TEST QUESTIONS CHAPTER ONE Multiple Choice Questions 1. Philosophy, literally defined, means: A love of knowledge. B love of wisdom.

C love of rhetoric. critical thinking. ! none of the a"ove B $f the following, which is not considered a %&ality of a critical thinker' A open(minded B mentally active C self(aware passionate ! none of the a"ove ! *he &ltimate aim of philosophy is: A complete li"erty of the mind. B to achieve independence of any pre+&dice. C to "ecome moral. freedom. ! all of the a"ove ! -hich of the following are considered ded&ctive arg&ment forms' A mod&s ponens B dis+&nctive syllogism C ca&sal reasoning generali.ations ! A and B ! *he "ranch of philosophy that considers %&estions a"o&t what we can and cannot know is: A metaphysics. B epistemology. C ethics. logic. ! all of the a"ove B

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*he "ranch of philosophy that st&dies "ea&ty, art and, taste is: A metaphysics. B ethics. C aesthetics. logic. ! B and C C *he "ranch of philosophy that st&dies moral val&es and principles is: A metaphysics. B epistemology. C ethics. none of the a"ove ! all of the a"ove C $f the following, which is not considered a ca&sal fallacy' A %&estiona"le ca&se B post hoc ergo propter hoc C slippery slope hasty generali.ation ! none of the a"ove $f the following, which is not considered a fallacy of relevance' A appeal to a&thority B appeal to emotion C red herring appeal to personal attack ! none of the a"ove ! $f the following, which is a form of an ind&ctive arg&ment' A ca&sal reasoning B empirical generali.ation C mod&s tollens A and B ! B and C

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True/False Questions 1. #. ). ,. /. 0. 1. 2. 3. 14. 5t&dying philosophy allows one to confront deeper %&estions of the world and life. * Philosophy helps st&dents enrich their &nderstanding of the world and their own lives. * A categorical syllogism is considered a type of ind&ctive arg&ment. 6 Critical thinking is a skill that allows people to "lindly accept the thinking of others. 6 *here is no difference "etween having a philosophy and doing philosophy. 6 Ca&sal reasoning is considered a type of ind&ctive arg&ment. * !thics is the st&dy of the &ltimate characteristics of reality and e7istence. 6 8ogic is the "ranch of philosophy that seeks to esta"lish the r&les for correct reasoning, clear &nderstanding, and valid arg&ments. * *he str&ct&re of an arg&ment is a gro&p of statements in which there are certain statements offered in s&pport of another statement. * 9&ssell arg&ed that there is a"sol&tely no val&e in st&dying philosophy. 6

Matching Questions A B C !
1 2 3 4 5

Match the ranch o! philosoph" #ith the $e!inition% metaphysics epistemology ethics aesthetics logic *he st&dy of the &ltimate characteristics of reality or e7istence. ::::::: A *he st&dy of moral val&es and principles. :::::::: C *he "ranch of philosophy that seeks to esta"lish the r&les for correct reasoning and valid arg&ments. ::::::: ! *he st&dy to knowledge. ::::::: B *he st&dy of "ea&ty, art, and taste. ::::::

Short Ans#er Questions 1 8ist the %&alities of a critical thinker:

$&tline the process of critical thinking:

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Chapter T#o Multiple Choice Questions 1 A method &sing dynamic %&estions and intellect&al analysis is known as: A rhetoric. B 5ocratic method. C critical thinking. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove B Pre(5ocratic philosophers attempted to &nderstand the world and life thro&gh: A reason and o"servation. B s&perstition and myth. C rhetoric. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove A *he sophists e7hi"ited which of the following characteristics: A relativism. B skepticism. C egotism. pragmatism. ! all of the a"ove ! According to 5ocrates, :::::::::: is considered the identity of the person. A "ody B psyche C ar;te episteme ! all of the a"ove B Arte is the <reek word for: A knowledge. B happiness. C virt&e. so&l. ! all of the a"ove C

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Episteme is the <reek word for: A knowledge. B happiness. C virt&e. so&l. ! none of the a"ove A :::::::::: arg&ed that all things are in a constant state of fl&7 and the &niverse is governed "y logos. A *hales B emocrti&s C Pythagoras =eraclit&s ! none of the a"ove ::::::::: arg&ed that reality is &nchanging and eternal, and the world of change is an ill&sion. A *hales B emocrit&s C Paremenides =eraclit&s ! all of the a"ove C Sophia is the <reek word for: A wisdom. B virt&e. C so&l. state. ! happiness. A

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True/False Questions 1 # ). , / 0 1 2 3 14 >rony is a form of rhetoric that has at least two conflicting levels of meaning. * *he goal of dialectic is to achieve a shallow, vag&e, nonrational &nderstanding of the most significant areas of h&man e7perience. 6 5ocrates "elieved that the tr&th lies within each of &s. * 5ocrates "elieved that it was "etter to s&ffer wickedness than to commit it. * 5ocrates "elieved that no one &nknowingly does evil. 6 5ocrates "elieved that we sho&ld strive for e7cellence in some areas of life. 6 5ocrates was committed to making o&r actions reflect o&r convictions. * *hales arg&ed that water is the primary s&"stance. * =eraclit&s arg&ed that all things are in a constant state of change and the &niverse is governed "y logos. * Parmenides arg&ed that reality is changing. 6

Matching Questions Match the pre&Socratic philosopher #ith their elie!% A B C ! 6 < = *hales Ana7imenes =eraclit&s emocrit&s Ana7agoras Pythagoras Parmenides 5ocrates 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 9eality is &nchanging and eternal and change is an ill&sion. ::::::: < All matter is composed of indivisi"le atoms. ::::::: Air is the primary s&"stance. :::::::: B *he &niverse is composed of matter and governed "y nous. :::::: ! -ater is the primary s&"stance. ::::::: A *he &ne7amined life is not worth living. ::::: = All things are in a constant state of change and the &niverse is governed "y logos. ::::::: C *he f&ndamental principles of the &niverse are mathematical relations. :::::: 6

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Chapter Three Multiple Choice Questions 1 $f the following, 5ocrates "elieved what a"o&t the so&l' A >t is immortal. B >t depends on the "ody. C >t is material. ?one of the a"ove. ! All of the a"ove. A According to Plato, the so&l consists of: A reason. B physical appetite. C spirit. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove According to A B C ! B , According to A B C ! / escartes, the so&l is governed "y: <od. laws of reason. the "ody. A and B none of the a"ove escartes, what is the manner in which to seek tr&th' st&dy philosophy method of do&"t st&dy mathematics and geometry st&dy physiology none of the a"ove

According to 8ocke, the mind is a@nA: A tabula rasa. B empty concept. C "rain. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove A

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-ho arg&ed that there is no self' A 5ocrates B escartes C 8ocke =&me ! Bant -ho arg&ed that we constr&ct the self' A 5ocrates B escartes C 8ocke =&me ! Bant ! -ho arg&ed that mental states are "rain states' A Bant B =&me C B&ddhist philosophy Ch&rchland ! 9yle -ho arg&ed that the self is insepara"le from the "odyCs physiology' A 5ocrates B escartes C 8ocke 9yle ! none of the a"ove *he B&ddhist conception of anatta incl&des all of the following elements e7cept: A physical form. B sensation. C dispositions to act. conscio&sness. ! permanence. !

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Ch&rchland arg&ed that :::::::::: will "e eliminated once advances in ne&roscience develop a voca"&lary that will ena"le &s to "e o"+ective a"o&t conscio&sness and h&man e7perience. A physiology B religion C folk psychology all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove C

True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 According to Plato, the so&l is not capa"le of knowing the 6orms. 6 escartes "elieved the self was d&alistic. * Daterialism is the view that the &niverse is e7plaina"le in terms of the physical laws. * !mpiricism is the epistemological view that sense e7perience is the primary so&rce of all knowledge. * 9ationalism is the epistemological view that reason and sense e7perience provide knowledge. * Phenomenologists arg&e that the self is p&rely physical. 6 !liminative materialists arg&e that the self consists of mental and physical components. 6 Phenomenology attempts to clarify o&r &nderstanding of e7perience and how we e7perience the world. * Bant arg&es that the self transcends the senses and &nifies o&r e7periences. * Ch&rchland "elieved a new ne&roscience voca"&lary will ena"le &s to comm&nicate clearly a"o&t conscio&sness and h&man e7perience. *

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Matching Questions Match the philosopher #ith the 'ie# o! #hat the sel! is% A B C ! 6 < 5ocrates escartes 8ocke =&me Bant Derlea&(Ponty Ch&rchland 1 # ) , / 0 1 *he so&l is the self and it is immortal. :::::: A *he "rain is the self. ::::: < *he self is the transcendental &nifying principle of conscio&sness. :::::: ! *he self consists of an immaterial so&l and a material "ody. ::::: B *here is no self or it is a "&ndle of perceptions. ::::: *he self is personal identity, which re%&ires conscio&sness of constantly perceiving self connected "y memories. ::::: C *he self is the &nity of mental and physical, a nat&ral synthesis that forms o&r e7perience. :::::: 6

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Chapter Four Multiple Choice Questions 1 $f the following, o&r "eliefs a"o&t freedom effect: A o&r a"ility to change and grow as a person. B o&r a"ility to develop a moral o&tlook. C o&r a"ility to participate in a fair and +&st society. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove ! *he view that freedom is an ill&sion and every event in the &niverse, incl&ding h&man actions, is "ro&ght a"o&t "y previo&s events in accordance with the nat&ral laws that govern the &niverse is: A incompati"ilism. B indeterminism. C determinism. compati"ilism. ! none of the a"ove. C According to dC=ol"achCs view, if yo& decide to commit s&icide, what wo&ld this demonstrate regarding freedom' A =&man "ehavior is irrational. B emonstrating free will can "e dangero&s. C ?othing. Dental dist&r"ances can ca&se self(destr&ctive "ehavior. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove C -ho arg&ed that we are free when o&r actions are a res&lt of o&r &nimpeded rational desires' A 5chlick B dC=ol"ach C 5artre <rimshaw ! Eames C

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-ho arg&ed that determinism cannot acco&nt for the testimony of o&r direct, lived e7perience' A 5chlick B dC=ol"ach C 5artre <rimshaw ! Eames ! -ho "elieved that we are condemned to "e free, i.e., we are a"sol&tely responsi"le to create o&r own meaningf&l e7istence. A 5chlick B dC=ol"ach C 5artre <rimshaw ! Eames C -ho claimed that free choice is contingent on "ecoming aware of repressive forces and li"erating oneself from them' A 5chlick B dC=ol"ach C 5artre <rimshaw ! Eames *he view of freedom that arg&es that some h&man actions are free if they are a res&lt of internal motivations and not the prod&ct of e7ternal ca&ses or infl&ences is: A determinism. B compati"ilism. C indeterminism. li"ertarianism. ! none of the a"ove B *he view of freedom that claims that some events, incl&ding h&man actions, are not necessarily determined "y previo&s events in accordance with the nat&ral laws that govern the &niverse is: A determinism. B compati"ilism. C indeterminism. li"ertarianism. ! none of the a"ove C

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*he view of freedom that arg&es that h&mans are a"le to make a&thentically free choices that are not determined "y previo&s events in accordance with the nat&ral laws that govern the &niverse is: A determinism. B compati"ilism. C indeterminism. li"ertarianism. ! none of the a"ove

True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 Belief in determinism prevents people from "ecoming "etter persons. * Belief in compati"ilism prevents people from participating in a revol&tion. 6 Belief in indeterminism allows people to choose their spirit&al destiny. * Belief in li"ertarianism allows people to avoid responsi"ility for their actions. 6 ennett arg&es that freedom is an o"+ective phenomenon distinct to h&mans. * !7ternal constraints are the limitations to o&r a&tonomy imposed "y o&rselves. 6 >nternal constraints are the limitations imposed "y o&r environment and circ&mstances. 6 6reedom is the a"ility to do what one wants. 6 Psychic coercion is an internal constraint that compromises oneCs a&tonomy and limits oneCs personal freedom. * *o increase personal freedom, one m&st confront e7ternal and internal constraints, th&s creating options from which to choose. *

Matching Questions Match the 'ie# o! !ree$o( #ith the $e!inition% A B C eterminism Compati"ilism >ndeterminism 8i"ertarianism 1 # ) , 5ome events, incl&ding h&man actions, are not necessarily determined "y previo&s events. ::::::: C All events, incl&ding h&man actions are ca&sed. =owever, some h&man actions are free if they are a res&lt of internal motivations. :::::: B =&mans are a"le to make a&thentically free choices that are not determined "y previo&s events. :::::: !very event, incl&ding h&man actions, is ca&sed "y previo&s events in accordance with the nat&ral laws that govern the &niverse. :::::: A

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Short Ans#er Questions 1 8ist the fo&r common ca&ses that prevent h&man actions from "eing considered free:

>n "rief, why does Eames arg&e that determinism is impla&si"le'

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Chapter Fi'e Multiple Choice Questions 1 :::::::::: is the investigation of the nat&re and str&ct&re of reality. A Detaphysics B !pistemology C !thics 8ogic ! Aesthetics A :::::::::: is the st&dy of the nat&re of knowledge and tr&th. A B C ! B ) -hich of the following is a kind of arg&ment that p&rports to prove a thesis is defective "eca&se it generates an infinite series when s&ch series e7ists or the thesis lacks +&stification' A infinite wisdom B mod&s ponens C mod&s tollens infinite regress ! all of the a"ove -ho arg&ed that all is one' A Parmenides B =eraclit&s C Plato Aristotle ! escartes A -ho arg&ed that all is change and change alone is &nchanging' A Parmenides B =eraclit&s C Plato Aristotle ! escartes B Detaphysics !pistemology !thics 8ogic Aesthetics

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-ho claimed form is a reality itself' A Parmenides B =eraclit&s C Plato Aristotle ! escartes C -ho claimed that forms reside in physical o"+ects' A Parmenides B =eraclit&s C Plato Aristotle ! escartes -hat did escartes hope to prove thro&gh the method of do&"t' A knowledge is impossi"le B knowledge is relative C knowledge is possi"le all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove C -ho arg&ed that gen&ine knowledge is recollected thro&gh an e7amination of o&r innate ideas' A Parmenides B =eraclit&s C Plato Aristotle ! all of the a"ove C :::::::::: represent an interpretation, eval&ation, concl&sion, or prediction a"o&t the world we endorse as tr&e. A Beliefs B Physical o"+ects C 6orms Ca&ses ! !ffects A

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True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 Detaphysicians concern themselves with %&estions s&ch as: whether reality is many or one, what is the nat&re of reality, and what is time and space' * !pistemologists concern themselves with %&estions s&ch as: what is tr&th and can we have gen&ine knowledge' * Parmenides said change is an ill&sion. * Plato arg&ed that the world of "eing is constantly changing, evolving, and disappearing. 6 Aristotle claimed that all reality consists of form and matter. * escartes "elieved that reality is &nknowa"le. 6 All "eliefs are considered informed and o"+ectively tr&e. 6 Aristotle was considered a rationalist. 6 escartes was considered a rationalist. * Plato and Aristotle "oth arg&ed that reality consists of two worlds. 6

Matching Questions Match the philosopher #ith the (etaph"sical clai(% A B C ! =eraclit&s Parmenides Plato Aristotle escartes 1 # ) , / All is change and change alone is &nchanging. :::::: A 9eality and all things in reality contain entelechy. :::::: *he world is knowa"le if and only if <od e7ists. :::::: ! 9eality consists of a world of "ecoming and a world of "eing. ::::::: C All is one and change is an ill&sion. ::::::: B

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Match Aristotle)s Four Causes #ith its respecti'e $e!inition% A B C material ca&se formal ca&se efficient ca&se final ca&se 1 # ) , *he &ltimate p&rpose of something. :::::: *he em"edded essence of something. :::::: B -hat something is made of. ::::::: A -hat sets something in motion. :::::: C

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Chapter Si* Multiple Choice Questions 1 *he epistemological view that all knowledge is derived thro&gh sense e7perience is: A rationalism. B empiricism. C skepticism. constr&ctivism. ! none on the a"ove B *he epistemological view that knowledge is impossi"le is: A rationalism. B empiricism. C skepticism. constr&ctivism. ! none on the a"ove C *he epistemological view that knowledge is derived from rational int&ition and sense e7perience is: A rationalism. B empiricism. C skepticism. constr&ctivism. ! none on the a"ove A -ho arg&ed that we are "orn with an intellect&al "lank slates or tabula rasa' A 8ocke B Berkeley C =&me Bant ! Eaggar A -ho claimed that nothing e7ists independent of the mind or <od' A 8ocke B Berkeley C =&me Bant ! Eaggar B

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-ho arg&ed that, as a philosopher, he was committed to radical skepticism' A 8ocke B Berkeley C =&me Bant ! Eaggar C -ho arg&ed that we constr&ct a knowa"le world' A 8ocke B Berkeley C =&me Bant ! Eaggar -ho "elieved that emotions o&ght to play a role in o&r &nderstanding of the world' A 8ocke B Berkeley C =&me Bant ! Eaggar ! According to Bant, what can "e known a"o&t the no&menal reality' A nothing B everything C science ca&se and effect ! mathematics A >n EaggarCs arg&ments, emotions provide what' A knowledge B annihilate life C life with meaning all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove C

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True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 9ationalists arg&e that we enter the world with innate knowledge. * !mpiricists arg&e that we can achieve gen&ine knowledge independent of sense e7perience. 6 6or 8ocke, o"+ects in the world consist of primary and secondary %&alities. * 6or Berkeley, o"+ects in the world e7ist. 6 5&"+ective >dealism is the "elief that only ideas and conscio&s minds have act&al e7istence. * 6or =&me, the logical concl&sion of empiricism is skepticism. * 6or Bant, the no&menal world is perceiva"le. 6 -hen one perceives, one selects, organi.es, and interprets oneCs e7periences. * >t is not possi"le to develop informed "eliefs thro&gh critical thinking. 6 By developing informed "eliefs, individ&als can constr&ct an enlightened ethical perspective, develop a tho&ghtf&l approach to religion, and develop a sophisticated and integrated view of reality. *

Matching Questions Match the philosopher #ith their episte(ological 'ie#% A B C ! 6 escartes 8ocke Berkeley =&me Bant Eaggar 1 # ) , / 0 Bnowledge of e7ternal world "egins with the method of do&"t. ::::: A All knowledge comes from e7perience. ::::::: B !motions affect the manner in which we perceive the world. :::::: 6 All +&stifia"le "eliefs m&st "e rationally +&stified or e7perienca"le. :::: *he knowa"le world is constr&cted "y the fac&lties of the mind. ::::: ! *o "e is to "e perceived. :::::: C

Short Ans#er Question 1 -hat two important %&estions are necessary for developing informed "eliefs a"o&t o&rselves and the world'

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Chapter Se'en Multiple Choice Questions 1 -ho defined religion as a means toward &ltimate transformation' A 5treng B 6e&er"ach C aly ?ishitani A -ho arg&ed that religion is a h&man constr&ction, an ideali.ed perfection' A 5treng B 6e&er"ach C aly ?ishitani B -ho arg&ed that all religions are e7pressions of a patriarchal reality in which women are placed in a s&"+&gated position' A 5treng B 6e&er"ach C aly ?ishitani C -ho "elieved that religion is a vital personal %&est all m&st face when confronted with the possi"le meaninglessness of life' A 5treng B 6e&er"ach C aly ?ishitani 9eligions that remain tied to the original people and location from which they developed are called: A Christianity. B >slam. C *aoism. >ndigeno&s sacred ways. ! none of the a"ove

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$f the following, which religion does not "elieve in a transcendent "eing or "eings' A Christianity B >slam C E&daism B&ddhism ! =ind&ism $f the following, which religion "elieves that so&ls can have eternal salvation d&e to a "elief in Ees&s' A Christianity B >slam C E&daism B&ddhism ! =ind&ism A $f the following, which religion "elieves that D&hammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of <od' A Christianity B >slam C E&daism B&ddhism ! =ind&ism B 9eligion can provide a framework for h&man life. $f the following, what kinds of %&estion can religion answer' A -hat is the meaning and p&rpose of my life' B -hat is my destiny' C =ow o&ght > to cond&ct my life' -hat happens when > die' ! All of the a"ove !

True/False Questions 1 # ) , 5t&dying the philosophy of religion is designed to t&rn all persons into atheists and engage persons in emotional arg&ments. 6 5t&dying the philosophy of religion is designed to e7pand, enrich, and deepen yo&r &nderstanding of other religions. * Arg&ments for the e7istence of <od were presented to satisfy a desire for o"+ective proof of a transcendent "eing. * A theodicy is a defense of the +&stness or goodness of <od in the face of do&"ts or o"+ections arising from the pro"lem of evil. *

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Bierkegaard arg&ed that the e7istence of <od is knowa"le o"+ectively. 6 6or B&ddhists, all s&ffering emanates from desire. * 6or E&daism, devotion and o"edience to Fahweh will res&lt in special consideration and protection. * 6or Bierkegaard, a leap of faith serves no p&rpose in knowing whether <od e7ists or not. 6 6or Clifford, one can "elieve in <odCs e7istence witho&t s&fficient evidence. 6 6or Eames, one can "elieve in <odCs e7istence witho&t s&fficient evidence. *

Matching Questions Match the religion #ith its (eaning% A B C ! 6 < =ind&ism B&ddhism *aoism E&daism Christianity >slam >ndigeno&s 5acred -ays 1 # ) , / 0 A term &sed to designate the comple7 mosaic of religio&s "eliefs and practices of the ma+ority of people in >ndia. :::: A A monotheist religion that "elieves D&hammad is the last and final prophet to receive the word of <od @AllahA. ::::: 6 A nontheist religion that "elieves in the &ltimate transformation thro&gh an aspiration to escape the world of s&ffering "y achieving ?irvana, which is the &ltimate egoless state of "liss. ::::: B 8ocali.ed religions that emphasi.e the development of proper relationship with the spirit world and that this spirit&al world is connected with the physical world. :::::: < A way of life inspired from the rhythms of the nat&ral phenomena. ::::::: C A monotheist religion that "elieves <od @FahwehA entered into a covenant with A"raham. *hro&gh devotion and o"edience to the Fahweh, the "elievers will en+oy special consideration and protection. ::::: A monotheist religion that split off from E&daism and "elieves that Ees&s is the son of <od and savior whose death and res&rrection makes it possi"le for "elieversC so&ls to en+oy eternal life in =eaven. ::::::: !

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Chapter Eight Multiple Choice Questions 1 !thical concepts incl&de: A right and wrong. B good and "ad. C +&st and &n+&st. virt&e and vice. ! all of the a"ove ! *he ethical theory that claims moral val&es depend on individ&al opinion or c&lt&ral norms is: A ethical a"sol&tism. B ethical relativism. C ethical determinism. normative ethics. ! descriptive ethics. B *he ethical theory that claims moral val&es apply to all people in all circ&mstances is: A ethical a"sol&tism. B ethical relativism. C ethical determinism. normative ethics. ! descriptive ethics. A *he ethical theory in which the individ&al determines what is right and wrong "ased on how the feel is: A ethical s&"+ectivism. B c&lt&ral relativism. C ethical determinism. normative ethics. ! descriptive ethics. A

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*he ethical theory in which what is considered right or wrong is dependent on societal acceptance is: A ethical a"sol&tism. B ethical determinism. C c&lt&ral relativism. normative ethics. ! descriptive ethics. C *he view that we are compelled "y o&r psychological make&p to always p&rs&e o&r own interest is: A ethical egoism. B divine command theory. C empathy. psychological egoism. ! none of the a"ove *he ethical theory that proposes we p&rs&e o&r own happiness and self(interest is: A ethical egoism. B divine command theory. C empathy. psychological egoism. ! none of the a"ove A *he ethical theory that proposes we act morally when we do what <od commands &s to do is: A ethical egoism. B divine command theory. C empathy. psychological egoism. ! none of the a"ove B

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True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 !thical s&"+ectivism is a recipe for moral anarchy. * C&lt&ral relativism commits the nat&ralistic fallacy. * escriptive ethics addresses what o&ght to "e the case. 6 ?ormative ethics addresses what is the case. 6 !thical relativism denies the possi"ility of an a"sol&te, &niversal ethics. * 6or 9and, altr&ism and compassion are virt&es. 6 6or 9and, selfishness is virt&o&s. * ?at&ral 8aw ethics is the view that &niversal moral val&es can "e discovered in nat&re "y &sing the fac&lty of reason. * Bing, Er. arg&ed that civil diso"edience is moral if it does not conflict with =&man 8aw. 6 *here is no difference "etween st&dying morality and "eing a moral person. 6

Matching Questions Match the concept #ith its $e!inition% A B C ! 6 < = > Gal&e Doral val&es !thical 9elativism !thical 5&"+ectivism C&lt&ral 9elativism !thical A"sol&tism escriptive ethics ?ormative ethics ?at&ralistic 6allacy 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 !thical theory that claims moral val&es are determined "y c&lt&ral norms. ::::: ! eriving an o&ght from an is. ::::: > *he term &sed to denote anything that possesses intrinsic worth given clearly defined standards. :::::: A !thical theory that claims some moral val&es apply to all people in all circ&mstances. ::::: 6 *his term addresses what is the case when disc&ssing ethical val&es. ::::: < !thical theory that claims moral val&es are determined "y how one feels. :::::: !thical theory that claims there are no &niversal moral val&es. ::::: C H&alities and r&les of cond&ct that disting&ish a person of &pstanding character. :::::: B *his term addresses what o&ght to "e the case when disc&ssing ethical val&es. :::::: =

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Chapter Nine Multiple Choice Questions 1 *he ethical theory that foc&ses on the moral %&ality of individ&al character rather than individ&al actions is: A virt&e ethics. B deontology. C conse%&entialism. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove A *he ethical theory that foc&ses on the notion of d&ty and o"ligations as the standard for determining the moral val&e of actions is: A virt&e ethics. B deontology. C conse%&entialism. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove B *he ethical theory that foc&ses on the ends of actions rather than the means of actions is: A virt&e ethics. B deontology. C conse%&entialism. all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove C *he ethical theory that proposes all actions sho&ld promote the greatest happiness and least amo&nt of s&ffering for the greatest n&m"er of people is: A virt&e ethics. B deontology. C divine command theory. e7istential ethics. ! &tilitarianism. !

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-ho arg&ed that an act is moral when it prod&ces the most pleas&re and least s&ffering or pain' A Aristotle B Bant C 9and Bentham ! 5artre -ho "elieved that the principle of &tility o&ght to "e applied to non h&man animals as well as h&mans' A Aristotle B Dill C 9and !pic&r&s ! 5artre B -ho arg&ed that to "e virt&o&s is to seek the <olden Dean' A Aristotle B Bant C 9and Bentham ! 5artre A -ho arg&ed that moral val&e is determined "y following the ma7ims prescri"ed "y reason' A Aristotle B Bant C 9and Bentham ! 5artre B -ho claimed that we m&st recogni.e that the moral choices we make are for all h&mankind and we m&st resist the &rge to escape this responsi"ility for all h&mankind' A Aristotle B Bant C 9and Bentham ! 5artre !

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-ho ag&ed that individ&al actions are motivated "y a caring response rooted in nat&ral caring' A ?oddings B Bant C 9and Dill ! 5artre A According to de Bea&voir, what gives life meaning' A relationship to <od B relationship to the <ood C relationship with oneself relationship to others ! all of the a"ove

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True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 11 6or Aristotle, everyone sho&ld p&rs&e happiness. * 6or Bant, to "ecome moral, a person m&st develop the good will to follow moral laws. * 6or Bant, moral ma7ims foc&s on the content, conse%&ences, and intentions of actions. 6 6or !pic&r&s, to p&rs&e sens&al pleas&re was the sole p&rpose in life. 6 !thical hedonism is the view that an actionCs conse%&ences determine its moral val&e. * 6or Dill, there is no distinction "etween intellect&al pleas&res and sens&al pleas&res. 6 5inger arg&ed that specieism is morally wrong and employed the principle of &tility as +&stification. * *he hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative are two kinds of moral imperatives. * !7istential ethics are devoid of moral val&es. 6 ?iet.sche "elieved that we m&st e7ercise o&r will to power to the f&llest possi"le e7tent. * 6or Cam&s, finding meaning in life is impossi"le. 6

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Matching Questions Match the philosopher #ith the ethical 'ie#point% A B C ! 6 < = > 9and Aristotle Bant Bentham Dill Bierkegaard 5artre e Bea&voir ?oddings 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 Girt&e is selfishness or !goism. ::::: A &ty and o"ligations are the standard for determining the moral val&e of actions. :::::: C eveloped the hedonistic calc&l&s. :::::: Arg&ed that freedom only has meaning in relationship to others who are e7ercising their freedom of choice. :::::: = !mphasi.ed the ethics of care "eing rooted in nat&ral caring. ::::: > Arg&ed that the principle of &tility is applica"le to non h&man and h&man animals. :::::: ! Arg&ed that the acc&m&lation of moral actions "&ilds a consistent moral character. :::::: B Believed that one m&st never s&cc&m" to the val&es of the crowd. ::::: 6 Proposed that we avoid the ina&thentic life and resist the &rge to escape responsi"ility for all h&mankind. :::::: <

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Chapter Ten Multiple Choice Questions 1 -hich of the following concepts m&st "e considered when defining an ideal +&st society' A E&stice B &ty C 9ights 6reedom ! All of the a"ove ! -ho arg&ed that an ideal state co&ld only "e achieved "y a commitment to the principles of virt&e, "oth "y the leaders and the citi.ens' A Conf&ci&s B Plato C 8ocke =o""es ! Aristotle A -ho claimed that society o&ght to "e "ased on f&nction and harmony' A Conf&ci&s B Plato C 8ocke =o""es ! Aristotle B -ho "elieved that the state is prior to the individ&al' A Conf&ci&s B Plato C 8ocke =o""es ! Aristotle !

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-ho arg&ed that h&mans are f&ndamentally predisposed to selfishness and state of nat&re, and when &nrestrained "y laws, leads to chaos' A Conf&ci&s B Plato C 8ocke =o""es ! Aristotle -ho "elieved that h&mans are governed "y nat&ral laws and entitled to inaliena"le rights, s&ch as the right to life, li"erty, health, and property' A Conf&ci&s B Plato C 8ocke =o""es ! 9awls C -ho claimed that to conceive of a fair and +&st society, we m&st ass&me a veil of ignorance regarding o&r own standing and sit&ation within that ideali.ed society' A Conf&ci&s B Plato C 8ocke =o""es ! none of the a"ove ! -hat is the sociopolitical view that "elieves societyCs reso&rces "elong to all mem"ers and o&ght to "e shared with everyone' A li"eralism B capitalism C socialism all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove -hat is the sociopolitical view that champions the li"erty, rights, and responsi"ilities of the individ&al' A li"eralism B capitalism C socialism all of the a"ove ! none of the a"ove A

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-ho arg&ed that a reconsideration of traditional gender roles is necessary so we can develop a more +&st and fair society' A Aristotle B Plato C =o""es $kin ! all of the a"ove

True/False Questions 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 14 istri"&tive +&stice is a theory that deals with how societyCs wealth, opport&nity, and power sho&ld "e distri"&ted. * 9etri"&tive +&stice is a theory that deals with how societies sho&ld treat those who violate laws. * 6or Plato, a +&st society allows for civil diso"edience. 6 6or Aristotle, living in society is &nnat&ral. 6 A social contract is an agreement "etween people and their r&lers or among people in the comm&nity. * 6or =o""es and 8ocke, individ&al m&st "e coerced to enter into a social contract. 6 6or 9awls, a society is +&st only if it is tr&ly fair. * 6or Dar7, it is inevita"le that the proletariat will rise in revol&tion against the "o&rgeoisie. * Capitalism is a social organi.ation "ased on comm&nal ownership of reso&rces and self(government. 6 Dill "elieved that it was never accepta"le to interfere with an individ&alCs li"erty. 6

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Matching Questions Match the philosopher #ith their 'ie# on #hat societ" ought to e% A B C ! 6 < = > Conf&ci&s Plato Aristotle =o""es 8ocke 9awls Dar7 Dill $kin 1 # ) , / 0 1 2 3 A society o&ght to "e "ased on a social contract recogni.ing certain inaliena"le rights for individ&als. :::::: ! 6or there to "e meaningf&l +&stice, a radical restr&ct&ring of gender roles is necessary. :::::: > 9e+ects the idea that government has the right to interfere with individ&al li"erty e7cept in those cases where the general welfare of others is threatened. ::::: = Arg&ed that h&mans do have the right to defend themselves and thro&gh the &se of reason recogni.e the necessity of a social contract. ::::: Arg&ed that man is a political creat&re "y nat&re. :::::: C Believed society consisted of three classes: philosopher(kings, g&ardians, and workers. :::::::: B eveloped a view of society that has dominated Chinese c&lt&re. :::::: A Arg&ed that capitalism is flawed. :::::: < Believed in two principles of +&stice: e%&al right to li"erty and e%&al opport&nity. :::::: 6

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