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UMT 11th International Annual Symposium on Sustainability Science and Management 09th 11th July 2012, Terengganu, Malaysia

The Utilization of Municipal Organic Waste as A Raw Material for RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) on Its Application for Substitution Material of Coal in A Steam-Electrical Power Plant
Maulana Rizki Aditama, Wahyu Setyo B., Lintang Wisesa Atissalam, Wagini R. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University
Corresponding authors email: maulanarizki2801@yahoo.com Abstract The Indonesian government has announced the issue of waste as the national problem which has to be solved especially in the large urban area. Even though a lot of waste processing techniques are already offered to minimize its impact, it is still in effective to solve the problem. This is due to the current waste management system has not been in accordance with the methods and techniques of environmental-friendly waste management system. The aim of this research is to form the utilization of organic waste for RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) as a raw material to substitute coal in the steamelectrical power plant. The synthesis of RDF from organic waste consists of four main steps, which are crushing process, mixing process, forming process, and drying process. The result shows that organic waste can be processed to form RDF which can substitute coal in the steam-electrical power plant and further, will also solve the waste issue which is currently happening in Indonesia and other countries around the globe. Keywords: organic waste, RDF, coal, steam-electrical power plant Introduction Population growth and consumption patterns of modern society lead to increasing volume, types, and characteristics of waste, thus is not be surprised if the waste problem has been blamed as the national problem. This is reflected in the government's hard efforts to set stricter waste management. But in practice, waste management systems are often not in accordance with the environmental friendly methods of waste management. National Urban Development Strategy in 2003 reported that the potential of waste for some cities in Indonesia is quite concerned as the fact is presented in Table 1 below. Table 1: Waste potential for some cities in Indonesia
No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. City Jakarta Surabaya Bandung Bekasi Tangerang Semarang Malang Surakarta Denpasar Yogyakarta Bogor Number of people (person) 9,783,308 2,913,973 2,603,855 577,958 1,466,596 1,454,932 828,710 534,079 485,538 442,824 308,246 Amount of waste (ton/day) 4,892 1,457 1,301 789 733 727 414 267 243 221 154

Source: Sudrajat (2007) In addition to problems of waste, energy issues also become the national problem. Widespread use of fossil energy sources lead to the depletion of fossil energy sources as well as triggering environmental pollution. Impact of global warming is a growing issue which is widely discussed. Power plant is one of the sources of fossil fuel highest user, namely coal. The worlds coal consumption in 2007 was 5.5 billion tons, approximately 70% of them are used by the plant. Until now there are nine coal-fired power plants in Indonesia with a total capacity up to 10,000 MW and coal consumption of around 25.1 million tons per year.

e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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UMT 11th International Annual Symposium on Sustainability Science and Management 09th 11th July 2012, Terengganu, Malaysia

The usage of coal in the power plant caused a new problem. According to the World Coal Institute, issues from the dependency of coal usage include gradually depleting the availability of coal and environmental pollution caused by harmful exhaust gases such as NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, and mercury particles. The usage of coal in a power plant contributes for 29% in the formation of the greenhouse effect. Due to these problems, it is necessary to find a new raw material which can be used as fuel in power plant systems. In this research, the organic waste can be processed as RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) which could be used as a substitution material of coal. Hopefully, this research can be a simple solution which could solve the waste and energy problem. Therefore, we necessarily need an accurate solution to the problem of waste and energy sources. The waste, in this field of study is an organic waste, which can be processed into RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel). In a long run, hopefully the usage of coal can be replaced by RDF and becoming the new raw material and play its role in a power plant, and eventually will overcome the problems of waste while developing the long-term prospects for national energy durability.

Figure 1. General process of RDF


Source: Febijanto (2001)

Methods Making RDF which is made of an organic waste includes several processes, which are crushing process, mixing process, forming process, and drying process. Organic waste which has been separated from inorganic waste, was dried and chopped in the next step. The enumeration can be performed manually, using a cutting machine, water or using the air knife tool. a. Mixing process The organic waste which has been chopped then mixed with Calcium Oxide (CaO). The provision levels of Calcium Oxide are measured so the concentration of CaO is known to make an RDF with an optimal calorific value. b. Forming process The result of the mixing process is then formed by a cylindrical mold which the high of its mold is equal with the mold radius. This form was chosen because from the physics study approach, the surface of the cylinder with its height equal to its radius will provide a more effective heat value. Mold which is used in this study measured 15 cm on its height and radius. c. Drying process The product was then dried at room temperature for a day. After the RDF was formed, RDF was tested to determine the optimal composition of its heat capacity. Results and Discussions After conducted several studies and also collecting data from some reports, we can conclude the heat value from some wastes to form an RDF. As seen on figure 2, the plastic waste contributes 35 MJ/kg, and paper sludge contributes 8,5 MJ/kg for heat value, with an average heat value for all waste type

e-ISBN 978-967-5366-93-2

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UMT 11th International Annual Symposium on Sustainability Science and Management 09th 11th July 2012, Terengganu, Malaysia

below is 20 MJ/kg.

Figure 2. RDF heat value (MJ/kg) from some wastes Conclusion Based on the results of the study and the interpretation of data regarding the urban waste into RDF, it can be concluded that RDF from organic waste can be used as a fuel for steam-electrical power plant because of its optimum heat capacity up to 35 MJ/kg, with an average value of approximately 20 MJ/kg. Scientifically, 1 ton of RDF can generate 1,500 kWh of electricity in a brown coal plant which substituting 1,230 kg of brown coal. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Sudrajat, Mengelola Sampah Kota, Penebar Swadaya, Depok (2007) Bima Baskara, Masa Depan Batubara, KOMPAS p. 17, Jakarta (2012) Fahru Nurosyid, 4th Kentingan Physics Forum Physics Contributions for Renewable Energy Development, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta (2007) Febijanto Irhan, Peningkatan Efisiensi Pembangkit Listrik Bahan Bakar Sampah, DIMENSI Vol. 4 No. 1 p. 29-34, Jakarta (2001) Williams, Waste Treatment and Disposal, John Wiley and Sons, Chicester (1998) Tim Kajian Batubara Nasional, Batubara Indonesia, Pusat Litbang Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, Jakarta (2006) Basriyanta, Manajemen Sampah, Kanisius, Yogyakarta (2009)

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