Indian Power Scenario

Course: Power Generation & Systems Planning (EN 302)

Submitted by Varunkumar Vasava 10D170029

Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Energy balance .............................................................................................................................................. 3 India Coal sector............................................................................................................................................ 4 Indian Nuclear sector .................................................................................................................................... 5 Hydroelectric power in India......................................................................................................................... 6 Power supply position during 2012-13 ......................................................................................................... 7 Challenges ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................................... 9

Introduction
India has installed capacity of 232.164 GW as of November 2013. It is fifth largest in the world. India generated 876 TWh electricity in FY 2011/12. Captive power plants generate an additional 34.444 GW. Non Renewable Power Plants constitute 87.55% of the installed capacity, and Renewable Power Plants constitute the remaining 12.45% of total installed Capacity. In terms of fuel, coal-fired plants account for 56% of India's installed electricity capacity. After coal Renewables accounts for 12%, Hydro accounts for 20% and Natural gas accounts for 9%. The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption in India in 2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas. As of January 2012, per capita total consumption in India was 778 kWh.

Source: International energy association (IEA)

Energy balance
Energy balance for Indian power sector for year 2011-12 is as follows: In 2011-12, primary energy production added up to 1636539 petajoules (PJ). The share of Crude oil accounted for 23%, renewable energy represented 54.43%, nuclear energy contributed with 2% and coal with 19.7%. India continued to be a net importer of primary energy, as it imported 255195 PJ in 2011-12. 68.77 % of such imports corresponded to crude oil. In 2011-12, national energy consumption was 280934 PJ. The industrial sector used 47% of the total final energy consumption. The transport sector accounted for 6.9% of total final consumption. The consumption of the residential, commercial and public sectors represented 46.12% Detailed description can be seen in the Appendix.

India Coal sector

India has the fifth largest coal reserves in the world. Of the total reserves, nearly 88% are Non-coking coal reserves. The power sector is the largest consumer of coal followed by the iron and steel and cement segments. Typically, Indian coal is characterized by the following quality aspects: Lower to medium grade coal High ash (around 45%) Low moisture Low sulphur While the sulphur content does not pose a serious threat in terms of coal quality which has a significant effect on the environment, the focus always lies on having a balancing process whereby ash and grade are as per the desired input to the various consumers, while providing a maximum yield. Demand-supply scenario

Source: India Energy book, 2012 (World energy council, Indian member committee) The countrys coal production has increased from around 431 MT in 2006-07 to around 554 MT in 201112 (an increase of 28.5%). On the other hand, the demand for coal has grown at more than 7% in the last decade and has reached around 600 MT. The India Energy Book, 2012 pegs the countrys total demand-supply gap (including coking coal) at about 98MT. Out of this, India imports about 85 million tonne of coal.

Sector wise coal consumption in India

Source: Annual Report, Ministry of coal Although India has the fifth largest reserves of coal in the world, it is not able to meet its domestic demand. According to projections, Indias coal import requirement will be more than 200 MT by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan.

Indian Nuclear sector

Nuclear power is fourth largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewables. As of 2012, India has 20 nuclear reactors in operation in six nuclear power plants, having an installed capacity of 4780 MW. Nuclear energy could play a critical role in addressing Indias energy challenges, meeting massive energy demand potentials, mitigating carbon emissions and enhancing energy security through the reduction of dependence on foreign energy sources. This is why India remains devoted to nuclear power even after the Fukushima-Daiichi accident in 2011. To enable the thorium reserves of India to be utilized in meeting the country's energy requirements, India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated in the 1950s to secure the countrys long term energy independence, through the use of uranium and thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal regions of South India.

Source: Department of Atomic Energy As of 2012, the first stage consisting of the pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR) is near completion of its planned goals, the second stage consisting of fast breeder reactors (FBR) is poised to go into operation within one year, and the third stage consisting of advanced heavy water reactors(AHWR), as one among several technology options, is slated to begin construction so that its commissioning can be done by 2020.

Hydroelectric power in India

In 2012, India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power with 114 TWh. With installed capacity of 37 Giga Watt, it produces 3.3 percentage of the world total. To meet the all India peak demand and energy requirement at the end of 12th Plan, a capacity addition of more than 90,000 MW has been assessed during 12th Plan (2012-2017), which includes 30,000 MW of hydroelectric power. The plan wise growth of hydro power in the total installed capacity of the country is given as under:

It would be seen from the table that hydro share was above 45% at the end of 3rd Plan which was reduced to 25 % at the end of 9th Plan (199702).

Power supply position during 2012-13

As shown above annual deficit based on overall monthly maximum demand/energy requirement and maximum peak/energy availability at national level indicates that the country is expected to experience energy shortage of 6.7% and peak shortage of 2.3%. Very high shortages likely to be experienced by Southern Region. This is due to transmission constraints between Northern-North Eastern-EasternWestern (NEW) Grid and Southern Regional (SR) Grid, which restricts flow of power to the Southern region.

The peaking shortage would prevail in the Northern, Southern and North-Eastern Regions of 1.3%, 26.1% and 10% respectively. There would be surplus energy of 10.2% in the Eastern region and all others regions would face energy shortage varying from 1.2 % in the Western region to 19.1% in the Southern region.
Source: CEA

Challenges
India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricity generation capacity. There is need to establish new power plants to meet the growing demand India has 10,600 MW of potential in the geothermal provinces which needs to be explore Government pegs the national T&D losses at around 24% for the year 2011 which needs to be reduced Shortage of quality coal supply is one of the major concern

Appendix
Energy balance:

Source: www.mospi.gov.in