E-numbers

http://www.food-info.net/uk/qa/qa-fi45.htm

Which E-numbers and additives are from animal origin ?

In this document we list which E-numbers may be derived from animal ori in. In many cases the ori in of the product may be either from animal or non-animal sources. !his is especially the case for those additives that contain fatty acids. !hese are normally of plant ori in" but animal ori in cannot be e#cluded. $s the products are chemically identical" only the produces can ive information on the e#act ori in. Each reli ious %&uslim" 'ew" (indu or other) or other roup %ve etarians" ve ans) can use the list below to determine whether or not to accept the additive. E-number Name E*+, E-++ Carmine, Cochineal Lecithine Origin Colour isolated from the insects Coccus cacti Soy beans and for some purposes from chic en eggs!

4-,

"olyo#yethylene$%& stearate Stearic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this table! "olyo#yethylene $()& stearate Stearic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this table!

E4-*

E4-+

"olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan Lauric acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this monolaurate table! "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan Oleic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this mono-oleate table! "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan "almitic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this monopalmitate table! "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan Stearic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this monostearate table! "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan Stearic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this tristearate table! +elatin ,rom animal bones! Since the -SE crisis mainly from por , but other animal bones are used! .alal gelatin is available in specialised shops! ,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

E4--

E4-4

E4-5

E4-.

44* $invalid&

E4/,

,atty acid salts

E4/*

/ono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids Esters of mono- and diglycerides Sugar esters of fatty acids Sugarglycerides

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

E4/+

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

E4/E4/4

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table! Combination of sugar and fatty acids! ,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table! ,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

E4/5

"olyglycerol esters of fatty acids "ropyleneglycol esters of fatty acids /i#ture of glycerol- and propyleneglycol esters of lactic acid and fatty acids Esterified soy oil

E4//

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

4/0

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

E4/1 and (01b E40*2*

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

Natrium2Calciumstearoyllactylate Stearyltartrate

/i#ture of lactic acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid! ,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table! /i#ture of tartaric acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid! ,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table! /i#ture of citric acid and stearic acid, a fatty acid! ,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table! ,rom animal bones! Since the -SE crisis mainly from por , but other animal bones are used! .alal gelatin is available in specialised shops!

E40-

404

Stearylcitrate

E405 %invalid number) E41*-3

+elatine

Combinations of sorbitol and fatty acids Edible bone phosphate

,or fatty acids, see note belo' this table!

54+

,rom animal bones! Since the -SE crisis mainly from por , but other animal bones are used! Stearic acid is a fatty acid! See note belo' this table! /ainly from yeast, also from sardines and meat!

E5/,-04

Stearic acid and stearates

E.+.-*1

+uanylic acid and guanylatens

E.-,-43

5nosinic acid and inosinates /ainly from meat and fish, also made 'ith bacteria!

.-., .-/

/altol and 5somaltol

,rom malt $barley&, sometimes also from heating mil sugar! /ainly from gelatine $see ((6 above&, also synthetically! /ade by bees, but does not contain insects! Natural polymer derived from certain species of lice from 5ndia! 5nsects get trapped in the resin! 7 'a# from sheep! 5t is e#creted by the s in of the sheep and e#tracted from the 'ool! 8erived from proteins, including animal protein and hair! /ade from mil sugar ,rom beef $bile& ,rom chic en eggs

E.4,

+lycin

E1,* E1,4

-ees 'a# Shellac

1*-

Lanolin

1+,-*6

Cystein en cystin

E1.. *,,, E**,5

Lactitol Cholic acid Lyso9ym

,atty acids 2ats" whether from plant or animal ori in" consist of lycerol and enerally - fatty acids. 2ats can en3ymatically be split in fatty acids and lycerol. !he fatty acids can be purified and reconnected to lycerol as mono- di- of tri lycerides % lycerol with *" + or - fatty acids respectively). &any additives consist of these semi-natural fats" which act as emulsifiers. !hese semi-natural fats are de raded and metabolise din the body" 4ust like normal fat. 5hemically the fatty acids from animal or plant ori in are identical. !herefore the ori in is of no importance for the function in the food. 6roducers thus normally choose the cheapest oils to make these fats. !his is enerally some ve etable oil. (owever" animal fats can not be e#cluded. 7nfortunately it is not possible to distin uish animal and ve etable fatty acids in the final product. 8nly the producer can provide information on the ori in. $s there is a risk for animal fats" 'ews" &uslims" (indus and ve ans should avoid these products" unless the ori in is mentioned by the producer. Other common ingredients of animal origin : 5asein and caseinate :elatin $ protein from cow9s milk 2rom animal bones. ;ince the <;E crisis mainly from pork" but other animal bones are used. (alal and kosher elatin is available in specialised shops. ;u ar from cow9s milk 2rom fish" seals and soy. $ fraction of milk" see also here.

=actose 8me a---fatty acids >hey and wheypowder

%>hey" wheypowder and cheese may not be halal when the animal that provided the rennet to clot the milk" is not slau htered accordin to Islamic rules. 8nly the producer can provide the information on the status of these products.)

Overvie' of additives and ingredients that are often mentioned as being from animal origin: E*,* ?iboflavin %lactoflavin) @ellow food colour. It can be isolated from milk" but commercially produced from micro-or anisms. Isolation from milk is too e#pensive. 6repared from charcoal from burned wood. 5an be obtained from burned animals" but this is no lon er done.

E*5-

5arbon

E*.*

5antha#anthin

5olour prepared from mushrooms or synthetically from carotene. (istorically it was also prepared from shrimp waste or flamin feathers. ;ynthetic canta#anthin is cheaper and has hi her purity. &ade by bacterial fermentation on su ar waste %molasses). It is not present in milk. $ll fermented products %dairy and nondairy) contain lactic acid as the result of bacterial fermentation. 5ommercially only prepared from su ar. 2rom ve etable oils. $lso in animal %fish) oils but these oils are too e#pensive. 2ish oils are" however" used as a source in food supplements" but not in foods" due to the stron flavour. ;ee E+/, above.

E+/,

=actic acid and lactates

E-,." -,/" -,0

!ocopherols %vitamin E)

E-+5-/ =actates -/5 E4++

Aicotinic acid %vitamin <-) 2rom yeast. 6roduction from liver is too e#pensive. :lycerol 6art of animal and ve etable fat. 5ommercially made synthetically from petroleum.

E4/.

6oly lycerolpolyricinoleate ;ynthetic ve etable fat. 5ommercially only made from su ar by bacterial fermentation or from seaweed. !heoretically from any protein" but that is too e#pensive. ;ynthetic. 5an be isolated from urine" but too complicated and e#pensive.

E.+,-5 :lutamates.

E1+/b 7reum

Bitamin <*+

5ommercially only made by bacterial fermentation. Isolation from meat is too e#pensive" due to the very low concentrations.

Which E-numbers are halal and haram ? Which E-numbers are allo'ed by 5slam ? Which products contain ethanol and are haram ?
!hese three questions are related and are discussed here combined.

,orbidden additives
!he list of really prohibited E-numbers is very shortC E*+, and E1,4 as these are made of or contain insects. E1,* is made by insects" like honey" but does not contain insects and thus is enerally considered halal. $ll other E-numbers are basically permitted and also widely used in Islamic countries. (owever" this does not mean that all additives are always halal. In many additives fatty acids are used in the production. $nd it is a matter of concern for many &uslims where these come from. If these are from plant ori in" they are halal" if they are from animal ori in they may be halal or haram" dependin on the animal" see also below. 5hemically they are identical" from the chemical composition it can not be determined whether animal or ve etable fat has been used. 8nly the producer and/or in redient supplier is able to provide this information. $nother complication is that additives can be listed by their chemical name or by their %E-) number. In the E7 the producer has to provide the name or the number or both. 8utside the E7 many countries use the same numberin system" but enerally without the E" and in other countries only the chemical names are used. !he list of additives that may be of animal ori in" or may contain fatty acids that may have been derived from animal ori in" can be found here. In that list also the chemical name is provided.

,atty acids
2ats" whether from plant or animal ori in" consist of lycerol and enerally - fatty acids. 2ats can be split in fatty acids and lycerol %the same reaction also takes place in the intestine when fats are di ested). !he fatty acids can be purified and reconnected to lycerol as mono- di- of tri lycerides % lycerol with *" + or - fatty acids respectively). &any additives consist of these semi-natural fats" which act as emulsifiers. !hese semi-natural fats are de raded and metabolised in the body" 4ust as normal fat. 5hemically the fatty acids from animal or plant ori in are identical. !herefore the ori in is of no importance for the function in the food. 6roducers thus normally choose the cheapest oils to make these fats. !his is enerally some ve etable oil" which makes the additives halal. (owever" animal fats can not be e#cluded and thus the same additive may be sometimes haram.

8iscussion
In the Islamic world there are several additional discussions on additives containin fatty acids. (ere we will mention the two points of issue" but" unless there is a reement amon Islamic scholars" we do not further elaborate on the ar uments of all parties concerned. !he first issue is the presence of animal fatty acids. If this fatty acid ori inates from pork" it is enerally considered haram. If it is from other animals" it is enerally considered halal. (owever" there is a discussion whether animal fat from other animals as pi s" is halal when the animal is not slau htered in the prescribed Islamic way. !he second issue is whether the presence of fatty acids ori inally derived from pork" makes the additives haram. !he final additive" as present in the products" is not present in pork %it is not a

natural component) and thus is not by definition haram. !he first issue limits the use of many additives and/or complicates the matter for many &uslims" the second discussion actually makes it easier for many &uslims to choose products.

7lcohol and ethanol

$ccordin to Islam the use of alcohol is forbidden" as it may influence the mind of the person and thus his behaviour. 7nfortunately when the Duran was written" the word alcohol did mean only ethanol. Aowadays" chemically" alcohol means all chemical components with an -8( %or alcohol) roup. 7nfortunately in common daily lan ua e" alcohol means either ethanol" or any drink with a certain percenta e of ethanol. 2or reli ious purposes and in daily life ethanol and alcohol thus are identical" but for chemists ethanol is 4ust one of many alcohols. Ethanol is produced durin the fermentation of a product by %mainly) yeasts. In most cases this results in very low percenta es" and these are not influencin the brain. In products such as bread" yo hurt" kefir and similar" ethanol is produced durin the production. ;till" these products are halal" as the percenta e of alcohol in the final product is e#tremely low. It is impossible to et drunk from these products. In those cases where sufficient amounts of alcohol are produced" such as wine" beer and spirits" the percenta es are hi h enou h to et drunk" these products thus are haram. ;inegar is a product which is traditionally prepared from wine or other fermented liquids. Eurin the fermentation" the ethanol is converted by the bacteria into acetic acid. !he final vine ar thus contains only traces of ethanol. $ ain" you can not et drunk from vine ar" and vine ar is considered halal. &odern vine ar can also be made chemically and never contained ethanol. !raditional vine ar thus is often referred to as wine vine ar or similar" which may be confusin . >ine vine ar does not contain wine or ethanol" it simply indicates that is is made of wine and not made chemically. Sugar alcohols are sweeteners" also known als polyols. !his cate ory includes sorbitol" #ylitol and a number of other products" all with a name endin on -itol. !hese products are made of su ars and chemically the aldehyde or ketone roup in the su ar is converted into an alcohol roup % F8 is converted into -8(). (ere alcohol stands for the chemical roup and has nothin to do with ethanol" the forbidden form of alcohol. ;u ar alcohols thus are halal. http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e*,,-+,,.htm

E6))- E*)) ,ood Colours

Number E*,, E*,,%ii) E*,* E*,*%ii) E*,+ E*,4 E*,. Name Curcumin <urmeric =iboflavin =iboflavin- 3?- "hosphate <artra9ine @uinoline >ello' =iboflavin-3-Sodium "hosphate ,unction Orange-yello' colour Orange-yello' colour >ello' colour, vitamin -* >ello' colour, vitamin -* >ello' colour, a9o dye +reen-yello' colour, synthetic >ello' colour, vitamin -*

E*,/ E**, E*+, E*++ E*+E*+4 E*+/ E*+0 E*+1 E*-* E*-+ E*-E*4, E*4* E*4+ E*5,a-d E*5* E*5E*54 E*55 E*.,a E*.,b E*.,c E*.,d E*.,e

>ello' *+ Sunset >ello' ,C, Carmine, Cochineal 79orubine 7maranth "onceau (= Erythrosine =ed *+ 7llura =ed 7C "atent -lue ; 5ndigotine -rilliant -lue ,C, Chlorophylls Copper comple#es of chlorophyll +reen S Caramel -rilliant blac -N Carbon -ro'n ,A -ro'n .< 7lfa-, -eta- and +amma- Carotene 7nnatto, -i#in, Norbi#in -ell pepper $"apri a& e#tract Lycopene -eta-apo-%?-carotenal

>ello' colour, a9o dye >ello' colour, a9o dye =ed colour, natural =ed colour, a9o dye =ed colour, a9o dye =ed colour, a9o dye =ed colour, synthetic =ed colour, synthetic =ed colour, a9o dye -lue colour, synthetic -lue colour, synthetic -lue colour, synthetic +reen colour, natural +reen colour, synthetic +reen colour, synthetic -ro'n colour -lac colour, a9o dye Natural blac colour -ro'n colour, a9o dye -ro'n colour, a9o dye Natural orange-yello' colour Natural yello' colour Natural orange colour Natural red colour Natural orange-yello' colour

E*.,f E*.*a E*.*b E*.*c E*.*d E*.*e E*.*f E*.* E*.*h E*.+ E*.E*/, E*/* E*/+ E*/E*/4 E*/5 E*0, *0*

Ethyl ester of beta-apo-%?-carotenic acid ,lavo#anthin Lutein Crypto#anthin =ubi#anthin ;iola#anthin =hodo#anthin Cantha#anthin Citrana#anthin -eetroot e#tract 7nthocyanins Calcium carbonate <itanium dio#ide 5ron o#ides 7luminium Silver +old Lithol =ubine -A <annins

Natural orange-yello' colour Natural, yello' colour Natural, yello' colour Natural, yello' colour Natural, yello' colour Natural, yello' colour Natural, yello' colour Natural, orange colour Natural, yello' colour Natural red colour Natural red-purple colours White colour White colour Natural red-bro'n colour /etal $colour& /etal $colour& /etal $colour& =ed colour, a9o dye >ello'-'hite colour and flavour

E*))- E4)) "reservatives

Number E+,, E+,* Name Sorbic acid Sodium sorbate 2 Sorbic acid sodium salt ,unction Natural preservative Synthetic preservative

E+,+ E+,E+*, E+** E+*+

"otassium sorbate Calcium sorbate -en9oic acid Sodium ben9oate 2 -en9oic acid sodium salt "otassium ben9oate 2 -en9oic acid potassium salt Calcium ben9oate 2 -en9oic acid calcium salt Ethyl (-hydro#yben9oate Ethyl (-hydro#yben9oate sodium salt "ropyl (-hydro#yben9oate Sodium salt of E*6B /ethyl (-hydro#yben9oate

Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Natural preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative

E+*E+*4 E+*5 E+*. E+*/ E+*0

Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative from ben9oic acid Synthetic preservative from ben9oic acid Natural preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservativeC bleach Synthetic preservativeC anti o#idant Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative

E+*1

Sodium salt of E*6%

E++, E++* E+++

Sulphur dio#ide Sodium sulphite Sodium hydrogen sulphite

E++-

Sodium metabisulphite

E++4 ++5 E++. E++/ E++0 E+-, E+-*

"otassium metabisulphite "otassium sulphite Calcium sulphite Calcium hydrogen sulphite "otassium hydrogen sulphite -iphenyl *-hydro#ybiphenyl

E+-+ E+-E+-4 E+-5 +-. +-/ +-0 E+-1 +4, E+4+ E+41 E+5, E+5* E+5+ E+., E+.* E+.+ E+.E+/, E+0, E+0* E+0+ E+0E+04

Sodium biphenyl-*-yl o#ide *-$<hia9ol-(-yl&ben9imida9ole Nisin "imaracin ,ormic acid Sodium formate Calcium formate .e#amine ,ormaldehyde 8imethylcarbonate "otassium nitrite Sodium nitrite Sodium nitraite "otassium nitrate 7cetic acid "otassium acetate Sodium acetate Calcium acetate Lactic acid "ropionic acid Sodium propionate Calcium propionate "otassium propionate -oric acid

Synthetic preservative Synthetic preservative Natural antibiotic Natural antibiotic Natural acid, preservative Natural salt, preservative Natural salt, preservative Synthetic preservative "reservative Synthetic preservative Natural salt, preservative Natural salt, preservative Natural salt, preservative Natural salt, preservative Natural acid, preservative "reservative, natural salt "reservative, natural salt "reservative, natural salt Natural acid Natural acid Natural salt Natural salt Natural salt Natural acid

E+05 E+1, E+1. E+1/

Sodium tetraborate Carbon dio#ide /alic acid ,umaric acid

Natural acid Natural gas 7cid Natural acid

E4))- E()) "ermitted 7nti-o#idants, emulsifiers and stabilisers

Number E-,, E-,* E-,+ E-,4 E-,. E-,/ Name L- 7scorbic acid Sodium L-ascorbate Calcium L-ascorbate B-)-palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid E#tracts of tocopherols alfa- <ocopherol ,unction Natural anti-o#idant, vitamin C Natural anti-o#idant, vitamin C Natural anti-o#idant, vitamin C Synthetic anti-o#idant Natural anti-o#idant, vitamin E Synthetic anti-o#idant, vitamin E Synthetic anti-o#idant, vitamin E Synthetic anti-o#idant, vitamin E Synthetic anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant Natural anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant

E-,0

gamma-<ocopherol

E-,1

delta- <ocopherol

E-*, E-** E-*+ -*-*4 E-*5 E-*.

"ropyl gallate Octyl gallate 8odecyl gallate <hiodipropionic acid +uaiac +um Erythorbic acid Sodium erythorbate

-*1 E-+, E-+* E-++ E-+5 E-+. E-+/ E--, E--* E--+ E--E--4 E--5 E--. E--/ E--0 E--1 E-4, E-4* -4E-5, E-5* E-5+ E-5E-54 E-55

-utylhydro#inon -utylated hydro#yanisole -utylated hydro#ytoluene Lecithin Sodium lactate "otassium lactate Calcium lactate Citric acid Sodium citrates "otassium citrates /ono, di, and <ri- Calcium citrate L-$D&- tartaric acid mono2di Sodium L-$D&- tartrate mono"otassium L-$D&- tartrate "otassium sodium L-$D&- tartrate "hosphoric acid Sodium orthophosphates "otassium orthophosphates Calcium orthophosphates /agnesium orthophosphates Sodium malate "otassium malate Calcium malate meta tartaric acid Calcium tartarate 7dipic acid

Synthetic anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant Synthetic anti-o#idant Natural emulsifier Sodium salt of lactic acid "otassium salt of lactic acid Calcium salt of lactic acid 7cidity regulators 7cidity regulators 7cidity regulators 7cidity regulators Natural acid Salt of tartaric acid Salt of tartaric acid Salt of tartaric acid -uffers -uffers -uffers -uffers -uffers Sodium salt of malic acid "otassium salt of malic acid Calcium salt of malic acid Natural acid Natural preservative Natural acid

E-5. E-5/ E-.-.5 -/, -/5 E-0, -0* E-05

Sodium adipate "otassium adipate Succinic acid Sodium fumarate 6,(-.eptonolactone Nicotinic acid tri7mmonium citrate 7mmonium ferric citrate Calcium disodium ethylenediamine

7cidity regulator 7cidity regulator Natural acid 7cidity regulator Synthetic acid - vitamin, colour protector Synthetic salt of citric acid Synthetic salt of citric acid SeEuestrant, chelating substance Synthetic stabiliser

-0.

E8<7: 8isodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate O#ystearin <hiodipropionic acid

-0/ -00

Stabiliser Synthetic anti-o#idant

E())- E3)) Emulsifiers and thic ening agents

Number Name E4,, E4,* E4,+ E4,E4,4 E4,5 E4,. E4,/ 7lginic acid Sodium alginate "otassium alginate 7mmonium alginate Calcium alginate "ropane-6, *-diol alginate 7gar Carrageenan ,unction Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent 8erived of alginic acid Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent

4,0 E4*, E4** E4*+ E4*E4*4 E4*5 E4*. E4*/ E4*0 E4+, E4+* E4++ 4-, E4-* E4-+ E4-E4-4 E4-5 E4-. E44, 44* E44+ E45,

,urcelleran Locust bean gum Oat +um +uar +um <ragacanth +um 7rabic Fanthan gum Aaraya gum <ara gum +ellan gum Sorbitol /annitol +lycerol "olyo#yethylene$%& stearate "olyo#yethylene $()& stearate "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan monolaurate "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan mono-oleate "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan monopalmitate "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan monostearate "olyo#yethylene-*)-sorbitan tristearate "ectin +elatin $no longer valid& 7mmonium phosphatides 8i- and polyphosphates

Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Natural sugar alcohol Natural sugar alcohol Natural alcohol

Synthetic emulsifier Synthetic emulsifier Synthetic emulsifier Synthetic emulsifier Synthetic emulsifier Synthetic emulsifier Natural thic ening agent Natural thic ening agent Synthetic emulsifier Salt of phosphoric acid

E45* E45+ E4., E4.*

<riphosphates "olyphosphates Cellulose /ethyl cellulose

Salt of phosphoric acid Salt of phosphoric acid Natural fibre, thic ening agent Semi-synthetic thic ening agent Semi-synthetic thic ening agent Semi-synthetic thic ening agent Semi-synthetic thic ening agent Semi-synthetic thic ening agent Semi-synthetic thic ening agent Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Semi-synthetic emulsifiers

4.+

Ethyl cellulose

E4.-

.ydro#ypropyl cellulose

E4.4

.ydro#ypropylmethyl cellulose

E4.5

/ethylethyl cellulose

E4..

Carbo#ymethyl cellulose

E4/, E4/* E4/+ E4/E4/4 E4/5 E4/. E4// E4/0

,atty acid salts /ono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids Esters of mono- and diglycerides Sugar esters of fatty acids Sugarglycerides "olyglycerol esters of fatty acids "olyglycerol polyricinoleate "ropyleneglycol esters of fatty acids /i#ture of glycerol- and propyleneglycol esters of lactic acid and fatty acids Esterified soy oil 8ioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate Sodium stearoyl lactate Calcium stearoyl lactate

E4/1 40, E40* E40+

Semi-synthetic emulsifiers Synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier

E40404 E405 41, E41* E41+ E41E414 E415

Stearyl tartrate Stearyl citrate =enamed as ((6 "ropylene glycol Sorbitane mono stearate Sorbitane tri stearate Sorbitane mono laurate Sorbitane mono oleate Sorbitane mono palmitate

Semi-synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier

solvent Semi-synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier Semi-synthetic emulsifier

E3))- EB)) 7dditives 'ith different functions

Number E5,, E5,* E5,E5,4 5,5 E5,/ E5,0 E5,1 5*, E5** E5*+ E5*E5*4 Name Sodium carbonate "otassium carbonate 7mmonium carbonate /agnesium carbonate ,erro carbonate .ydrochloric acid "otassium chloride Calcium chloride 7mmonium chloride /agnesium chloride Stannous chloride Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate ,unction -ase -ase -ase 7l ali, anti-ca ing agent 7cidity regulator acid Salt substitude SeEuestrant, firming agent >east food, flavour 7cidity regulator 7nti-o#idant 7cid 7cid, diluent

E5*5 E5*. E5*/ 5*0 E5+, E5+* E5+E5+4 E5+5 E5+. E5+/ E5+0 E5+1 E5-, E5-5 E5-. 5-/ E5-0 5-1 54, E54* 54+ 54544 545 54.

"otassium sulphate Calcium sulphate 7mmonium sulphate /agnesium sulphate 7luminium sulphate 7luminium sodium sulphate 7luminium ammonium sulphate Sodium hydro#ide "otassium hydro#ide Calcium hydro#ide 7mmonium hydro#ide /agnesium hydro#ide Calcium o#ide /agnesium o#ide Sodium ferrocyanide "otassium ferrocyanide ,errohe#acyanomanganate Calcium ferrocyanide Sodium thiosulphate 8icalcium pyrophosphate $no' E(3)& Sodium aluminium phosphate Edible bone phosphate Sodium calcium polyphosphate Calcium polyphosphates 7mmonium polyphosphates /agnesium pyrophosphate

Salt substitude ,irming agent Stabiliser 8ietary supplement Clarification agent 7cidity regulator Stabiliser -ase, colour solvent -ase ,irming agent -ase -ase 7l ali 7nti ca ing agent, al ali 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti-ca ing agent 7nti-ca ing agen 7nti-o#idant =aising agent =aising agent 7nti ca ing agent Emulsifier Emulsifier Emulsifier Emulsifier

55, E55* E55+ E55E554 E555 E55. 55/ E550 E551 E5/, 5/* 5/+ 5/E5/4 E5/5 E5/. E5// E5/0 E5/1 E505

Sodium silicates Silicium dio#ide Calcium silicate /agnesium silicate 7luminium sodium silicate 7luminium potassium silicate 7luminium calcium silicate Ginc silicate -entonite Aaolin Stearic acid 7mmonium stearate /agnesium stearate 7luminium stearate +luconic acid 8-glucono-6, 3-lactone Sodium gluconate "otassium gluconate Calcium gluconate ,erro gluconate ,erro lactate

7nti-ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent 7nti ca ing agent SeEuestrant SeEuestrant SeEuestrant SeEuestrant ,irming agent, seEuestrant Colour and nutrient Nutrient

EB))-0)) ,lavour enhancers

Number Name ,unction

E.+, E.+* E.++ E.+E.+4 E.+5 E.+. E.+/ E.+0 E.+1 E.-, E.-* E.-+ E.-E.-4 E.-5 .-. .-/ E.4,

+lutamic acid /ono sodium glutamate /ono potassium glutamate Calcium glutamate 7mmonium glutamate /agnesium glutamate +uanylic acid Sodium guanylate 8i-potassium guanylate Calcium guanylate 5nosinic acid Sodium inosinate 8i-potassium inosinate Calcium inosinate Calcium ribonucleotides 8i-sodium ribonucleotides /altol Ethylmaltol +lycine and sodium glycinate

,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer ,lavour enhancer Nutrient

E0))- E%)) 7ntibiotics

Number E/*, E/*Name Spiramycins <ylosin ,unction 7ntibiotic 7ntibiotic

E1))-6))) 7dditives 'ith different functions

Number E1,, E1,* E1,+ E1,E1,4 1,5 1,. 1,/ 1,0 E1*+ 1*E1*4 1*5 E1+, E1+* 1++ 1+1*( Name 8imethyl-polysilo#ane -ees 'a# Candilla 'a# Canauba 'a# Lac, Shellac "araffine, ;aseline +um ben9oic /icro-crystalline 'a# =ice bran 'a# /ontan acid esters Lanoline O#idi9ed polyethylene 'a# Esters of Colophane L-Cysteine L-Cystine "otassium persulphate 7mmonium persulphate "otassium bromates $invalid number& Chlorine Chlorodio#ide 79odicarbonamide Hrea ,unction 7nti-foaming agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent ,lavour, coating Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Coating, gla9ing agent Stabiliser, flavour -read enhancer -read enhancer -read enhancer -read enhancer ,lour bleaching agent

1+5 1+. E1+/a E1+/b

,lour bleaching agent -leaching agent and preservative -read enhancer -uffer

1+0 1-, E1-0 E1-1 E14, E14* E14+ E14E144 E140 E141 E13) E136 E13* E134 E13( E133 E130 E131 E1B* E1.5 E1.. E1./ E111

-en9oylpero#ide Calciumpero#ide 7rgon .elium 8ichlorodifluormethane Nitrogen Nitrous o#ides -utane, isobutane "ropane O#ygen .ydrogen 7cesulfame A 7spartame Cyclamates 5somalt Sacharine Sucralose <haumatine Neohesperidin Salt of aspartame-acesulfame /altitol Lactitol Fylitol @uillaia e#tract

-read enhancer -read enhancer "ropellant "ropellant "ropellant, anti-free9e "ropellant "ropellant "ropellant "ropellant "ropellant "ropellant S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener S'eetener ,oaming agent

E6)))- E64)) 7dditives 'ith different functions

Number *,,, E**,5 E*+,, E*+,* E*+,+ Name Cholic acid Lyso9yme "olyde#trose "olyvinylpyrrolidon insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidon ,unction Emulsifier "reservative <hic ening agent <hic ening agent, stabiliser Clarifying agent

E6())- E63)) /odified starches

Number Name *4,, *4,* *4,+ *4,E*4,4 E*4*, *4** E*4*+ E*4*E*4*4 E*4+, *4+* E*4++ 8e#trins 7cid treated starch 7l aline treated starch -leached starch O#idised starch mono-starch phosphate 8i-starch glycerol 8i-starch phosphates "hosphatylated di-starch phosphate 7cetylated di-starch phosphate Starch acetate Starch acetate 7cetylated di-starch adipate ,unction <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent

*4+E*44, *44* E*44+ E*45,

7cetylated di-starch glycerol .ydro#ypropylstarch .ydro#ypropyl-di-starchglycerol .ydro#ypropyl-di-starchphosphate Starch sodium octenyl succinate

<hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent <hic ening agent

E 63))-63*3 7rtificial flavours and flavour solvents!

Number *5,* *5,+ *5,*5,4 E*5,5 *5*. *5*/ E*5*0 *5+, *5+5 Name -en9ylated hydrocarbons -utane-6,4-diol Castor Oil Ethyl acetate <riethyl citrate +lycerol monoacetate +lycerol diacetate +lycerol triacetate "ropylene glycol .ydro#y ethyl cellulose ,unction ,lavours ,lavour solvent ,lavour and solvent ,lavour solvent ,lavour solvent ,lavour solvent ,lavour solvent ,lavour solvent Solvent for anti-o#idants <hic ening agent