Strain
Pull bar to cause stress and strain Record load P Compute stress f f = P/A A = cross section area Record strain L Compute unit strain = L / L L = unstressed length Plot measure points on stress strain graph Draw line through plotted points
Prof Schierle
1 2 3 P L L f E
Prof Schierle
Stress / Strain
1 2 Test load (increasing from 1 to 5 k) Stress-strain graph For each load the strain is recorded A line through recorded points defines stress / strain relations Slope defines Elastic Modulus E
E=f/
f = P / A = stress P = applied load A = test bar cross-section area = L/L = unit strain L = elongation / shortening L = unstressed length
Prof Schierle
7 8
1 2
Poissons ratio (shrinks / expands material normal to applied load) Creep = deformation over time (critical in concrete) C = Creep T = Time Elastic/plastic material Steel (idealized graph)
3 4
5 6
7 8
Prof Schierle
Poissons ratio
= y / x
= lateral strain / axial strain (named after the French scientist Poisson who defined it in 1807)
Note: Concrete creep may exceed elastic strain and cause major problems !
Prof Schierle
Stress / Strain
3 Elastic / plastic material E Elastic range P Plastic range
Steel graph (idealized) A Proportional limit B Elastic limit C Yield point CD Yield plateau E Ultimate strength F Breaking point
8
Prof Schierle
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Axial deflection L
Derivation of formula f = P/A = L / L E=f/ E = (P/A) / (L/L) E = P L / (A L)
L = PL / AE
Prof Schierle
10
Fa = 17.5 ksi E=16,000 ksi L = 700 P=8k Am = 0.47 in2 f = 17 ksi 17 < 17.5, ok L = 8.9
Prof Schierle
~ 60% metallic
11
~ 70% metallic
Cable elevator Suspended on 4 to 8 wire ropes each alone strong enough to support the elevator Safety breaks block elevator if all cables break
Air cushion slows free-fall in case of failure Shock absorber cushions impact in case of failure
Stress strain relations Prof Schierle 12
L = 0.19
Prof Schierle
13
Column strain L = PL/AE Since f = P/A L = f L/E L = 18 ksi x 1680/29000 L = 1.0 Strand strain L = 60ksi x 1680 / 22000 L = 4.6 Differential settlement L = 5.6 Note: To reduce differential settlement: Prestress strands to reduce L by half and adjust floor levels for DL and partial LL
Stress strain relations Prof Schierle 14
Happy end
Prof Schierle
15