Experience in India Sengupta

Health Impacts of Air Pollution in India B.
Sengupta Experience of Air Pollution Control in Last Two Decades in India
Experience of Air Pollution Control in Last Two Decades in India

Dr. B. Sengupta
Central Pollution Control Board
Ministry of Environment & Forests New Delhi Email: bsg1951@yahoo.com, Website:http://cpcb.delhi.nic.in
Important Act
DEALING WITH AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act , 1981 Environmental Act, 1986 Protection
Member Secretary
Paper Presented at International Conference on Better Air Quality, 2004 held at Agra during December 6 8, 2004
Factory Act (Occupational Health) 1987
Major Air Pollution

Issues in India
1. Major Cities (53 non-attainment areas mainly due to vehicular pollution) 2. 24 Critically polluted area (Industrial Air Pollution) 3. Indoor Air Pollution (Rural Area) and Air Pollution in work zone area
Reasons for High Air Pollution in India

Quality of fuel (coal, diesel, petrol, fuel oil) Toxic and hazardous air pollutants emission from chemical industries, (pesticides, dye and dye intermediate, pharmaceutical etc) specially located in industrial estates (Gujarat, Maharashtra, A.P. and Tamil Nadu) Use of high ash coal for power generation Siting of small industries specially industrial estates No pollution preventive step taken (early stage of industrialization) Conti..
Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop
Health Impacts of Air Pollution in India B. Sengupta Experience of Air Pollution Control in Last Two Decades in India
Reasons for High Air Pollution in India

Predominance of 2-stroke in use vehicles Uncontrolled growth of vehicle population and poor i/m system for in use vehicle Inadequate pollution prevention and control system in small/ medium scale industry (s.M.S) (brick kiln, foundry, stone crusher etc.) Poor compliance of standard in s.M.S. Large number of polluting operating in commercial area genset
Inventory of Industrial Emissions
Particulate Matter Emission Load From Major Air Polluting Industries

Sugar 10% Cement 7% Others 1% Thermal Power Plants 82%
Sulphur Dioxide Emission Load from Major Air Polluting Industries

Oil Refineries 3% Steel 5% Sulphuric Acid Plants 2% Others 1%
Thermal Power Plants 89%
Share of Suspended Particulate Matter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of Industries (With Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day
Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of Industries (Total Load = 3715 tonnes/day)
List of Critically Polluted Areas

(Identified During Eighties)
S. NO. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. Korba Vapi Greater Cochin AREA Singrauli TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES - Power Plants, Mining,Aluminium Industry - Power Plants, Mining,Aluminium Industry - Chemical Industries - Oil Refineries, Industries Chemical, Metallurgical
12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Contd

S. NO. 09. 10. 11. Manali Chembur Mandi Govindgarh Dhanbad Pali Nagafgarh Drain Basin Angul - Talcher Bhadravati AREA TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES - Oil Refineries, Chemical & Fertilizer Industries - Power Plants, Refineries, Fertilizer Industry - Secondary Steel Industry - Mining, Coke Oven - Cotton Textile, Dyeing - Power Plats, Vehicles - Mining, Aluminium Plants, Thermal Power Plants - Iron & Steel, Paper Industry
Contd
Vishakhapatnam - Oil Refinery, Chemical, Steel Plants Howrah Durgapur Ankaleshwar - Foundry, Rerolling Mills, Vehicles - Chemical Industries, Power Plants, Steel Plants - Chemical Industries

S. NO. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Digboi Jodhpur Kala - Amb Nagda - Ratlam North Arcot Parwanoo Patancheru Bollaram Tarapur AREA TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES - Oil Refinery - Cotton Textile, Dye - Paper, Electroplating - Viscose Rayon, Caustic, Dyes Distillery - Tanneries - Food Processing Unit, Electroplating - Organic Chemical Paints, Petrochemical Industry - Chemical Industries
Critically Polluted Areas

(2004)
S. NO. 01. AREA Panipat TYPE OF POLLUTING INDUSTRIES
02. 03.
- Power Plants, Refinery, Petrochemical, Fertilizer, S.S.I. Mangalore - Refinery, Petrochemical, Pesticides, S.S.I. Cuddalore - Chemical Units, Petrochemical, Pesticides
Air Polluting Industries in Small Scale Industry Sector

S. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. INDUSTRY STANDARD NOTIFIED UNDER E.P. ACT GSR 475 (E), 5th May, 1992 GSR 7, 22nd December , 1998 GSR 176 (E) 2nd April, 1996 GSR 176 (E) 2nd April, 1996 GSR 176 (E) 2nd April, 1996 GSR 682 (E), 5th October, 1999 GSR 475 (E), 5th May, 1992 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January 1988 GSR 176 (E) 2nd April, 1996 GSR 92 (E), 21st February, 1991 GSR 176 (E) 2nd April, 1996 GSR 742 (E), 30th August, 1990 GSR 742 (E), 30th August, 1990 DEVELOPMENT OF CLEEN TECHNOLOGY / POLLUTION PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
S. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10.
Air Polluting Industries for which Emission Standard Developed and Enforced by SPCB
INDUSTRY STANDARD NOTIFIED Aluminium Industries Asbestos Products Carbon Black Industries Calcium Carbide Plant Cement Industries Copper, Lead and Zinc Smelting Coal Mines Coal Washeries Glass Industries Integrated Iron & Steel GSR 742 (E), 30th August, 1990 GSR 913 (E), 24th October , 1989 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988 S.O. 393 (3), 16th April, 1987 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January 1988 Evolved by CPCB GSR 7, 27th December, 1998 GSR 93 (E), 21st February, 1991 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988
Contd..
Arc Furnace Bagassee Fired Boilers Battery Manufacturing Unit Beehive Hard Coke Oven Briquette Industry (Coal) Boilers (Small) Brick Kilns Ceramic Industry Coke Ovens Cupola Furnace Foundries Hot Mix Plants Lime Kilns Soft Coke Industries Stone Crushing Unit
Air Polluting Industries for which Emission Standard Developed and Enforced by SPCB
S. No. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. INDUSTRY Nitric Acid Plants Oil Refineries Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry Sulphuric Acid Plants STANDARD NOTIFIED S.O. 65 (E), 18th January 1988 GSR 742 (E), 30th August, 1990 GSR 176 (E) April, 1996 S.O. 64 (E), 18th January, 1988
Emission Load Reduction from Major Air Polluting Industries

Name of the Industry
Thermal Power Plant Oil Refinery Aluminium Smelter Cement Industry
Present Production
62,000 MW
Emission during Eighties

1,76,582 MT / Day (PM) 2,250 MT / Day (SO2) 35.1 MT / Day (F) 1,18,422 MT / Day (PM)
Present Emission - 2003

4,374 MT / Day (PM) 175 MT / Day (SO2) 3.1 MT / Day (F) 397 MT / Day (PM)
% Reduction
97.52
123 MMTPA 1,905 MT / Day 3,30,788 MT / Day
92.22 91.17 99.66
Thermal Power Plant Coal Based S.O. 8 (E), 3rd January, 1983 Thermal Power Plant Gas Based Stand alone Coke Oven Plants GSR 7, 22nd December, 1998 -
Inventory of Vehicular Emissions
Vehicle Population in Nine Metro Cities in India

40 35 Population (lakhs) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
i i ad lh ba na ne ta d e al or ol ka ab ba De um en Pu da an K pu r i
35.5
10.89
13.09 8.26
15.74
13.32 8.46 5.5 3.93
Ch
ng
er yd
Ba
Percentage Share of Different Category of Vehicles in Nine Metro Cities in India 100
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
he nn a ab ad elh ba ne ta e d al or ka ba um Pu da an D pu r i i i
Fuel Consumption in Nine Metro Cities in India

800
Annual consumption ( TMT)
Ah
em
759
( 2000-2001)
Diesel Petrol
90
1.1 26 2.1 32.1 1.3
0.5 17.4
2.1 13.4
0.8 8.4
1.8 8.5
2 8.3
0.3 9.4
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Delhi Mumbai Kolkata Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Ahemdabad Pune 413 379 265 105 411 298 152 278 168 209 148 180 118
36
65.7 42 43.5
73.1
74.2
80.2
77.2
74
81.7
Bus Car 2W
220 134
221 72 Kanpur
ol
ng
er
Ba
he m
yd
CO Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

350
(2001)
293
HC Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

(2001)
120 113
300 250
Annual Load ( TMT)
Annual Load ( TMT)
100 80 60 40 20 0 16 54 44 31 12 29 71 73
200
150
109 45
118 88
129
100 50
58 23
51
ba i
lh i
ai
ba d
pu r K an
ad
ka t
ba i
ab ad
en n
lh i
pu r
na
re
ne
re
ng al o
De
um
an
ng a
Ch
ol
da
er a
De
Pu
en
ol
Ch
em
yd
Ba
yd
NOx Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

(2001)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ah
PM Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

16 Annual Load ( TM T) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
lh i i ur np Ka i ta ba na re d De l ka um al o
Ah
Ba
em
er
da b
ka t
um
lo
ba
63
14
A nn ual L oad ( T M T )
7 5 4
27 20 22 17 15 6 22 17
5 2 1.2
Pu
(2001)
lh i
ur
ne
at
ba
ba
en
ba
na
re
ra
ba
np
um
al o
en
Pu
De
Ch
Ko
lk
da
ng
ra
de
da
Ka
de
Ba
em
Ba
Hy
Ah
Ah
Hy
em
Ko
Ch
ng
va
ra
na
ba
si
ne
Ventilation Co-efficient in Nine Metro Cities in India

Ventilation Coefficient ( M 3/Sec-m)
30 25 20 15 10 6 5 0 8 6 4 4 10 24 20
Epidemiological Studies Initiated by CPCB in India

1.
(2001)
Epidemiological Study to find the Effect of Air Pollutants especially Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) and other carcinogens on Human Health in Delhi CNCI, Kolkata Study on Ambient Air Quality, Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function of Children in Delhi CNCI, Kolkata Effects of Environmental Pollution on the Status of Human Health of Delhi Residents AIIMS, New Delhi Human Risk Assessment Studies in Asbestos Industries in India- ITRC, Lucknow The Environmental benefits Mapping and Analysis Program for International Applications (BenMAP International) Training and Demonstration in India USEPA
2.
3.
8
4.
5.
at a
ne Pu K
ad
ba
en na
or
da ba
De
um
ol k
Ch
ng
er
Lung Function Impairment in Residents of Delhi

60 50 % of individuals 40 30 20 10 0
Normal Impaired Restrictive Obstructive Combined 24.7 14.2 7.2
he m
Ba
yd
an p
al
ab
ur
lh
Health Impact
(Non-smokers)
53.9 46.1
Pattern of impairment
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Naaqs) (1982, 1994)

Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutant Time Weighted Average Annual Average* 24 Hours Average** Annual Average* 24 Hours Average** Annual Average* 24 Hours Average** Annual Average* 24 Hours Average** Annual Average* 24 Hour Average** Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 Hours Average** 1 Hour Average Annual Average* 24 Hour Average** Industrial Area 80 g/m3 120 g/m3 80 g/m3 120 g/m3 360 g/m3
Residential, Rural and other Areas
Method of Measurement Sensitive Area 15 g/m3 30 g/m3 15 g/m3 30 g/m3 70 g/m3 1. Improved West and Gaeke Method 2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence 1. Jacob & Hochheiser modified (NaOHNaAsO2) Method 2. Gas Phase Chemiluminiscence High Volume Sampling (Average flow rate not less than 1.1m3/minute)
Ambient Air Quality Standard
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Respirable Particulate Matter (Size less than 10m) (RPM) Lead (Pb)
60 g/m3 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 80 g/m3 140 g/m3
500 g/m3 120 g/m3 150 g/m3 1.0 g/m3 1.5 g/m3 5.0 mg/m3 10.0mg/m
3
200 g/m3 60 g/m3 100 g/m3 0.75 g/m3 1.0 g/m3 2.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 0.1 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3
100 g/m3 50 g/m3 75 g/m3 0.50 g/m3 0.75 g/m3 1.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3
Respirable Particulate Matter Sampler AAS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper Non dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy
Ammonia (NH3)
Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. * 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. OTE
Sensitive area may include the following: 1)
Sensitive Areas
10 kms all around the periphery of health resorts so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of public health of the concerned state. 10 kms all around the periphery of biosphere reserves, sanctities and national parks, so notified by Ministry of Environment and Forest or concerned states. 5 kms all around the periphery of an archeological monument declared to be of national importance or otherwise so notified A.S.I. in consultation with State Pollution Control Boards. Areas where some delicate or sensitive to air pollution crops/important to the agriculture/horticulture of that area are grown so notified by State Pollution Control Boards in consultation with department of agriculture/horticulture of concerned state. 5 kms around the periphery of centers of tourism and/or pilgrim due to their religious, historical, scenic or other attractions, so notified by department of tourism of the concerned state with State Pollution Control Boards.
2)
3)
4)
5)
Air Quality Monitoring
National Air Quality Monitoring

(NAQM)
Started in 1984 By 2000 7 Station ( Manual Station) Increased to 295 Stations (Operated and Maintained by SPCB /CPCB / Universities, etc. and funded by CPCB)
Air Quality Monitoring

Parameters Monitored
Criteria Pollutants
SPM RSPM / PM10 CO SO2 NOx Pb
Monitoring in Delhi 3 Continuous AQMS 2 Mobile Vans 6 Manual AQMS 6 Integrated Air Quality Monitoring Station being set up About 200 continuous stations maintained by large scale industries.
Specific Pollutants
Poly aromatic Hydrocarbons Benzene / Xylene / Toluene Ground level ozone (24 hourly, 8 hourly, 1 hourly
Non-Attainment Areas
Exceedence Factor Observed Annual Mean Concentration of a Criterion Pollutant = ---------------------------------------------------------------Annual Standard for the Respective Pollutant and Area Class
Air Quality Status of India

During 2003
Pollutants L
Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter Suspended Particulate Matter
Industrial M
2% 12% 37%
Residential C
-
H
3%
L
98 % 70% 2%
M
2% 25% 17%
H
5% 28%
C
53%
98 % 85 % 13 %
The Four Air Quality Categories are:

Critical Pollution (C): When EF is more than 1.5; High Pollution (H): When EF is between 1.0 - 1.5; Moderate Pollution (M): When EF is between 0.5 1.0; Low Pollution (L): When the EF is less than 0.5.
28% 22%
31%
46%
18%
2%
5%
17%
26%
52%
Major Initiatives Taken for Air Pollution Control in India

Evolved National Ambient Air Quality Standards based on health impact (1982, 1994).
(DURING LAST TWO DECADES)
Emission standards for Air Polluting Industries developed for major industries. Implementation of standards in 17 categories of Highly Polluting Industries and other small/medium scale industries (stone crushers, brick kiln, re-rolling mills, etc.). Action Plan Implementation and Pollution Control in 24 problem areas. Improvement in Vehicular Technology (Euro-I, Euro-II, CNG Vehicles, 4 stroke engines, etc.). Improvement in Fuel quality - Diesel with low sulfur content (0.25 in whole country and 0.05 in Metro cities). Gasoline - Lead Phased-out throughout the country from 1.2.2000.
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate for all vehicles CNG - All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG in Delhi. Coal beneficiation/clean coal technology notification regarding use of beneficiated coal in T.P.P.
Major Initiatives Taken for Air Pollution Control in India
(DURING LAST TWO DECADES)
Pollution control in Taj Trapezium Zones (Natural gas to foundries, monitoring of air quality, etc.) Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295 stations spread over 93 cities). Air Quality Index for public Information. Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily news papers for Public awareness.
Achievements in Air Pollution Control in Coal Based Thermal Power Plants

Installation of Electrostatic Precipitators in place of M.D.C. Adoption alternate ash disposal systems such Dry disposal/ MCSD/HCSD Use of beneficiated coal in Power Station located in critically polluted areas Utilisation of flyash (Nil to 26%)
1984 2004
258
Achievements in Air Pollution Control in Cement Plants

Installation of Electrostatic Precipitators/ Bag Filters in place of MDC Production of Portland Pozzolana Cement using Flyash and Blast Furnace Slag Exploring possibilities for utilisation of High Calorific Hazardous Waste as fuel in Cement kiln Good Practices for fugitive emission control
160 140 120 100 80 72 60 40 20 0 95 50 40 30 127 1984 146 150 2004
Promotion of clean coal technologies such FBC and Supercritical boilers (reduction of GHG) for power generation.
300 250 200 150 100 50 0

N o . o f p lant s
100
83 53
67.6
82 33 0
70 26
21.5
No. of c e m e nt pla nt s
P ro duc t io n E m m s io n C o m plia nc e C a pa c it y ( s t a nda rds ( s t a t us ( %) M TA) m g/ N m 3 )
1
C o mp liance st at us ( %)
C ap acit y ( M W x 10 0 0 )
C o al co nsump t io n ( M T)
ash g ener at io n ( M T)
A sh ut ilisat io n ( %)
Achievements in Air Pollution Control From Oil Refineries

Oil Refineries in India: Overview 17 petroleum refineries of various size, age and product ranges having crude throughput capacity of about 123 Million Metric Tonnes per Annum (MMTPA) Smallest (Digboi 0.65 MMTPA) and largest (Jamnagar 27 MMTPA) operating refinery in the world Phenomenal growth Refining capacity increased from 30 MMTPA in 1980 to 123 MMTPA in 2004 Technological upgradation in refining processes during the last decade for providing improved fuel quality (Hydro desulphurization unit, unleaded petrol, low Benzene Petrol etc.)
Achievements in Air Pollution Control from Oil Refineries

Existing Pollution Control Scenario Emission standards (notified in 1986) cover emissions of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) only Refineries emit about 175 tonnes / day of SO2 Minimizing SO2 emissions Option in use are: (i) Blending of crude; (ii) Use of low sulphur fuels; (iii) High efficiency SRU (+99%); and (iv) Adequate Stack Height Recent Initiatives Emission standards being revised to include additional parameters viz. NOx and VOCs, Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programme being incorporated to reduce fugitive emissions of VOCs. Continuous improvement in the fuel quality (Sulphur in diesel 2500 ppm to 350 ppm) Improvement beyond regulatory compliance (CREP)
(Formulation Of Charter On Corporate Responsibility For Environmental Protection For 17 Categories Of Industries)
Road Map for Industrial Pollution Control
Major Action Points: Chlor- Alkali Industry Total mercury released to environment at 2gm/t of product by Dec2005 Switch over to membrane cell technology in a time bound manner. Copper Industry To meet SO2 emission limit (2kg/tonne of H2SO4 produced). 50 mg/Nm3 of acid mist by December 2005. Dyes & Dye intermediates Minimisation of loss of VOC ( Solvent recovery of at least 90%) Scrubbing system for SO2 & NOx emissions to be upgraded by July 2003
Major Action Points: Aluminium Industry Revision of fluoride emission standard by Dec 2005 and 2010. Phasing out of wet scrubbing system for fluoride by Dec 2006. Allowing new potlines only with pre baked technology. Cement Industry Augmentation of existing pollution control devices. Plant located in critically polluted areas or urban areas to meet PM emission standard of 100mg/m3 Load based standard for Cement Kiln.

Fertilizer Industry:

All upcoming urea plant to have urea prilling towers based on natural draft to minimize urea dust emission. The existing urea plants with forced draft prilling towers will have to install appropriate dust control system by June 2003. Sulphuric acid plants SCSA system to DCDA system by march 2004.
Pesticide Industry: For air pollution control from process , scrubber efficiency to be more than 90%. Industry to adopt standard engineering practices for control of fugitive emissions. Hazardous waste Incinerators norms. Petro- Chemicals Industry Action Plan to be submitted for improving thermal efficiency 7 Control of NOx and handling of halogenated organics. Fugitive emissions of carcinogenic compounds to be controlled by
closed vapours collection & recovery system.
Integrated Iron & Steel:

Reducing fugitive emissions in coke oven plants & steel melting shop by December 2005 & March 2008 respectively. Direct injection of reducing agent in blast furnace.
to be upgraded to meet CPCB
Oil refineries:
All refineries located in critically polluted areas to submit action plan for phase wise reduction of SO2 emission. Future refineries to have sulphur recovery units with minimum 99 % efficiency . New refineries to install low NOx burners.


Pharmaceuticals Industry Control of hazardous air pollutants & odorous compounds by Dec 2004. Pulp & Paper Industry: Installation of odor control system within four yrs. Sugar Industry: To install ESP/ bag filter/ high efficiency scrubber to comply with standard of 150 mg/nm3.
Thermal Power Plants:

Implementation of environmental standards in non- compliant power plants by Dec 2005. New/ Expansions power plants to meet PM standard of 100 mg/nm3 . Development of SO2 , NOx, mercury &other toxic heavy metal emission standard by Dec 2005 Review of stack height requirement based on micro metrological data.
Zinc Industry:
Meeting SO2 emission limit ( 2 kg/tonne of H2SO4 produced), 50 mg/nm3 of acid mist by Dec 2006.
Vehicular Pollution Control Initiatives

Norms 1991 emission norms 1996 emission norms Cat converter norms ( for passenger cars) India stage 2000 norms Bharat stage-II norms Cities of Implementation Throughout the country Throughout the country 45 cities Throughout the country 11 cities Throughout the country Bharat stage-III norms 11 cities Throughout the country Bharat stage-IV norms 11 cities Throughout the country Implementation 1.4.1991/92 1.4.1996 1.10.1998 1.4.2000 2000-2003 1.4.2005 1.4.2005 1.4.2010 1.4.2010 To be decided
Measures for Controlling Vehicular Pollution

New Vehicles
Vehicular technology: Upgrade Vehicular technology emission norms. Fuel quality: Improvement in the fuel quality to meet stricter emission norms and meet with vehicular technology. Alternate Fuels: Use of Alternate fuels like CNG/LPG/ Battery etc. to meet stricter
Measures for Controlling Vehicular Pollution

In-Use Vehicles
Regular maintenance of the vehicles to meet PUC norms. Inspection & Maintenance Programme Phasing out of grossly polluting vehicles. Use of pre-mixed 2-T oil. Use of ethanol blended Fuel, bio-diesel, additives. Traffic management Use of Efficient Public Transport system. Use of fiscal measures.
Emission Norms for Passenger Cars

Norms 1991Norms 1996 Norms 1998Norms India stage 2000 norms Bharat stage-II Bharat StageIII Bharat StageIV CO ( g/km) 14.3-27.1 8.68-12.40 4.34-6.20 2.72 2.2 2.3 1.0 HC+ NOX (g/km) 2.0(Only HC) 3.00-4.36 1.50-2.18 0.97 0.5 0.35(combined) 0.18(combined)
Emission Norms for

Heavy Diesel Vehicles
CO HC
(g/kwhr)
Diesel Specification in India

YEAR Cetane No, Min Sulphur % W/w, Max Distillation T95 Polyaromatic 1996 45 0.50 2000 48 0.25 0.05 370 2005 48 0.05 2010 51 0.035
Norms
(g/kwhr) (g/kwhr)
NOx
(g/kwhr)
PM
1991Norms 14 1996 Norms 11.2 India stage 2000 4.5 norms Bharat stage-II Bharat Stage-III Bharat Stage-IV 4.0 2.1 1.5
3.5 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.6 0.96
18 14.4 8.0 7.0 5.0 3.5
0.36 0.15 0.10 0.02
(METRO)
370 -
360 11
Gasoline Specification in India

RVP at 38deg.c,kpa BENZENE %by Vol.,Max Lead G/m3, Max Sulphur %by Mass,max Aromatics % v/v., Max Oxygen %by Vol.,max 35-70 5.0 0.15%(low pb) 0.013% (unleaded) 0.10(unlead ed) 0.20 (leaded) 5.0 3.0 (metros) 0.013 35-60 3.0 (all) 1.0 (metro) 0.013 60 1.0
Present and Proposed Emission Norms for in-use Vehicles

S.No Vehicle type Present CO % 1 2 Wheelers ( 2/4 stroke) & 3 wheelers ( Pre year 2000) 2 Wheelers ( 2-stroke) & 3 wheelers ( Post year 2000) 2 & 3 Wheelers ( 4 stroke) ( Post year 2000) 4 wheeler vehicles ( Post year 2000) ( Petrol/ CNG/LPG) Bharat Stage-II compliant Passenger cars/CNG Buses/ LPG (Fitted with 3 way closed loop catalytic converter) 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.0 HC (ppm) Proposed CO % 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 HC (ppm) 9000 6000 4500 1500
0.005
2
0.10
0.05
0.015
3 4
45 2.0
42 2.7
3.0
0.5
750
Road Map for In-Use / Old Vehicles

New PUC Checking System for all categories of vehicles
To be put in place by 1.4.2005.
for the Entire Country

New PUC Checking System for all categories of vehicles - To be put in place by 1.4.2005. Inspection & Maintenance (I&M) System for all categories of vehicles - To be put in place by 1.4.2010. Performance checking system of catalytic converters and conversion kits already installed in vehicles - To be put in place by 1.4.2007. Augmentation of city public transport system To be undertaken by the local authorities /State Governments Corporations immediately and completed by 1.4.2005.
for the Entire Country
Inspection & Maintenance (I&M) System for all categories of vehicles

Performance checking system of catalytic converters and conversion kits already installed in vehicles
Augmentation of city public transport system

To be undertaken by the local authorities /State Governments Corporations immediately and completed by 1.4.2005.
for the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT) New PUC Checking System for all categories of vehicles To be put in place by 1.10.2003. Inspection & Maintenance (I&M) System for all categories of vehicles To be put in place by 1.4.2005. Performance checking system of catalytic converters and conversion kits already installed in vehicles To be put in place by 1.10.2004.
Impact of Steps taken for Air Pollution Control on Ambient Air Quality
Air quality Trends of SO2

Res. Areas
70 C o n cen tratio n (g /m 3 ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
in Major Cities
Concentration (g/m )
3
Air quality Trends of NO2

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas)
in Major Cities
TI
Res. Areas
NAAQS (Res. Areas)
1 0.50 0.25 0.05
D iesel S u lp h u r ( in % )
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
0
19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
Delhi
Delhi.
Mumbai
Concentration (g/m 3 )
100 90 Concentration (g/m3) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 2001 2002 2003
C o n c e n tra tio n ( g /m 3 )
C oncen tration (g /m 3 )
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Res. Areas
NAAQS (Res. Areas)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Res. Areas
NAAQS (Res. Areas)
80 60 40 20 0
96
97
20
99 00
98
95
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Chennai
20
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
95
96
97
98
99
00
02
03
01
Kolkata
19
19
19
Chennai
19
20
20
20
02 03
01
Air quality Trends of RSPM / PM10

Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) % Calm Conditions
Benzene Concentration in
Ambient Air of Delhi
45 40
2000 40 2001 35 28 21 21 26 25 26 25 13 14 2002 2003
in Major Cities
% Calm Conditions
Concentration (g/m3)
300
3
80
150 125 100 75 50 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
250 200
56.1 42.6 50.8
60
150 100 50 2001 2002 2003
40
20
Delhi
Mumbai
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
140
120 100 80 60 40 20 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
200 150 100 50 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
11
Resident ial Area
Industrial Area
Chennai
Kolkata
19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1 0.8 0.5 0.25 0.05 0.6 0.4 0.2
Diesel Sulphur (in %)
1.2
19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
NAAQS (Res. Areas)
Diesel Sulphur 1.2
Diesel Sulphur
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Mumbai
Res. Areas
NAAQS (Res. Areas)
Kolkata
Traf fic Intersect ion
45 40 35 30
Annual average concentration of Benzo(a) Pyrene Levels in RSPM in 38.5 the Ambient air of Delhi
(Source: NEERI, Nagpur)
700 600 500 400 300 200 100
Concentration of PM2.5, PM10, and TSPM in Delhi

(Traffic Intersection)
PM 2.5 562 413 292 149 299 307 153 322 229 128 135 46
February March April June July
PM 10
TSPM
589 510
B (a) P Conc. (ng/m3)
25 20 15 10 5 0 1999
23.5
Concentration (g / m3)
23.8
24.8
24
137
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
Months
Chemical Composition of RSPM in Delhi

Cl 4% Others 49%
(Ca, Mg, Sl, Al, Fe, Na, Ti, Pb, Zn)
Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP)

1994-95: Transport 1996: Transport & Industry
Chronology of Actions
Introduction of Catalytic Converters and Unleaded petrol
SO4 10% NO3 9% NH4 8% K 1%
Fuel Quality: 0.5% S diesel introduced CNG vehicles and catalytic converters for government petrol vehicles, excluding public transport introduced (but unsuccessful) Closure of 168 hazardous industries, including stone crushers completed Lower Sulphur content in coal (0.4% S) and oil for industrial use (1.8%) introduced
1997: Industry
Relocation of 513 industries 337 hazardous category industries shifted (total of 1160 industries closed or relocated including hot mix plants, arc induction furnaces, brick kilns) Conti
Elemental Carbon 6%
Organic Carbon 13%

1998: Transport

2000: Transport, Industry & Urban

Diesel and gasoline sulphur reduced to 0.05% in selected outlets Replacement of all pre-1990 3-wheelers and taxis with new vehicles on clean fuels All private 4-wheeled vehicles to conform to Euro II Buses more than 8 Yrs phased out or to ply on CNG The three coal based power plants to switch over to beneficiated coal Piped NG by March 2000 to 1311 domestic, 9 small, and 3 large commercial establishments Conti
Supply of only premix petrol in all petrol filling stations to two stroke engine vehicles; ban on supply of loose 2T oils Phasing out/ban on old commercial/transport vehicles (>15 yrs) Start of major construction program: flyovers plus the Delhi metro
1999: Transport
Registration of only EURO II 3-wheelers and diesel taxis Restricting the plying of goods vehicles during the day Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%
Conti


2001: Transport, Industry & Urban

Replacement of all post-1990 3-wheelers and taxis with new vehicles on clean fuels Sulphur content in diesel further reduced to 0.05% in select outlets Number of CNG vehicles as follows: 14000 3-w; 2200 taxis; 400 buses; 250 RTVs; 9500 private (26350 total) Piped NG by March to 2821 domestic, 15 small and 5 large commercial establishments Hazardous Industry closure continues: total of 3538 closed Conti
2002: Transport & Urban

94 CNG stations setup up to March All diesel buses phased-out / converted to CNG. Number of CNG vehicles as follows: 35678 3-w; 4816 taxis; 4231 buses; 2165 RTVs; 10350 private (57240 total) Piped NG by March to 4111 domestic, 37 small, and 5 large commercial establishments 16340 non-destined good vehicles turned away from entering Delhi between July and November
Delhi
Emission Norms Norms 1996 norms 1998 norms ( Cat-Con Norms) India Stage-I ( Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II ( Euro-II) Fuel Quality Quality 0.5% S diesel 0.25% S diesel 0.05% S diesel Unleaded petrol Low Smoke 2T oil Other measures CNG Vehicles Pre-mixed 2 T oil Phasing out of 15 year old vehicles 80,000 ( 2002) 1996 1998 year 1996 1999 2001/02 1998 1998 Year 1996 1998 1999 2000/01
Impact of Implementation of AQIP in Delhi

# # #
Significant Decline in CO Levels

6 5.587 5 4 4.81 4.241
SO2 Levels Decrease

ITO: Sulfur Dioxide 1997-2003
Annual average Annual Standard: 60 microgram/cum
ITO: CO 1996 - 2003

5.45 4.686
70
4.1 83 3.258
60 50
3 2 1 0 1 996 1 997 1 998 1 999 2000 2001 2002
2.831
40 30 20 20.7 25 22
18
15
10
10
A verage co ncentratio n 8-ho urly standard: 2 milligram/cum
10 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
2003
NO2 Levels Increase

100 annual average in microgram /cum 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Annual average Annual Standard: 60 microgram/cum
Emerging New Areas for Air Pollution Control in India

1. 2.
ITO: Nitrogen Dioxide 1997-2003

75 66.7 63 67 60 59
94
3.
4. 5.
6.
Development of Air Quality Standards / Guidelines for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) Development of Low Cost ash removal technology from Coal and promotion of Clean Coal Technologies (IGCC, PFBC, etc.) Technology for reduction of Fluoride emission (primary & Secondary) from pot room of Aluminium Industries using Soderberg Technology. Development of NOx control Standard for Thermal Power Plants and Refineries. Prevention and control of Fugitive Emission in Cement Industry, development of good practice guidelines. Use of high calorific value Hazardous Waste including Petroleum Coke in Cement Kiln. Contd..
7. 8.
Low Cost Flue Gas Desulphurisation Technology for Thermal Power Plants. Technology Development of Fugitive Emission Control from Coke Oven Plants of Iron & Steel Industry (PLL,PLD). Detoxification and destruction of high COD waste of Pesticide Industry Guidelines for Incinerator.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Indigenous Development of continuous monitoring system for PM, PM10,NOx, HC. Development of Technology for low cost Catalytic Converter. Technology for NOx / HC control from large Stationary Diesel Engine. Development of improved design of Incinerators for Hazardous Waste. Studies on Emission of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) from Engine using LPG,CNG,Low Sulphur Diesel, Low Sulphur Petrol etc. and development of Emission Factor for the same. Source Apportionment Study for Fine Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) in major cities Technology for Mercury Emission Control from Thermal Power Plants. Contd..
9. 10.
Development of Technology and Standard to control emission of VOC, Methyl Chloride, P2O5, HCl etc. from Pesticide Industry. Development of Odor Control Technology for Paper & Pulp industry and Standardization the method of odor measurement. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC/CFBC) technology for Solid Fuel containing Higher Ash. Contd..
11.
18. 19.
12.

20.
Potential Areas for Carbon Emission Reduction in India

Super critical boilers for power generation. Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (A.F.B.C.) for power generation. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (I.G.C.C.) for coal gasification and power generation. Direct reduction of Iron Ore (D.R.I.) for steel making. Dry quenching of Coke for Coke preparation. Basic Oxygen Furnace (B.O.F.) for steel making Ultra high power electric arc furnace. Dry precalcination kilns for clinker production in Cement Industry. Contd Dry suspension preheater kilns.
Development of Methodology for measurement of hazardous Organic Compounds. Development of Calibration Laboratory for Calibration of Air Quality Analyzers in Regional Labs. Of NEERI/CPCB. Noise and Emission Control System for Small DG Sets (<200 KW) Development of Stack Height Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants and Industries using ventilation co-efficient of different regions in the country.
21.
22.
23.
Potential Areas for Carbon Reduction in India

Cogeneration of power in sugar industry. Combined cycle power plants in Gas based power station. Diesel Engine based power plants close to load centres. Use of beneficiated Coal. Energy efficiency in Caustic Soda, Cement and Aluminium production. T & D loss reduction in power generation. Euro III / Euro IV vehicles for vehicular pollution control. More use of fly ash , BF Slag in cement making Use of alternative fuels in cement kilns. Exploitation & utilization of Coal Bed - Methane
1. 2. 3.
Recommendation for Improvement of Air Quality in India

Major thrust should be given to control of Air Pollution from large number of Small Scale Air polluting industries. Development and Enforcement of Ambient Air Quality Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP). Development of Emissions Standard for Toxic Air Pollutants for Pesticides, Pharmaceutical and Dye & Dye Intermediate Industry. List of Critically Polluted areas to be reviewed and new areas like Cuddalore, Mangalore, Panipat etc to be included. Clean Coal Technologies to be promoted specially use of beneficiated coal for power generation. Air Pollution from coal based power plant specially SO2, NOx, Hg & F emission should be given priority as power generation is going to be increased from 120, 000 MW to 1,500,000 MW by 2050. Contd
4. 5. 6.
Recommendation for Improvement of Air Quality in India

7. 8. 9.
10.
11. 12.
13.
NOx, CO & HC emission from small generating sets to be assessed and controlled. Inspection and Maintenance system for in use vehicles to be augmented. Source Apportionment Studies (SA) which has been initiated for 6 cities should be done for other cities where air quality is exceeded. Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations installed by industries (around 200 nos.) should be included in CPCB monitoring network after proper calibration of analysers. Regional Calibration Laboratories for Air Quality Monitoring instruments to be setup. Impact of Implementation of EURO III / Bharat Stage III emission and fuel quality norms on Air Environment to be assessed in terms of pollution load reduction. Fuel adulteration to be checked and periodic sampling of fuel samples to be sent to Independent Fuel testing laboratory.
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Health Impacts of Air Pollution in India B.

Sengupta Experience of Air Pollution Control in Last Two Decades in India

Experience of Air Pollution Control in Last Two Decades in India

Factory Act (Occupational Health) 1987

Major Air Pollution

Reasons for High Air Pollution in India

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

Reasons for High Air Pollution in India

Inventory of Industrial Emissions

Particulate Matter Emission Load From Major Air Polluting Industries

Sulphur Dioxide Emission Load from Major Air Polluting Industries

Thermal Power Plants 89%

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

List of Critically Polluted Areas

List of Critically Polluted Areas

List of Critically Polluted Areas

Critically Polluted Areas

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

Air Polluting Industries in Small Scale Industry Sector

Emission Load Reduction from Major Air Polluting Industries

Emission during Eighties

Present Emission - 2003

123 MMTPA 1,905 MT / Day 3,30,788 MT / Day

92.22 91.17 99.66

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

Inventory of Vehicular Emissions

Vehicle Population in Nine Metro Cities in India

13.32 8.46 5.5 3.93

Fuel Consumption in Nine Metro Cities in India

1.1 26 2.1 32.1 1.3

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

CO Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

HC Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

Annual Load ( TMT)

Annual Load ( TMT)

NOx Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

PM Emission Load in Nine Metro Cities in India

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

Ventilation Co-efficient in Nine Metro Cities in India

Epidemiological Studies Initiated by CPCB in India

Lung Function Impairment in Residents of Delhi

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Naaqs) (1982, 1994)

Ambient Air Quality Standard

60 g/m3 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 80 g/m3 140 g/m3

Sensitive area may include the following: 1)

Air Quality Monitoring

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

National Air Quality Monitoring

Air Quality Monitoring

Air Quality Status of India

The Four Air Quality Categories are:

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

Major Initiatives Taken for Air Pollution Control in India

(DURING LAST TWO DECADES)

Major Initiatives Taken for Air Pollution Control in India

(DURING LAST TWO DECADES)

Achievements in Air Pollution Control in Coal Based Thermal Power Plants

Achievements in Air Pollution Control in Cement Plants

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

P ro duc t io n E m m s io n C o m plia nc e C a pa c it y ( s t a nda rds ( s t a t us ( %) M TA) m g/ N m 3 )

Better Air Quality 2004 Workshop

Achievements in Air Pollution Control From Oil Refineries

Achievements in Air Pollution Control from Oil Refineries