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5on:c Nozzles

5on:c Nozzle deI:n:I:on


The sonic nozzle transfer standards used in France are
cylindrical-throat Critical Flow Venturi Nozzles whose
geometry is defined in the ISO/DIS standard 9300.
Its principle is based on the fact that the gas flow
accelerates to the critical velocity at the nozzle throat
(this being equal to the local sonic velocity). At the
critical velocity, the mass flow-rate of the gas flowing
through the Venturi nozzle is the maximum possible
for the existing upstream conditions.
In these conditions, the mass flow rate through a
sonic nozzle is determined from the stagnation
pressure and temperature measurements and the
calculation of the thermodynamic coefficients.
The sonic nozzle is comprised of a convergent section
(inlet) profile as a quarter of a torus tangential on one
side to the inlet plane and on the other side to the
cylindrical throat. The length of the cylindrical throat
and the radius of curvature of the quarter of torus are
equal to the throat diameter.
One specific feature of the nozzle is the length of its
conical mixer tube, which means it can recompress
the gas, limiting the pressure loss. The result of this is
that the downstream to upstream pressure ratio at
which the nozzle switches to the critical operating
mode is equal to 0.9.
5on:c nozzle advanIages
The sonic nozzle, because it has no mobile parts, is
very stable, and thus insensitive to carrying stresses,
highly repeatable since its accuracy is not dependent
on that of the associated measuring devices and state
equations, and in no way affected by downstream
conditions or thermodynamic stability upstream, and
therefore may be considered an ideal transfer
standard.
Moreover, as each nozzle is calibrated by determining
the value of its discharge coefficient as a function of
the Reynolds number, another adimensional
magnitude, the gas chosen for the tests does not
affect its calibration curve, due to the computations
derived from the equations of the state of the gases.
Sonic nozzles are often used as transfer standard in
intercomparison tests between flow test benches. The
results of an international intercomparison carried out
between European and North American laboratories
is presented next page.
Use oI son:c nozzles
Nozzles operating under sonic conditions are already
used widely as reference flowmeters in several
European countries (France, Germany, Great Britain
and Norway) to measure gases under pressure.
The nozzles are calibrated, in each of the countries
concerned, on approved primary test rigs. The
techniques used in these countries today are the fruit
of R&D carried out on nozzles for more that twenty
years. The outcome has been ISO/DIS standard 9300,
published in 1990, on the technique for measuring
gas flowrates using a sonic nozzle.
5on:c nozzle operaI:on
The sonic nozzle is part of a mechanical assembly
which can be set up on a test rig pipeline. The nozzle
is mounted between two sleeves equipped with
upstream pressure and temperature taps only.
5on:c nozzle Iormulae Ior cr:I:cal mass Ilow raIes
m {5O 9300} t
Po, To absolute stagnation pressure and
temperature of the gas
A cross section of the nozzle
Cd discharge coefficient (ISO 9300)
C* critical flow function (ISO 9300)
r ratio of the Universal gas constant
on the molar mass
ProI:le oI Ihe 5on:c Nozzle used as IransIer sIandard
L.A.D.G.

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