Chapter 2

1. Bus : is a set of parallel conductor, which allow devices attached to it to communicate with the CPU. 2. Three type of bus : Address, Data and Control Bus 3. Microprocessor : is an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer 4. Functions of CPU : - Data Transfer - Arithmetic And Logic - Control timing of information flow 5. Address Bus : - Transports memory address which the processor wants to access in order to read or write data - Unidirectional bus 6. Data Bus : - Used to carry information from or going to the CPU - Bidirectional bus 7. Control Bus : - Carries control signal between the CPU and other devices within the computer - Bidirectional bus - Four control signals : Read, Write, Memory Request, I/O Request 8. Memory chips : are digital logic devices used in microprocessor system to store programs and data 9. Two types of memory chips : ROM and RAM 10. ROM : - Non volatile memory, which is the data is not lost even when the power is switched off - Can only be read - Types of ROM : Mask Programmable, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM 11. Mask Programmable : - Programmed during the manufacturing process - Once programmed, the contents cannot be erased

12. PROM : - Supplied in blank form and contains no program - Can store data/program in it with a programming device - Once programmed, the contents cannot be erased 13. EPROM : - Programmable but the contents can be erased by exposing them to strong ultra violet light for several minutes and re-written using a device called device programmer 14. EEPROM : - Similar to EPROM, but can be erased quickly using the device programmer (using electrical charge) before being reprogrammed. - Used in many BIOS to save system settings 15. RAM : - Volatile memory, which memory will be lost when power is turned off - Two types : Static RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 16. SRAM : - Holds its data without external refresh circuitry, for as long as power is supplied to the circuit - Strength : Simplicity, Speed - Weakness : Cost, Size 17. DRAM : - Only holds its data if it is continuously accessed by special logic circuit called refresh circuit - Much cheaper and take less space 18. Backup : process of creating copies of data that can later be restore in the event of data loss 19. Type of storage media : - Magnetic : Floppy Disks, Fixed HDD, Portable HDD, Magnetic Tape - Optical Storage : CD, DVD, BluRay - Solid State : Pendrive, Flash Memory 20. Input Port : accept information/electrical signal from input devices to the microprocessor for processing 21. Output Port : devices that transfers an electrical signals/information from the microprocessor to output devices

22. Two hardware technique for getting data in or out of microprocessor : - Parallel port, where data is read and written from the I/O devices in 8bit bytes - Serial port, where data is received and transmitted in serial format 23. 8086 Microprocessor : - First 16bit microprocessor introduced by Intel - ALU, Internal Registers, and most of its instructions are designed to work with 16bit binary words - Has a 20bit address - Packaged in a 40pin DIP & requires 5v power - Run at 5Mhz internal clock frequency - Divided into two independent functional parts : Bus Interface & Execution Unit 24. BIU : - To provide the physical interface between the 8086 microprocessor with the outside world - Made up of address generation and bus control unit, instruction queue and instruction pointer - Has the task of making sure that the bus is used to its fullest capacity - Can operate in parallel with EU - Unique features : Instruction prefetch 25. Queue and Pipelining : - BIU fetches instructions from memory and stores for the EU in first-in-first-out registrars called a queue. - BIU passes the instruction to the EU, prefetch more instruction - An internal queue, instruction queue allows the next instructions or data to be fetched by executing the current one - BIU prefetch and place it in instruction queue to always make it full - When EU is ready for next instructions, it reads it from the queue in the BIU - While the EU is decoding the instruction, the BIU gets the next instruction. This is called pipelining 26. Instruction Pointer : contains the address of the next instruction to be executed by EU. Referred to as an offset 27. EU : - Where the actual processing of data takes place - EU houses the ALU, which is responsible for executing program instructions - EU has no direct connection with the outside world. Relies on the BIU 28. ALU : - Responsible for handling execution of all arithmetic and logical instructions

- Instructions are : ADD, SUB, INC, AND, OR, NOT, Shift & Rotate - Communicate with the processor register over the internal 16bit data bus 29. 8086 Addressing Mode : - Indicates a way of locating data or operands - Three types : Register, Immediate and Memory Operand Addressing 30 ROAM : - The operand to be access is specified as residing in an internal register - Involves the use of registers to hold the data to be manipulated 31. IOAM : - Operand is part of the instruction instead of the content of a register or memory 32. MOAM : - Used to refer to operand in memory - Types of memory addressing mode : Direct, Register Indirect, Base, Indexed, Based-index addressing