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Sonic nozzle transfer standards used in France are cylindrical-throat Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles. Their principle is based on the fact that the gas flow accelerates to the critical velocity at the nozzle throat. The nozzle is comprised of a convergent section profile as a quarter of a torus tangential on one side to the inlet plane and on the other side to the cylindrical throat.
Sonic nozzle transfer standards used in France are cylindrical-throat Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles. Their principle is based on the fact that the gas flow accelerates to the critical velocity at the nozzle throat. The nozzle is comprised of a convergent section profile as a quarter of a torus tangential on one side to the inlet plane and on the other side to the cylindrical throat.
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Sonic nozzle transfer standards used in France are cylindrical-throat Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles. Their principle is based on the fact that the gas flow accelerates to the critical velocity at the nozzle throat. The nozzle is comprised of a convergent section profile as a quarter of a torus tangential on one side to the inlet plane and on the other side to the cylindrical throat.
Hak Cipta:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Format Tersedia
Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
The sonic nozzle transfer standards used in France are cylindrical-throat Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles whose geometry is defined in the ISO/DIS standard 9300. Its principle is based on the fact that the gas flow accelerates to the critical velocity at the nozzle throat (this being equal to the local sonic velocity). At the critical velocity, the mass flow-rate of the gas flowing through the Venturi nozzle is the maximum possible for the existing upstream conditions. In these conditions, the mass flow rate through a sonic nozzle is determined from the stagnation pressure and temperature measurements and the calculation of the thermodynamic coefficients. The sonic nozzle is comprised of a convergent section (inlet) profile as a quarter of a torus tangential on one side to the inlet plane and on the other side to the cylindrical throat. The length of the cylindrical throat and the radius of curvature of the quarter of torus are equal to the throat diameter. One specific feature of the nozzle is the length of its conical mixer tube, which means it can recompress the gas, limiting the pressure loss. The result of this is that the downstream to upstream pressure ratio at which the nozzle switches to the critical operating mode is equal to 0.9. 5on:c nozzle advanIages The sonic nozzle, because it has no mobile parts, is very stable, and thus insensitive to carrying stresses, highly repeatable since its accuracy is not dependent on that of the associated measuring devices and state equations, and in no way affected by downstream conditions or thermodynamic stability upstream, and therefore may be considered an ideal transfer standard. Moreover, as each nozzle is calibrated by determining the value of its discharge coefficient as a function of the Reynolds number, another adimensional magnitude, the gas chosen for the tests does not affect its calibration curve, due to the computations derived from the equations of the state of the gases. Sonic nozzles are often used as transfer standard in intercomparison tests between flow test benches. The results of an international intercomparison carried out between European and North American laboratories is presented next page. Use oI son:c nozzles Nozzles operating under sonic conditions are already used widely as reference flowmeters in several European countries (France, Germany, Great Britain and Norway) to measure gases under pressure. The nozzles are calibrated, in each of the countries concerned, on approved primary test rigs. The techniques used in these countries today are the fruit of R&D carried out on nozzles for more that twenty years. The outcome has been ISO/DIS standard 9300, published in 1990, on the technique for measuring gas flowrates using a sonic nozzle. 5on:c nozzle operaI:on The sonic nozzle is part of a mechanical assembly which can be set up on a test rig pipeline. The nozzle is mounted between two sleeves equipped with upstream pressure and temperature taps only. 5on:c nozzle Iormulae Ior cr:I:cal mass Ilow raIes m {5O 9300} t Po, To absolute stagnation pressure and temperature of the gas A cross section of the nozzle Cd discharge coefficient (ISO 9300) C* critical flow function (ISO 9300) r ratio of the Universal gas constant on the molar mass ProI:le oI Ihe 5on:c Nozzle used as IransIer sIandard L.A.D.G.