1.

Apa faktor resiko dari pembesaran prostat (Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)) dan bagaimana pola makan yang baik untuk mencegah pembesaran prostat (Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH))?
Faktor risiko yang dapat meningkatkan batu ginjal terjadi antara lain:

Memiliki seseorang dalam keluarga dengan kasus batu ginjal Mereka yang berusia 40 tahun keatas, meskipun batu ginjal dapat terjadi pada usia berapapun Laki-laki lebih cenderung mengalami batu ginjal Dehidrasi Makanan tertentu yang tinggi protein, tinggi sodium dan gula dapat meningkatkan risiko beberapa jenis batu ginjal Obesitas Memiliki penyakit atau operasi pada saluran pencernaan Kondisi medis lain, antara lain renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism dan infeksi saluran urin tertentu

cara pencegahan:
Membatasi atau menghindari produk hewani dan minyak nabati: Beberapa studi telah melihat kaitan antara asupan total daging dan produk hewani yang tinggi (terutama daging sapi dan produk susu) dengan BPH. The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study menemukan bahwa konsumsi yang lebih tinggi dalam total protein, protein hewani, asam lemak tak jenuh ganda, dan minyak nabati semuanya terkait dengan Asupan produk kedelai: Bukti epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa pria Asia memiliki risiko lebih rendah terkena penyakit prostat daripada pria Barat; perbedaannya tampak terkait sebagian dengan asupan tinggi isoflavon yang ditemukan dalam makanan Asia, khususnya produk kedelai.

Asupan energi yang lebih rendah: Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan hubungan antara asupan kalori yang lebih tinggi dengan risiko yang lebih besar untuk BPH. The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study melaporkan peningkatan 50 persen dalam risiko BPH pada pria yang mengkonsumsi paling banyak kalori dibandingkan dengan pria yang mengkonsumsi paling sedikit, serta risiko 70 persen lebih tinggi terkena gejala tingkat sedang sampai berat pada pria yang mengkonsumsi paling banyak kalori.

2. What are the risk factors of prostate enlargement and how a good diet to prevent prostate enlargement? Factors that may increase the risk of kidney stones may include: Having someone in the family with a case of kidney stones Those aged 40 years and above, although kidney stones can occur at any age Men are more prone to kidney stones Dehydration Certain foods are high in protein, high in sodium and sugar can increase the risk of some types of kidney stones Obesity Have an illness or surgery of the digestive tract Other medical conditions, such as renal tubular acidosis, cystinuria, hyperparathyroidism and certain urinary tract infections

Prevention:

Limiting or avoiding animal products and vegetable oils: Several studies have looked at the relationship between intake of total meat and animal products are high (especially beef and dairy products) with BPH. The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study found that higher intake of total protein, animal protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vegetable oil are all associated with BPH. Intake of soy products: Epidemiological evidence suggests that Asian men have a lower risk of prostate disease than Western men; difference appears to be associated in part with a high intake of isoflavones that are found in Asian foods, especially soy products. lower energy intake: Some studies have shown an association between higher calorie intake to a greater risk for BPH. The Health Professionals Follow-Up Study reported a 50 percent increase in the risk of BPH in men who consumed the most calories compared with men who ate the least, as well as 70 percent higher risk of developing moderate to severe symptoms in men who consumed the most calories. 3. Mengapa pria cenderung lebih sering mengalami batu ginjal ?
Penyakit batu ginjal merupakan salah satu penyakit paling sering ditemui dan dialami oleh banyak masyarakat indonesia yang umumnya dialami pria. Pada umumnya penyakit ginjal disebabkan oleh rutinitas pekerjaan yang membuat pola makan menjadi tidak teratur, adanya faktor keturunan yang juga memiliki peranan penting karena jika terdapat keluarga yang memiliki penyakit ginjal, resiko diturunkan penyakit ginjal pada anak 6 kali lebih besar, kurangnya konsumsi air putih, jarang buang air kecil atau sering ditahan, banyak mengkonsumsi makanan atau minuman yang mengandung bahan kimia, bahan pengawet dan lingkungan suhu udara disekitar tempat tinggal dan tempat bekerja yang tidak mendukung aktivitas sehari-hari. Penyakit batu ginjal memang banyak melanda orang Asia dan Afrika khusuusnya Indonesia yang diliputi berbagai macam kultur, suhu udara yang cenderung sering kali berubah tidak menentu, pola hidup dan gaya hidup yang terkadang salah, dsb. Penyakit ginjal memang lebih dominan menyerang kaum pria dibanding wanita, hal in terbukti dari survei yang diperkirakan bahwa pria yang berusia 70 tahun keatas memiliki resiko lebih besar terserang penyakit ginjal hingga 80% dibanding wanita.

2. Why men are more prone to kidney stones? Kidney stone disease is one of the diseases most frequently encountered and experienced by many Indonesian people are generally experienced by men. In general, kidney disease caused by routine work that makes eating patterns become irregular, the hereditary factors that also have an important role because if there is a family who have kidney disease, reduced risk of kidney disease in children 6 times greater, the lack of water consumption, rarely frequent urination or detained, many foods or beverages that contain chemicals, preservatives and temperature environment around the residence and place of work which does not support the day-to-day activities. Kidney stone disease is a lot of Asians and Africans struck khusuusnya Indonesia that covered a wide range of cultures, temperatures tend to change often uncertain, and lifestyle

patterns that are sometimes wrong, and so on. Kidney disease is more dominant than the men attacking women, it in evident from the survey that estimated that men aged 70 years and older who have a higher risk of kidney disease by 80% compared to women

No baru
kelompok 7 1. dimanakah letak pembesaran prostat pada kasus tersebut? biasanya terjadi pembesaran pada prostat bagian proximal yang dekat dengan spincter externa 2. adakah hubungan antara pembesaran prostat dengan susah kencing karena batu ginjal? keduanya mengakibatkan susah kencing, tetapi untuk hipertropi prostat biasanya karena faktor usia. gejalanya adalah merasa tidak puas saat kencing . Orang dengan keadaan seperti ini akan sulit untuk memulai kencing, nyeri saat berkemih, tidak lancar berkemih, kesulitan mengosongkan kandung kemih. sedangkan pada batu ginjal, gejalanya yaitu - Buang air kecil yang semakin sering terjadi - Nyeri di bagian pinggang - Terkadang disertai demam dan kejang - Air seni berwarna kuning keruh - Adanya riwayat batu ginjal yang sebelumnya di derita oleh salah satu anggota keluarga 1. where is the location of prostate enlargement in these cases? Prostate enlargement usually occurs in the proximal part near spincter externa 2. is there a relationship between an enlarged prostate with difficulty urinating due to kidney stones? both resulting in difficulty urinating, but for prostate hypertrophy usually due to age factor. the symptoms is not satisfied when urinating. People with this condition will be difficult to start urination, pain during urination, not smooth urination, difficulty emptying the bladder. whereas in kidney stones, the symptoms are - Urinate are becoming more frequent - Pain at the waist - Sometimes accompanied by fever and spasms - Urine turbid yellow - A history of kidney stones in the family

no baru

What causes urinary retention? Urinary retention can be caused by an obstruction in the urinary tract or by nerve problems that interfere with signals between the brain and the bladder. If the nerves aren't working properly, the brain may not get the message that the bladder is full. Even if you know that

your bladder is full, the bladder muscle that squeezes urine out may not get the signal that it is time to push, or the sphincter muscles may not get the signal that it is time to relax. A weak bladder muscle can also cause retention.

Prostate Enlargement: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia As a man ages, his prostate gland may enlarge. Doctors call the condition benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or benign prostatic hypertrophy. As the prostate enlarges, the layer of tissue surrounding it stops it from expanding, causing the gland to press against the urethra like a clamp on a garden hose. As a result, the bladder wall becomes thicker and irritable. The bladder begins to contract even when it contains small amounts of urine, causing more frequent urination. Eventually, the bladder weakens and loses the ability to empty itself, so urine remains in the bladder.

Enlarged Prostate: Causes One theory regarding the origin of an enlarged prostate involves the presence of a hormone called dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the blood. DHT is a natural hormone that is responsible for the initial stages of prostate growth. As men age, DHT may cause the prostate to continue growing after it has reached full size. Studies have shown a high positive correlation between DHT levels and enlarged prostate. Physicians have noted that men who do not produce DHT do not experience an enlarged prostate. Research has also shown evidence that estrogen and genetics may play roles in BPH as well.

The role of estrogen can be explained by changing levels of testosterone. It is known that men produce testosterone and a small amount of estrogen throughout their lives; with aging, the amount of testosterone in the blood decreases, which leaves a larger proportion of estrogen. Studies have shown that higher levels of estrogen have been found in men who

have enlarged prostate glands. Many physicians believe that genetics play a role as well. Men with a family history of enlarged prostate may be at greater risk than others.

It is important to note that the actual size of the prostate does not necessarily denote the severity of the symptoms. Constriction of the urethra by the prostate may occur in small as well as large glands. It is important to establish the presence of obstruction by clinical testing when considering treatments for symptoms.

the size of the prostate gland does not necessarily predict the severity of the enlarged prostate symptoms. A large gland may not cause any obstruction, and a small gland may cause a lot. However, it is known that very large prostate glands almost always cause significant problems. The portion of the prostate gland that is enlarged can be very significant; for example, enlargement involving the median lobe is more likely to be associated with more severe symptoms. In the case of prostates, just as in real estate, location matters most. Enlarged prostate is frequently associated with increased tone in the smooth muscle of the urethra, and many of the irritative symptoms associated with enlarged prostate are due to this increased muscle tone and the resulting interference with urine flow.

Infection Infections cause swelling and irritation, or inflammation. A urinary tract infection (UTI) may cause retention if the urethra becomes inflamed and swells shut.

What are the complications of urinary retention? -Urinary Tract Infection

Urine is normally sterile, and the normal flow of urine usually prevents bacteria from growing in the urinary tract. When urine stays in the bladder, however, bacteria have a chance to grow and infect the urinary tract. Bladder Damage If the bladder becomes stretched too far or for long periods, the muscle may be permanently damaged and lose its ability to contract. Chronic Kidney Disease If urine backs up into the kidneys, permanent kidney damage can lead to reduced kidney function and chronic kidney disease. If you lose too much of your kidney function, you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive.

Cause of urinarr retention cause Obstructive men Benign prostatic hyperplasia; meatal stenosis; paraphimosis; penile constricting bands; phimosis; prostate cancer women Organ prolapse (cystocele, rectocele, uterine prolapse); pelvic mass (gynecologic malignancy, uterine both Aneurysmal dilation; bladder calculi; bladder neoplasm; fecal impaction; gastrointestinal or retroperitoneal

fibroid, ovarian cyst); malignancy/mass; retroverted impacted gravid uterus urethral strictures, foreign bodies, stones, edema Bilharziasis; cystitis;

Infectious and inflammatory

Balanitis; prostatic abscess; prostatitis

Acute vulvovaginitis;

vaginal lichen planus; echinococcosis; vaginal lichen sclerosis; vaginal Guillain-Barr syndrome; herpes

pemphigus

simplex virus; Lyme disease; periurethral abscess; transverses myelitis; tubercular cystitis; urethritis; varicella-zoster virus

other

Penile trauma, fracture, or laceration

Postpartum complication; urethral sphincter

Disruption of posterior urethra and bladder neck in pelvic

dysfunction (Fowler's trauma; syndrome) postoperative complication; psychogenic

No baru

1. Apakah terlalu sering duduk bisa menyebabkan batu ginjal? Kemungkinan disebabkan karena statisnya urin ataupun akibat terlalu pekatnya urin. Akibatnya, urin yang pekat sekaligus statis/tetap alias tidak bergerak menyebabkan urin tersebut mudah mengendap menjadi batu. Walaupun secara pasti tidak diketahui penyebab batu ginjal, kemungkinannya adalah bila urine menjadi terlalu pekat dan zatzat yang ada di dalam urine membentuk kristal batu. Penyebab lain adalah infeksi, adanya obstruksi, kelebihan sekresi hormon paratiroid, asidosis pada tubulus ginjal, peningkatan kadar asam urat (biasanya bersamaan dengan radang persendian), kerusakan metabolisme dari beberapa jenis bahan di dalam tubuh, terlalu banyak mempergunakan vitamin D atau terlalu banyak memakan kalsium. 1. Is too much sitting can cause kidney stones? Likely due to its static result of too concentrated urine. As a result, urine is concentrated as well as static / fixed easily cause the urine settles into stone. Although the exact cause of kidney stones is unknown, it may be that when the urine becomes too concentrated and substances in the urine to form crystals in the rock. Other causes are infection, obstruction, excess secretion of parathyroid hormone, renal tubular acidosis, increased levels of uric acid (usually in conjunction with arthritis), metabolic damage of some kind of substance in the body, too much use of vitamin D or calcium consuming too much . 2. Apa penyebab pembentukan batu pelvis renalis?

Berdasarkan komposisi dari batu tersebut mengandung unsur: kalsium oksalat, kalsium fosfat, asam urat, magnesium-amonium-fosfat (MAP), xanthyn dan sistin. Jadi segala sesuatu yang dapat menyebabkan konsentrasi substrat tersebut bertambah banyak dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya batu pada saluran kencing. Kurangnya zat penghambat pembentuk kristal seperti magnesium, sitrat, pirofosfat, mukoprotein dan beberapa peptida. Banyak mengonsumsi vit c dan d. Karena vit c banyak mengandung kalsium oksalat yang tinggi, dan vit d dosis tinggi dapat menyebabkan absorbs kalsium ke dalam usus meningkat. Mengonsumsi makanan dan minuman yang kurang bersih menyebabkan air seni lebih pekat dan gelap sehingga menyebabkan infeksi atau kristal batu.

2. What causes the formation of renal pelvis stones? Based on the composition of the rock containing the elements: calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, magnesium-ammonium-phosphate (MAP), xanthyn and cystine.
So anything that can lead to increased concentrations of the substrate can lead to the formation of many stones in the urinary tract. Lack of crystal-forming inhibitors such as magnesium, citrate, pyrophosphate, mukoprotein and some peptides. Many of taking vit c and d. Because it contains a lot of vitamin c calcium oxalate is high, and high doses of vitamin D can cause calcium into the intestine absorbs increased. Eating foods and drinks that are less clean cause urine more concentrated and darker causing infection or crystal stones.

No baru

1. What are symptoms of BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)? Answer : Enlarged Prostate will clamp the urethra in it, so it doesnt flow smoothly into the urine, enlarged prostate also pointing up, so that it will interfere with the process of emptying the bladder. BPH occurs gradually because not all patients experience symptoms, patients complaints generally are : Weak urinary stream Prolonged emptying of the bladder Abdominal straining Irritation during urination Frequent urination Nocturia (need to urinate during the night) Bladder pain Dysuria (painful urination) Problems in ejaculation

# Gejala-Gejala BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)?

Jawaban : Pembesaran Prostat akan menjepit uretra di dalamnya, sehingga does'nt

mengalir lancar ke dalam urin, pembesaran prostat juga mengarah ke atas, sehingga akan mengganggu proses pengosongan kandung kemih. BPH terjadi secara bertahap karena tidak semua pasien mengalami gejala, pasien keluhan umumnya: Pancaran kencing lemah Pengosongan kandung kemih yang berkepanjangan perut mengejan Iritasi saat buang air kecil Sering buang air kecil Nokturia (perlu buang air kecil pada malam hari) nyeri kandung kemih Disuria (nyeri buang air kecil) Permasalahan dalam ejakulasi

2. slide 59 Histology of Kidney on Proximal Convoluted Tubules.

In proximal convoluted tubule are differentiated into several segments on kidney because the cells have an irregular luminal surface due to the presence of a brush border and glycocalyx. So, wahat is the function of brush border in proximal convoluted tubules and what is the glycocalyx? Answer : a. On the apical proximal convoluted tubules cell has a brush border of microvilli for absorbing into the small cell molecules from the filtrate in the tubular lumen. Microvilli help to Increased cell membrane surface through the sodium pump (transport of ions)

b. Glycocalyx is located on the apical surface of cells which line the lumen. In proximal convoluted tubule surrounded by glycocalyx. Glycocalyx serves to protect the bacterium on the proximal convoluted tubule from harmful phagocytes by creating capsules or allowing the bacterium to attach itself to inert surfaces.

#Pada tubulus kontortus proximal memiliki sel yang berbeda dari beberapa segmen lain pada ginjal karena memiliki permukaan lumen yang tidak beraturan yang berhubungan dengan adanya brush border dan glycocalyx. Apa fungsi dari brush border pada tubulus proximal dan apa glycocalyx?

Jawaban : a. Pada sel apikal tubulus proksimal memiliki brush border mikrovili untuk menyerap molekul sel kecil dari filtrasi urin yang masih digunakan tubuh ke dalam lumen tubulus. Mikrovili membantu Peningkatan permukaan membran sel melalui pompa natrium (transportasi ion) b. Glycocalyx terletak pada permukaan apikal sel yang melapisi lumen. Dalam tubulus proksimal dikelilingi oleh glycocalyx. Glycocalyx berfungsi untuk melindungi bakteri pada tubulus proksimal dari fagosit berbahaya dengan menciptakan kapsul atau memungkinkan bakteri untuk menempelkan dirinya sendiri ke permukaan inert. No baru