > Vref
0 1
Vref < Vref
0

V >0; i 1f > i f0 ; V <0; i 1f < i f0 ;

Q1g > Qg0 Q1g < Qg0

- Change of tap setting t - Change of tap setting t

t1 > t 0 : t1 < t 0 :

Vg1 < Vg0 ; V >0; i 1f > i f0 Vg1 > Vg0 ; V <0; i 1f < i f0

Q1g > Qg0 Q1g < Qg0

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.7

Voltage and reactive power control mechanisms

AVR
400 kV

Communication
Secondary AVR
Voltage 220 kV
Control

AVR

110 kV

AVC
20, 10 kV

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.7 /7

Voltage and reactive power

Voltages at
boundary
nodes 220 kV

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.7 /8

Voltage and reactive power

Voltages at
boundary
nodes 380 kV

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.7 /9

Voltage and reactive power

Voltages drops
on 220 kV
boundary lines

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2.2 Voltage and reactive power 2.2.7 /10

Voltage and reactive power

Voltages drops
on 380 kV
boundary lines

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