b) ii c) ij ij d) ij ik jk
j) ijk ai bj lmk cl dm
c) q l + lil q i q j = 0j
1.5 Symmetries
Give the number of independent, non-zero components for tensors satisfying the following relationships a) Dij = Dji b) Wij = Wji c) Cijkl = Cklij = Cjikl = Cijlk
f) B = QT
g) Test: B 2 = A = B T B
Exercise: Continuum Mechanics
lki ik holds.
Solution
Exercise 1.1
1 2 2 + v2) a) K = 2 (v1 + v2 3
d) ijk kij = 6 e) ijk aj ak = 0i with [0i ]T = 0 0 0 f) (Pijk + Pjki + Pkij )xi xj xk = 3Pijk xi xj xk g) ijk ipq = pj qk qj pk h) i)
1 2 1 2
j) ijk ai bj lmk cl dm = ai ci bj dj ai di bj cj Exercise 1.3 a) f2 = T13 + T31 b) f2 = (c2,1 c1,2 ) b1 + (c2,3 c3,2 ) b3 c) f2 = B2j qj = B21 q1 + B22 q2 + B23 q3 Exercise 1.5 a) 6 b) 3 c) 21
Exercise 1.6 a) y = a11 x1 + a12 x2 a21 x1 + a22 x2 Aij xj = yi xj Aji = zi xi xi Aij Bjk = Cik ik Aji Bjk = C Bij Ajk = Dik (Aij Bjk )T = Akj Bji
T AT ij Bjk = Aji Bkj
d) C =
a11 b11 + a12 b21 a11 b12 + a12 b22 a21 b11 + a22 b21 a21 b12 + a22 b22
= a11 b11 + a21 b21 a11 b12 + a21 b22 e) C a12 b11 + a22 b21 a12 b12 + a22 b22 f) D = a11 b11 + a21 b12 a12 b11 + a22 b12 a11 b21 + a21 b22 a12 b21 + a22 b22
xj
ei x ej (x) = j xj
xi xj
(x) = ,ii
c) ijk
ej
xk
7
1 2
e)
vk xi xj
c) QT Q = I Qij Qim = jm , Qij aj Qim bm = aj Qij Qim bm = aj jm bm = aj bj cos sin 0 d) [Rij ] = sin cos 0 0 0 1 e) R RT = I f) det(R) = cos2 + sin2 = 1 g) clockwise rotation of the coordinate system about the x3 -axis through an angle Exercise 1.11 a) (ds)2 = d xi d xi = Qkl dxl Qkm dxm = dxj dxj Qkl Qkm = lm , QT Q = I b) det(Q QT ) = det(I ) = 1 det(Q QT ) = det(Q) det(QT ) det(Q) = 1 1 for rotation for mirroring and det(Q) = det(QT ) (det(Q))2 = 1
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