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i,;i IrojectGutenbergistherstdigitallibrary.
i,; Teinternettakeso.
i,;; UNIMARCissetupasacommon
bibliographicformat.
i,s Copyleftisanewlicensefor
computersoftware.
i,,o Tewebtakeso.
i,,i Unicodeisauniversaldouble-
bytecharacterset.
i,,, TeOnlineBooksIageisalistoffreeeBooks.
i,,, TeIDFformatislaunchedbyAdobe.
i,, Terstlibrarywebsitegoesonline.
i,, Iublishersputsomeoftheir
booksonlineforfree.
i,,, Amazon.comistherstmain
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i,,, Temainstreampressgoesonline.
i,,o TeIalmIilotistherstIDA.
i,,o TeInternetArchiveisfounded
toarchivetheweb.
i,,o Teachersexplorenewwaysofteaching.
i,,; Onlinepublishingbeginsspreading.
i,,; TeLogosDictionarygoesonlineforfree.
i,,; Multimediaconvergenceisthetopic
ofaninternationalsymposium.
i,,s LibrarytreasureslikeBeowulfgoonline.
i,,, Librariansbecomewebmasters.
i,,s Tewebbecomesmultilingual.
i,,, TeOpeneBookformatisa
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i,,, Authorsgodigital.
aooo yourDictionary.comisalanguageportal.
aooo TeBibleofGutenberggoesonline.
aooo DistributedIroofreadersdigitizes
booksfrompublicdomain.
aooo TeIublicLibraryofScience(ILoS)
worksonfreeonlinejournals.
aooi Vikipediaistherstmainonline
cooperativeencyclopedia.
aooi CreativeCommonsworksonnewways
torespectauthorsrightsontheweb.
aoo, MIToersitscoursematerialsfor
freeinitsOpenCourseVare.
aoo IrojectGutenbergEuropeislaunched
asamultilingualproject.
aoo GooglelaunchesGoogleIrintto
renameitGoogleBooks.
aoo, TeOpenContentAlliance(OCA)
launchesaworldpublicdigitallibrary.
aooo MicrosoftlaunchesLiveSearch
Booksasitsowndigitallibrary.
aooo TeunioncatalogVorldCat
goesonlineforfree.
aoo; Citizendiumisamainonlinereliable
aoo; TeEncyclopediaofLifewilldocument
allspeciesofanimalsandplants.
*Unlessspeciedotherwise,allquotationsareexcerptsfromNEFinterviews.Teseinterviews
areavailableonlineathttp://www.etudes-francaises.net/entretiens/index.htm.
Introduction
M
ichael Iart, who founded Iroject Gutenberg
ini,;i,wrote:VeconsidereTexttobeanew
medium, with no real relationship to paper,
otherthanpresentingthesamematerial,butIdontseehow
papercanpossiblycompeteoncepeopleeachndtheirown
comfortable way to eTexts, especially in schools. (excerpt
fromaNEFinterview*,August i,,s)
Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the web in i,s,-,o,
wrote:Tedreambehindthewebisofacommoninforma-
tion space in which we communicate by sharing informa-
tion. Its universality is essential: the fact that a hypertext
link can point to anything, be it personal, local or global,
be it draft or highly polished. Tere was a second part of
the dream, too, dependent on the web being so generally
usedthatitbecamearealisticmirror(orinfacttheprimary
embodiment) of the ways in which we work and play and
socialize. Tat was that once the state of our interactions
wasonline,wecouldthenusecomputerstohelpusanalyse
it, make sense of what we are doing, where we individu-
allytin,andhowwecanbetterworktogether.(excerpt
from:Te World Wide Web: A Very Short Personal History,
May i,,s)
JohnMarkOckerbloom,whocreatedTeOnlineBooks
Iageini,,,,wrote:Ivegottenveryinterestedinthegreat
potentialthenethasformakingliteratureavailabletoawide
audience. (...) I am very excited about the potential of the
internetasamasscommunicationmediuminthecoming
years.Idalsoliketostayinvolved,onewayoranother,in
makingbooksavailabletoawideaudienceforfreeviathe
net,whetherImakethisexplicitlypartofmyprofessional
career, or whether I just do it as a spare-time volunteer.
(excerptfromaNEFinterview*,September i,,s)
Iereisthejourneywearegoingtofollow:
Click here to close the start screen

Used since the beginning of computing, ASCII (American Standard

Code for Information Interchange) is a -bit coded character set for
information interchange in English. It was published in by ANSI
(American National Standards Institute), with an update in and
. Te -bit plain ASCII, also called Plain Vanilla ASCII, is a set
of characters with printable unaccented characters (A-Z, a-z,
numbers, punctuation and basic symbols), i.e. the ones that are avail-
able on the English/American keyboard. Plain Vanilla ASCII can be
read, written, copied and printed by any simple text editor or word
processor. It is the only format compatible with % of all hardware
and software. It can be used as it is or to create versions in many other
formats. Extensions of ASCII (also called ISO- or ISO-Latin)
are sets of characters that include accented characters as found
in French, Spanish and German, for example ISO - (Latin-) for
French.

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ProjectGutenberg

computersoftware.
i,,o Tewebtakeso.
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toarchivetheweb.
standardforeBooks.
goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

In July i,;i, Michael Iart created Iroject Gutenberg with the goal
of making available for free, and electronically, literary works belong-
ing to public domain. A pioneer site in a number of ways, Iroject
Gutenberg was the rst information provider on the internet and is
the oldest digital library. Vhen the internet became popular in the
mid-i,,os, the project got a boost and gained an international dimen-
sion. Te number of electronic books rose from i,ooo (in August i,,;)
to ,,ooo (in April aooa), io,ooo (in October aoo,), i,,ooo (in January
aoo,), ao,ooo (in December aooo) and a,,ooo (in April aoos), with a
current production rate of around ,o new books each month. Vith
,, languages and o mirror sites around the world, books are being
downloaded by the tens of thousands every day. Iroject Gutenberg
promotes digitization in text format, meaning that a book can be
copied, indexed, searched, analyzed and compared with other books.
Contrary to other formats, the les are accessible for low-bandwidth
use. Te main source of new Iroject Gutenberg eBooks is Distributed
Iroofreaders, conceived in October aooo by Charles Franks to help
in the digitizing of books from public domain.
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Vhen Iroject Gutenberg began in July i,;i, the internet was not
evenborn.OnJuly,i,;i,onIndependenceDay,Michaelkeyedin
Te United States Declaration of Independence(signedonJuly, i;;o)
tothemainframehewasusing.Inuppercase,becausetherewasno
lowercaseyet.Buttosenda,Kletotheioousersoftheembryo-
nicinternetwouldhavecrashedthenetwork.SoMichaelmentioned
wheretheeTextwasstored(thoughwithoutahypertextlink,because
thewebwasstillaoyearsahead).Itwasdownloadedbysixusers.Te
internetwasbornini,;withthecreationofTCI/II(Transmission
ControlIrotocol/InternetIrotocol)byVintonCerfandBobKahn.
Itbeganspreadingini,s,.Itgotaboostwiththeinventionoftheweb
ini,,oandoftherstbrowserini,,,.Attheendofi,,;,therewere
,otoioo millionusers,withonemillionnewuserseverymonth.At
theendofaooo,therewereover,oomillionusers.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
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UNIMARC:AStory

computersoftware.
i,,o Tewebtakeso.
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booksonlineforfree.
onlinebookstore.
toarchivetheweb.
standardforeBooks.
goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

In , the IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations)

published the rst edition of UNIMARC: Universal MARC Format,
followed by a second edition in and a UNIMARC Handbook
in. UNIMARC (Universal Machine Readable Cataloging) is a
common bibliographic format for library catalogs, as a solution to
the existing national MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging)
formats, which meant lack of compatibility and extensive editing
when bibliographical records were exchanged. With UNIMARC,
catalogers would be able to process records created in any MARC
format. Records in one MARC format would rst be converted into
UNIMARC, and then be converted into another MARC format.

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Te term copyleft was invented in i,s by Richard Stallman,

who was a computer scientist at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology). Copyleft is a general method for making a program
orotherworkfree,andrequiringallmodiedandextendedversions
oftheprogramtobefreeaswell.()Copyleftsaysthatanyonewho
redistributesthesoftware,withorwithoutchanges,mustpassalong
thefreedomtofurthercopyandchangeit.Copyleftguaranteesthat
everyuserhasfreedom.()Copyleftisawayofusingofthecopyright
on the program. It doesnt mean abandoning the copyright; in fact,
doingsowouldmakecopyleftimpossible.Tewordleftincopyleft
isnotareferencetotheverbtoleaveonlytothedirectionwhich
istheinverseofright.()TeGNUFreeDocumentationLicense
(FDL)isaformofcopyleftintendedforuseonamanual,textbookor
otherdocumenttoassureeveryonetheeectivefreedomtocopyand
redistributeit,withorwithoutmodications,eithercommerciallyor
noncommercially.(excerptfromtheGNUwebsite)
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
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computersoftware.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Teinternetgotitsrstboostwiththeinventionofthewebandits
hyperlinks by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN (European Laboratory
forIarticleIhysics)ini,,o,andasecondboostwiththeinvention
oftherstbrowser Mosaic in i,,,.Teinternetcouldnowbeused
by anyone, and not only by computer scientists, programmers and
techies. Tere were ioo million internet users in December i,,;,
with one million new users per month, and ,oo million internet
users in December aooo. In Summer aooo, the number of non-
English-speaking users reached the number of English-speaking
users, with a percentage of ,o-,o. According to Netcraft, an inter-
netservicescompany,thenumberofwebsiteswentfromonemillion
(April i,,;) to io million (February aooo), ao million (September
aooo), ,o million (July aooi), o million (April aoo,), ,o million
(May aoo), oo million (March aoo,), ;o million (August aoo,),
so million (April aooo), ,o million (August aooo) and ioo million
(November aooo).
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First published in January i,,i, Unicode is the universal character

encodingmaintainedbytheUnicodeConsortium.Unicodeprovides
a unique number for every character, no matter what the platform,
nomatterwhattheprogram,nomatterwhatthelanguage.(excerpt
fromthewebsite)Tisdouble-byteplatform-independentencoding
provides a basis for the processing, storage and interchange of text
datainanylanguage,andanymodernsoftwareandinformationtech-
nologyprotocols.UnicodeisacomponentoftheV,C(VorldVide
VebConsortium)specications.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
:pp
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Founded in i,,, by John Mark Ockerbloom while he was a student

at Carnegie Mellon University, Te Online Books Iage is a website
that facilitates access to books that are freely readable over the inter-
net. It also aims to encourage the development of such online books,
for the benet and edication of all. (excerpt from the website) John
Ockerbloom rst maintained this page on the website of the School of
Computer Science of Carnegie Mellon University. In i,,,, he moved
it to its present location at the University of Iennsylvania Library,
where he is a digital library planner and researcher. Te Online Books
Iage listed ia,ooo books in i,,,, ao,ooo books in aoo, (including
,ooo books published by women), a,,ooo books in aooo and ,o,ooo
books in aoo;. Te books have been authored, placed online, and
hosted by a wide variety of individuals and groups throughout the
world, with ;,ooo books from Iroject Gutenberg. Te FAQ also lists
copyright information about most countries in the world with links
to further reading.

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IDF(IortableDocumentFormat)wasconceivedbyAdobeini,,a,
launched in June i,,, with Adobe Acrobat software, and perfected
over i, years as the global standard for distribution and viewing of
information.Itletsyoucaptureandviewrobustinformationfrom
any application, on any computer system and share it with anyone
aroundtheworld.Individuals,businesses,andgovernmentagencies
everywheretrustandrelyonAdobeIDFtocommunicatetheirideas
andvision.(excerptfromthewebsite)AdobeAcrobatgivesthetools
tocreateandviewIDFlesandisavailableinmanylanguagesand
for many platforms (Macintosh, Vindows, Unix, etc.). Ten years
later,over,oomillioncopiesofIDF-basedAdobeReader(formerly
AcrobatReader,untilMayaoo,)havebeendownloadedworldwide.
Approximately io of the documents on the internet are available
in IDF.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
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LibraryVebsites:AStory
Library
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Te rst library website was the one created by the Helsinki City
Library in Finland, which went live in February . Traditional
libraries began using a website as a new virtual window for their
patrons and beyond. Patrons could check opening hours, browse the
online catalog, or surf on a broad selection of websites on various
topics, depending on their needs. Libraries also began developing
digital libraries alongside their standard collections, for a large audi-
ence to be able to access their specialized, old, local and regional col-
lections. Librarians could now fulll two goals that used to be in con-
tradiction book preservation (on shelves) and book communication
(on the internet).

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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Some publishers decided to use the web as a new marketing tool.

In the U.S., NAP (National Academy Press) was the rst publisher
in to post the full text of some books, for free, with the authors
consent. NAP was followed by MIT Press (MIT: Massachusetts
Institute of Technology) in . Michael Hart, founder of Project
Gutenberg, wrote in : As university publishers struggle to nd
the right business model for oering scholarly documents online,
some early innovators are nding that making a monograph available
electronically can boost sales of hard copies. (excerpt from the Project
Gutenberg Newsletter of October ) N
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Amazon.com
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Amazon.comwasapioneeronlinebookstorethatcreatedanentirely
new economic model. Amazon.com was launched by Je Bezos in
July i,,,, in Seattle, on the west coast of the U.S., after a market
studywhichledhimtoconcludethatbookswerethebestproducts
tosellontheinternet.VhenAmazon.comstarted,ithadio employ-
eesandacatalogof, millionbooks.Unliketraditionalbookstores,
Amazon.com didnt have windows looking out on the street and
books skillfully lined up on shelves or piled upon displays. Te
virtualwindowisitswebsite,withalltransactionsmadethroughthe
internet.Booksarestoredinhugestoragefacilitiesbeforebeingput
intoboxesandsentbymail.InNovember aooo,Amazon.comhad
;,,oo employees,acatalogofas millionitems,a, millionclientsworld-
wideandfoursubsidiariesinUK(inAugust i,,s),inGermany(in
August i,,s),inFrance(August aooo)andinJapan(October aooo).
AfthsubsidiaryopenedinCanadainJune aooa.Asixthsubsidiary
namedJoyoopenedinChinainSeptember aoo.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Te rst electronic versions of print newspapers were available in the
early s through commercial services like America Online and
CompuServe. In , newspapers and magazines began creating
their own websites to oer a partial or full version of their latest
issue available freely or through subscription (free or paid) with
online archives. In Europe, the Times and the Sunday Times set up
a common website called Times Online, with a way to create a per-
sonalized edition. Te weekly publication Te Economist also went
online in UK, as well as the weekly Focus and the weekly DerSpiegel
in Germany, the daily LeMonde and daily Libration in France, and
the daily El Pas in Spain. Te computer press went logically online
as well, like the monthly Wired, created in in California to cover
cyberculture as the magazine of the future at the avant-garde of the
stcentury, or ZDNet, another leading computer magazine. More
and more only electronic magazines were also created.

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FoundedinAprili,,obyBrewsterKahle,theInternetArchiveisa
non-prot organization that built an internet library to oer per-
manentaccesstohistoricalcollectionsindigitalformatforresearch-
ers, historians and scholars. An archive of the web is stored every
twomonthsorso.InOctoberaooi,with,obillionwebpagesstored,
theInternetArchivelaunchedtheVaybackMachine,foruserstobe
abletosurfthearchiveofthewebbydate.Inaoo,therewere,oo
terabytesofdata,withagrowthofiaterabytespermonth.Inaooo,
therewereo, billionpagesfrom,o millionwebsites.Inlate i,,,,the
InternetArchivealsostartedtoincludemorecollectionsofarchived
webpagesonspecictopics.Italsobecameanonlinedigitallibraryof
text,audio,software,imageandvideocontent.InOctober aoo,,the
InternetArchivelaunchedtheOpenContentAlliance(OCA)with
othercontributorsasacollectiveeorttobuildapermanentarchive
ofmultilingualdigitizedtext(TextArchive)andmultimediacontent.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
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NewVaysofTeaching:AQuote
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

With more and more computers available in schools and at home, and
more and more internet connexions, teachers began exploring new
ways of teaching. Going from print book culture to digital culture
was changing their relationship to knowledge, and the way both
scholars and students were seeing teaching and learning. Print book
culture provided stable information whereas digital culture provided
moving information. During the September meeting of IFIP
(International Federation of Information Processing), Dale Spender
gave a lecture about Creativity and the Computer Education Industry,
with insightful comments on forthcoming trends.

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In the i,,os, Jacques Gauchey was a journalist and writer living in
Silicon Valley and specializing in IT (information technology). Ie
was also working as a facilitator between the United States and
Europe.JacqueswasamongthersttobuyaIalmIilotinMarch i,,o,
andwroteaboutitinhisfreeonlinenewsletter.Asasideremark,he
rememberedinJuly i,,,:Ini,,oIpublishedafewissuesofafree
Englishnewsletterontheinternet.Ithadaboutioreadersperissue
untiltheday(inJanuaryi,,o)whentheelectronicversionof Wired
Magazine created a link to it. In one week I got about ioo emails,
some from French readers of my book La Valle du risque Silicon
Valley [editorsnote:Te Valley of Risk Silicon Valley,publishedby
Ilon,Iaris,ini,,o],whowerehappytondmeagain.Ieadded:
All my clients now are internet companies. All my working tools
(mymobilephone,myIDAandmyIC)areorwillsoonbelinked
to the internet. Despite erce competition, Ialm stayed the leader
intheIDAmarket,witha, millionIalmIilotssoldbetween i,,o
and aooa.
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PalmPilot

computersoftware.
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bytecharacterset.
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goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)
:pp,
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DigitalPublishing:AStory
Digital
Publishing
Logos
Dictionary
Multimedia
Convergence
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Digital publishing became mainstream in. Tis was a new step
in the changes underwent by the traditional publishing chain since
the s. Te traditional printing business was rst disrupted by
new photocomposition machines, with lower costs. Text and image
processing began to be handed over to desktop publishing shops
and graphic art studios. Impression costs went on decreasing with
desktop publishing, photocopiers, color photocopiers and digital
printing equipment. Digitization also accelerated the publication
process. Editors, designers and other contributors could all work at
the same time on the same book. For educational, academic and sci-
entic publications, online publishing became a cheaper solution than
print books, with the possibility of regular updates to include the
latest information.

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Digital Publishing
:pp,
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LogosDictionary:AStory
Digital
Publishing
Logos
Dictionary
Multimedia
Convergence
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computersoftware.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Logos is a leading translation company located in Modena, Italy.

In, Logos had in-house translators in Modena and ,free-
lance translators worldwide, who processed around texts per
day. Te company made a bold move at the time, and decided to
put on the web all the linguistic tools used by its translators, for the
internet community to freely use them as well. Te linguistic tools
were the Logos Dictionary, a multilingual dictionary with billion
words (in Fall ); the Logos Wordtheque, a multilingual library
with billion words extracted from translated novels, technical
manuals and other texts; the Logos Linguistic Resources, a database
of glossaries; and the Logos Universal Conjugator, a database for
verbs in languages.

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Logos Dictionary
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MultimediaConvergence:AStory
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Publishing
Logos
Dictionary
Multimedia
Convergence
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

As more and more people were using digital technology, previously
distinct information-based industries, such as printing and pub-
lishing, graphic design, media, sound recording and lm making,
were converging into one industry, with information as a common
product. Tis trend was named multimedia convergence, with a
massive loss of jobs, and a serious enough issue to be tackled by the
ILO (International Labour Organization) by . Te rst ILO
Symposium on Multimedia Convergence was held in January at
ILO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Tis international sympo-
sium was a tripartite meeting with employers, unionists, and govern-
ment representatives. Some participants mostly employers dem-
onstrated the information society was generating or would generate
jobs, whereas other participants mostly unionists demonstrated
there was a rise in unemployment worldwide.

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Multimedia Convergence
:pp8
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OnlineBeowulf:AStory
Online
Beowulf
Digital
Librarians
Multilingual
Veb
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r +s

computersoftware.
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goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Libraries began putting (digital versions of) their treasures on the

web for the world to enjoy. Te British Library was a pioneer in
this eld. Several treasures were online in , including Beowulf,
known as the rst great English masterpiece. Beowulf is the earliest
known narrative poem in English, and one of the most famous works
of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Te British Library holds the only known
manuscript of Beowulf, dated circa. Te poem itself is much older
than the manuscript some historians believe it might have been
written circa . Scholarly discussions on the date of creation and
provenance of the poem continue around the world, and researchers
regularly require access to the manuscript. Taking Beowulf out of its
display case for study not only raised conservation issues, it also made
it unavailable for the many visitors who were coming to the Library
expecting to see this literary treasure on display. Te digitization of
the manuscript oered a solution to these problems, while providing
new opportunities for researchers and book lovers worldwide.

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Online Beowulf
:pp8
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DigitalLibrarians:TwoExperiences
Online
Beowulf
Digital
Librarians
Multilingual
Veb
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i,,o Tewebtakeso.
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booksonlineforfree.
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toarchivetheweb.
standardforeBooks.
goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Te job of librarians, that had already changed a lot with computers,
went on to change even more with the internet. Computers made cat-
alogs much easier to handle. Instead of all these cards to be patiently
classied into wood or metal drawers, librarians could type in biblio-
graphic records in a program that was sorting out books by alphabeti-
cal, chronological and systematic order. Librarians also began using
computer programs to lend books and buy new ones. By networking
computers, the internet gave a boost to union catalogs for a state, a
country or a region, and furthered interlibrary loan. Electronic mail
became commonplace for internal and external communications.
Librarians could subscribe to newsletters and participate in news-
groups and discussion forums. Anumber of librarians became web-
masters to run library websites, online catalogs and digital libraries.

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Digital Librarians
:pp8
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MultilingualVeb:AStory
Online
Beowulf
Digital
Librarians
Multilingual
Veb
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toarchivetheweb.
standardforeBooks.
goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

In , Randy Hobler was a consultant in internet marketing for

Globalink, a company specializing in language translation software
and services. Randy wrote in September: % of the content of
the web in is in English and going down. Tis trend is driven not
only by more websites and users in non-English-speaking countries,
but by increasing localization of company and organization sites, and
increasing use of machine translation to/from various languages to
translate websites. [] Because the internet has no national boundar-
ies, the organization of users is bounded by other criteria driven by
the medium itself. In terms of multilingualism, you have virtual com-
munities, for example, of what I call Language Nations... all those
people on the internet wherever they may be, for whom a given lan-
guage is their native language. Tus, the Spanish Language nation
includes not only Spanish and Latin American users, but millions of
Hispanic users in the US, as well as odd places like Spanish-speaking
Morocco.

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Multilingual Web
:ppp
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runrrsnnn rw 2000
DigitalAuthors:TwoExperiences
Digital
Authors
OpeneBook
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i,,o Tewebtakeso.
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booksonlineforfree.
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toarchivetheweb.
standardforeBooks.
goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Like many artists, Jean-Paul began exploring the internet and search-
ing what hyperlinks could oer to expand his writing towards new
directions. He swiched from being a print author to being an hyper-
media author, and created Cotres furtifs (Furtive Cutters), a website
telling stories in D. He also enjoyed the freedom given by online
self-publishing, and wrote in August: Te internet allows me to
do without intermediaries, such as record companies, publishers and
distributors. Most of all, it allows me to crystallize what I have in my
head: the print medium (desktop publishing, in fact) only allows me
to partly do that. He added in June : Surng the web is like
radiating in all directions (I am interested in something and I click on
all the links on a home page) or like jumping around (from one click
to another, as the links appear). You can do this in the written media,
of course. But the dierence is striking. So the internet didnt change
my life, but it did change how I write. You dont write the same way
for a website as you do for a script or a play.

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Digital Authors
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Digital
Authors
OpeneBook
rirsrors
r +
In i,,,, there were nearly as many eBook formats as eBooks, with
everycompanyandorganizationcreatingitsownformatforitsown
eBookreaderanditsownelectronicdevice.Tepublishingindustry
felt the need to work on a commmon format for eBooks and and
published in September i,,, the rst version of the Open eBook
(OeB)format,aneBookformatbasedonXML(eXtensibleMarkup
Language) and dened by the Open eBook Iublication Structure
(OeBIS). Te Open eBook Forum was created in January aooo
to develop the OeB format and OeBIS specications. Since aooo,
most eBook formats were derived from or are compatible with
theOeBformat.InAprilaoo,,theOpeneBookForumbecamethe
InternationalDigitalIublishingForum(IDIF),andtheOeBformat
becameeIubformat.TeeIubformatisoneofthestandardsforthe
digitalpublishingindustry.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
iooo
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yourDictionary.com:AStory
your
Dictionary.com
OnlineBibleof
Gutenberg
Distributed
Proofreaders
PublicLibrary
ofScience
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computersoftware.
i,,o Tewebtakeso.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

After founding A Web of Online Dictionaries (WOD) in, Robert

Beard included it in a larger project, yourDictionary.com, that he co-
founded in early. He wrote in January: Te new website
is an index of ,+dictionaries in more than languages. Besides
the WOD, the new website includes a word-of-the-day-feature, word
games, a language chat room, the old Web of On-line Grammars
(now expanded to include additional language resources), the Web
of Linguistic Fun, multilingual dictionaries; specialized English dic-
tionaries; thesauri and other vocabulary aids; language identiers and
guessers, and other features; dictionary indices. yourDictionary.com
will hopefully be the premiere language portal and the largest lan-
guage resource site on the web. It is now actively acquiring dictionar-
ies and grammars of all languages with a particular focus on endan-
gered languages. It is overseen by a blue ribbon panel of linguistic
experts from all over the world.

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Gutenberg
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PublicLibrary
ofScience
your
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Te Bible of Gutenberg went online in November aooo, on the
websiteoftheBritishLibrary.Asweallknow,theBibleofGutenberg
isconsideredastherstprintbook.Gutenbergprinteditini,or
i,, in Germany, perhaps printing iso copies, with s copies that
wouldstillexistinaooo.Treecopiestwofullonesandonepartial
one belong to the British Library. Te two full copies a little
dierentfromeachotherweredigitizedinMarchaooobyexperts
fromtheKeioUniversityofTokyoandNTT(NipponTelegraphand
TelephoneCommunications).
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May i,,s)
iooo
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OnlineBibleof
Gutenberg
Distributed
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PublicLibrary
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your
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computersoftware.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

Conceived in October aooo by Charles Franks, Distributed

Iroofreaders was launched online in March aooi to help in the
digitization of public domain books. Te method is to break up the
tedious work of checking ebooks for errors into small, manageable
chunks. Originally meant to assist Iroject Gutenberg in the han-
dling of shared proofreading, Distributed Iroofreaders has become
the main source of Iroject Gutenberg eBooks. In aooa, Distributed
Iroofreaders became an ocial Iroject Gutenberg site. Te number
of books processed through Distributed Iroofreaders has grown fast.
In aoo,, about a,o-,oo people were working each day all over the
world producing a daily total of a,,oo-,,ooo pages, the equivalent of
two pages a minute. In aoo, the average was ,oo-oo proofreaders
participating each day and nishing ,ooo-;,ooo pages per day, the
equivalent of four pages a minute. Distributed Iroofreaders processed
a total of ,,ooo books in February aoo, ,,ooo books in October
aoo, ;,ooo books in May aoo,, s,ooo books in February aooo and
io,ooo books in March aoo;, with the help of ,o,ooo volunteers.

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Te Iublic Library of Science (ILoS) was founded in October
aooo by biomedical scientists Iarold Varmus, Iatrick Brown and
MichaelEisen,fromStanfordUniversity,IaloAlto,andUniversity
of California, Berkeley. Ieadquartered in San Francisco, ILoS is
a non-prot organization whose mission is to make the worlds sci-
enticandmedicalliteratureapublicresource.Inearlyaoo,,ILoS
created a non-prot scientic and medical publishing venture to
providescientistsandphysicianswithhigh-quality,high-prolejour-
nals in which to publish their most important work: ILoS Biology
(launched in aoo,), ILoS Medicine (aoo), ILoS Genetics (aoo,),
ILoSComputationalBiology(aoo,),ILoSIathogens(aoo,),ILoS
ClinicalTrials(aooo),ILoSNeglectedTropicalDiseases(aoo;).All
ILoS articles are freely available online, and deposited in the free
publicarchiveIubMedCentral.Teycanbefreelyredistributedand
reused,includingfortranslations,aslongastheauthor(s)andsource
arecited.ILoSalsohopestoencourageotherpublisherstoadoptthe
open access model, or to convert their existing journals to an open
accessmodel.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
ioo:
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Creative
Commons
rirsrors
r aoo+
LaunchedinJanuaryaooibyJimmyValesandLarrySanger(Larry
resignedlateron),Vikipediahasquicklygrownintothelargestrefer-
encewebsiteontheinternet.Itsmultilingualcontentisfreeandwritten
collaborativelybypeopleworldwide.Itswebsiteisawiki,whichmeans
thatanyonecanedit,correctandimproveinformationthroughoutthe
encyclopedia.Tearticlesstaythepropertyoftheirauthors,andcan
be freely used according to the GFDL (GNU Free Documentation
License).VikipediaishostedbytheVikimediaFoundation,which
runsanumberofotherprojects,forexampleViktionarylaunched
inDecemberaooafollowedbyVikibooks,Vikiversity,Vikinews
and Vikiquote. In December aoo, Vikipedia had i., million arti-
cles from i,,ooo contributors in ioo languages. Two years later, in
Decemberaooo,ithadomillionarticlesina,olanguages.
W
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M
May i,,s)
ioo:
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Vikipedia
Creative
Commons
rirsrors
r aoo+
CreativeCommons(CC)wasfoundedin aooibyLawrenceLessing,a
professoratStanfordLawSchool,California.Asstatedonitswebsite,
CreativeCommonsisanonprotcorporationdedicatedtomakingit
easierforpeopletoshareandbuildupontheworkofothers,consis-
tentwiththerulesofcopyright.Veprovidefreelicensesandother
legaltoolstomarkcreativeworkwiththefreedomthecreatorwants
ittocarry,sootherscanshare,remix,usecommercially,oranycom-
binationthereof.TerewereonemillionCreativeCommonslicensed
worksin aoo,,.; millionlicensedworksin aoo,ao millionlicensed
worksin aoo,,,o millionlicensedworksin aooo,,o millionlicensed
works in aoo;, and i,o million licensed works in aoos. Science
Commons was founded in aoo, to design strategies and tools for
faster, more ecient web-enabled scientic research. ccLearn was
founded in aoo; as a division of Creative Commons dedicated to
realizing the full potential of the internet to support open learning
andopeneducationalresources.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
iooi
zooz
ovrnvrrw
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TeMITOpenCourseVare(MITOCV)isalarge-scale,web-based
electronic publishing initiative launched by MIT (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology) to promote open dissemination of knowl-
edgeandinformation.ApilotversionoftheMITOpenCourseVare
(MITOCV)wasavailableonlineinSeptemberaooa,with,acourse
materialsofMIT.InSeptemberaoo,,thesitewasociallylaunched
with several hundred course materials. In March aoo, ,oo course
materials were available in ,, dierent topics. In May aooo, i,oo
coursematerialswereoeredby,departmentsbelongingtotheve
schoolsofMIT.InNovember aoo;,alli,soo coursematerialswere
available,withaoo newandupdatedcoursesperyear.InNovember
aoo,,theMITlaunchedtheOpenCourseVareConsortium(OCV
Consortium) as a collaboration of educational institutions creating
abroadbodyofopeneducationalcontentusingasharemodel.One
yearlater,theOCVConsortiumincludedthecoursesofioouniver-
sitiesworldwide.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
ioo(
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ProjectGutenbergEurope
Project
Gutenberg
Europe
GooglePrint/
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

In January , Project Gutenberg spread across the Atlantic

with the launching of Project Gutenberg Europe (PG Europe) and
Distributed Proofreaders Europe (DP Europe) by Project Rastko,
a non-governmental cultural and educational project located in
Belgrade, Serbia. DP Europe uses the software of the original
Distributed Proofreaders. DP Europe is a multilingual website, with
its main pages translated into several European languages by volun-
teer translators. In April , DP Europe was available in lan-
guages. Te long-term goal is languages and linguistic teams
representing all European languages. DP Europe supports Unicode
to be able to proofread eBooks in numerous languages. Unicode is an
encoding system that gives a unique number for every character in any
language. DP Europe nished processing its th book in May
and its th eBook in October . DP Europe operates under
life + copyright laws. When it gets up to speed, DP Europe will
provide eBooks for several national and/or linguistic digital libraries.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

In October , Google launched the rst part of Google Print as a

project aimed at publishers, for internet users to be able to see excerpts
from their books and order them online. In December, Google
launched the second part of Google Print as a project intended for
libraries, to build up a world digital library by digitizing the collec-
tions of main partner libraries. Te beta version of Google Print went
live in May . In August , Google Print was stopped until
further notice because of lawsuits led by associations of authors
and publishers for copyright infringement. Te program resumed in
August under the new name of Google Book Search. Google
Book Search has oered books digitized in the participating librar-
ies (Harvard, Stanford, Michigan, Oxford, California, Virginia,
Wisconsin-Madison, Complutense of Madrid and New York Public
Library), with either the full text for public domain books or excerpts
for copyrighted books. Te lawsuit with associations of authors and
publishers was settled in October.

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OpenContent
Alliance
MicrosoftLive
Search Books
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Te Open Content Alliance (OCA) was conceived by the Internet
Archiveinearlyaoo,tooerbroad,publicaccesstotheworldculture.
ItwaslaunchedinOctoberaoo,asagroupofcultural,technology,
nonprotandgovernmentalorganizationswillingtobuildaperma-
nent archive of multilingual digitized text and multimedia content.
Teprojectaimsatdigitizingpublicdomainbooksaroundtheworld
andmakethemsearchablethroughanywebsearchengineanddown-
loadableforfree.UnliketheGoogleIrintproject,theOCAscansand
digitizesonlypublicdomainbooks,exceptwhenthecopyrightholder
hasexpresslygivenpermission.TerstcontributorstoOIAwere
theUniversityofCalifornia,theUniversityofToronto,theEuropean
Archive, the National Archives in the United Kingdom, OReilly
Media and Irelinger Archives. Te digitized collections are freely
availableintheTextArchiveoftheInternetArchive.InDecember
aooo,theyreachedamilestoneofioo,ooodigitalizedbookspublicly
available,withia,ooonewbooksaddedpermonth.Twoyearslater,
inDecember aoos,onemillionbookswerepostedunderOCAprin-
ciplesorotherwisepublicdomainhostedbytheInternetArchive.
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OpenContentAlliance

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Introduction
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May i,,s)
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OpenContent
Alliance
MicrosoftLive
Search Books
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r aoo,
MicrosofthasalsoparticipatedintheOpenContentAlliance(OCA),
launchedbytheInternetArchiveinOctoberaoo,.InDecemberaooo,
MicrosoftreleasedthebetaversionofLiveSearchBooks.Tebook
searchengineperformskeywordsearchesfornoncopyrightedbooks
digitized by Microsoft from the collections of the British Library,
University of California, and University of Toronto, followed in
Januaryaoo;bytheNewYorkIublicLibraryandCornellUniversity.
BooksoerfulltextviewsandcanbedownloadedinIDFles.Inthe
future,Microsoftintendstoaddcopyrightedworkswiththepermis-
sion of their publishers. In May aoo;, Microsoft announced agree-
mentswithseveralmainpublishers,includingCambridgeUniversity
IressandMcGrawIill.Afterdigitizing;,o,ooo booksandindexing
so million journal articles, Microsoft ended the Live Search Books
programinMayaoosandclosedthewebsite.
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MicrosoftLiveSearchBooks

computersoftware.
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Introduction
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May i,,s)
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FreeVorldCat:AStory

computersoftware.
i,,o Tewebtakeso.
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booksonlineforfree.
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toarchivetheweb.
standardforeBooks.
goesonlineforfree.
Introduction
M
May i,,s)

VorldCat was created in i,;i by the non-prot OCLC (Online

Computer Library Center) as the union catalog of the university
libraries in the State of Ohio. Over the years, OCLC became a
nationalandworldwidelibrarycooperative,andVorldCatthelargest
librarycatalogintheworld.Inaoo,,VorldCathadoimillionbib-
liographic records in oo languages from ,,ooo member libraries
(paidsubscription)iniiacountries.Inaooo,;,millionbibliographic
recordswerelinkingtoibilliondocumentsavailableintheselibrar-
ies.InAugustaooo,VorldCatbegantomigratetothewebthrough
the beta version of the new website VorldCat.org. Member librar-
iesnowprovidefreeaccesstotheircatalogsandelectronicresources:
books, audiobooks, abstracts and full-text articles, photos, music
CDsandvideos.AnotherpioneersitewasRedLightGreen,launched
inSpringaoo(withabetaversioninFallaoo,)asthewebversion
oftheRLGUnionCatalog,anothermajorunioncatalogcreatedin
i,sobytheResearchLibrariesGroup(RLG).RedLightGreenended
itsserviceinNovemberaooo,afterasuccessful,-yearrun,andRLG
joined OCLC.
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Free WorldCat
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Citizendium
Encyclopedia
ofLife
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r aoo;
CitizendiumwaslaunchedinOctoberaoooasapilotprojecttobuild
a new encyclopedia, at the initiative of Larry Sanger, who was the
co-founder of Vikipedia (with Jimmy Vales) in January aooi, but
resignedlateronoverpolicyandcontentqualityissues.Citizendium
whichstandsforacitizenscompediumofeverythingisawiki
project open to public collaboration, but combining public partici-
pation with gentle expert guidance. Te project is experts-led, not
experts-only. Contributors use their own names, not anonymous
pseudonyms,andtheyareguidedbyexperteditors.Editorswillbe
abletomakecontentdecisionsintheirareasofspecialization,butoth-
erwiseworkingshoulder-to-shoulderwithordinaryauthors.(Larry
Sanger,Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge, September aooo)
Constables make sure the rules are respected. Citizendium was
launched on March a,, aoo;, with i,ioo articles, sao authors and
iso editors.
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Citizendium

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Introduction
M
May i,,s)
ioo,
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Citizendium
Encyclopedia
ofLife
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r aoo;
Launched in May aoo;, the Encyclopedia of Life is a global scien-
tic eort to document all known species of animals and plants
(i.s million),andexpeditethemillionsofspeciesyettobediscovered
and catalogued (s to io million). Tis collaborative eort is led by
severalmaininstitutions:FieldMuseumofNaturalIistory,Iarvard
University,MarineBiologicalLaboratory,MissouriBotanicalGarden,
SmithsonianInstitution,BiodiversityIeritageLibrary(BIL).Te
initial funding comes from the MacArthur Foundation (io million
dollars)andtheSloanFoundation(a.,milliondollars).Anumberof
pageswillbeavailablebymid-aoos.Teencyclopediawillbeopera-
tionalin,-,yearsandcompleted(withallknownspecies)inioyears.
Built on the scientic integrity of thousands of experts around the
globe,theEncyclopediawillbeamoderatedwiki-styleenvironment,
freelyavailabletoalluserseverywhere.
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EncyclopediaofLife

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standardforeBooks.
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Introduction
M
May i,,s)

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Used since the beginning of computing, ASCII (American Standard

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In , the IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations)

Te term copyleft was invented in i,s by Richard Stallman,

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First published in January i,,i, Unicode is the universal character

Founded in i,,, by John Mark Ockerbloom while he was a student

Some publishers decided to use the web as a new marketing tool.

Logos is a leading translation company located in Modena, Italy.

Libraries began putting (digital versions of) their treasures on the

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In , Randy Hobler was a consultant in internet marketing for

After founding A Web of Online Dictionaries (WOD) in, Robert

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Conceived in October aooo by Charles Franks, Distributed

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In January , Project Gutenberg spread across the Atlantic

In October , Google launched the rst part of Google Print as a

VorldCat was created in i,;i by the non-prot OCLC (Online

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