Part I

1) Benjamin Franklin, The Way to Wealth, p. 517. Franklin is consi ere to !e one o" the Fo#n in$ Fathers o" the %.&.'., hence his (ritin$s ha)e ha $reat in"l#ence in the e)elopin$ o" that c#lt#re. It can !e seen ho( he mentions the ri$ht (ay in (hich (ork sho#l !e carrie , (itho#t sleep or !reak, (ith a contin#o#s "oc#s #pon it. In the ne*t cent#ries (e see ho( his in"l#ence soli i"ies an materiali+es, as the co#ntry !ecame an in #striali+e one, the importance o" a place in society (ent han in han (ith the (ork an jo! e*ec#te . The people implante this on their min s, hence (e see the (orkaholics an eccentricity at (ork. This -#ote can !e seen as a !asic comman ment o" .orth 'merican capitalist c#lt#re.

/) William Bra "or , 0" Plymo#th Plantation, p.112. 3ere (e see e*presse the common min an tho#$hts o" the coloni+in$ 4#rope. They i eali+e the lan that they (ere $oin$ to inha!it, as !ein$ one #npop#late !y ci)ili+ation (ith #nlimite nat#ral reso#rces an "ertile lan . The all#sion ma e to the .ati)e 'mericans is o" a racist nat#re. They are epicte as sa)a$es closer in resem!lance to (il !easts than to h#manity. 0" co#rse, this (ay o" thinkin$ $a)e them permission to con-#er 5an later massacre) e)erythin$ an e)eryone "or the sake o" ci)ili+ation. These (il men, e)en tho#$h they ha lan$#a$e, c#lt#re, an c#stoms, i n6t mattere at all.

7) Bartolom8 e las 9asas, The :e)astation o" the In ies, p.;2. The &paniar s notice that these isco)ere people in ee ha a c#lt#re, that they (ere not sa)a$es an e)en ha e)elope some techni-#es 5marines in this case) that

(eren6t e)elope !y 4#ropeans. .e)ertheless they kille them eli!erately, the e*c#se $i)en (as that they (ere c#lt#reless an #nci)ili+e . <et (e can see that the real ri)e (as a)arice. They ha a i""erent c#lt#re (hich (as e*pen a!le in the name o" $ree . They j#st (ent on to estroy these $ro#ps so they co#l steal their riches, #sin$ them, an their techni-#es, to this en .

;) Phillis Wheatley, 0n Bein$ !ro#$ht "rom '"rica to 'merica, p.=12. ' $rate"#l attit# e is sho(n "rom part o" the a#thor to(ar s the e*ile o#t o" her homelan . This is !eca#se o" her con)ersion to the 9hristian "aith. &he sees hersel" as !een enli$htene !y the ne( reli$ion, rejectin$ her nati)e pa$an c#lt#re. &he is an e*ample o" the e""iciency that the assimilation o" c#stoms an !elie)es ha #pon the sla)es. The sla)es ha the 4#ropean mo el o" ci)ili+ation taken "or $rante , an sa( themsel)es as !etter persons as they resem!le more an more to them.

5) 'nne Bra street, 0n >y :ear ?ran chil &imon@, p./1=. ' melancholic tone is e*presse in these )erses, !#t yet it is one that6s accompanie !y re emption an acceptance. There6s a !alance sorro(, attri!#te to the #n erstan in$ o" a nat#ral hi$her la(, (hich is escri!e as !een "or$e !y ?o 6s 3an . The a#thor oesn6t $i)e in to enial or to esperate sa ness, "or she can see that all that happens is !eca#se o" a i)ine Will, in accor ance to a #ni)ersal or er.

A#an B. 9olCn 3ernDn e+ =21E27E1551 >i term F I.?G7/51 E 225 Part II

The terms sa)a$e, #nci)ili+e or !ar!arian ha)e !een #se thro#$ho#t history to epict an enemy, the other, portrayin$ him as in"erior, e*cl# in$ an i""erentiatin$ him "rom a certain $ro#p an e)en "rom the (hole race o" h#manity. 0ne e*ample o" this is "o#n in the Homan 4mpire, (ho sa( a threat in their .etherlan s enemies, the Bikin$s, an re"erre to them as !ar!arians, o" co#rse this (as #se as a (ay o" emoni+in$ them. In this (ay the people "eare them an s#pporte their estr#ction. This is a strate$y #se !y the state, coloni+ers an other $ro#ps in po(er, so that they can "#l"ill their en s concernin$ e*ternal relations, (ith the appro)al o" the masses. 9i)ili+ation is a myth in (hich the c#lt#re o" its e"iner is al(ays e*alte , (ith el#sions o" $ran e#r, ele)atin$ it to a s#perior state in h#man, c#lt#ral, intellect#al, an spirit#al e)ol#tion. Whit this in min , the ci)ili+e men, in their enli$htenment, "eel the task o" ci)ili+in$ the other, this means assimilation. I" any resistance is met, their o!li$ation is to protect the hi$her race an c#stoms, hence estroyin$ the in"erior 5 i""erent) ones. We can see that these traits "it per"ectly in the coloni+ation o" the 'mericas, !#t (e can also notice that not only these tho#$hts (ere on han . The 4#ropeans (ere in"l#ence a $reat eal !y a)arice an !loo l#st, an e)en tho#$h their el#sions o" (hat sa)a$eness (as ecei)e them, they contin#e their project o" ci)ili+in$.

Bartolom8 e las 9asas epicts the "irst enco#nters !et(een the &paniar s an In ians. 3e is the "irst one (ho con emns the coloni+ers "or their !r#tality an their hypocrite 9hristian morals. The scenes $i)en to #s are o" a maca!re nat#re, in (hich mercy (as no(here to !e "o#n . 3e (rites a!o#t the rapin$ o" (omen an a!o#t other atrocities, a!#ses an assassinations committe !y the 4#ropeans. The killin$s (ere !r#tal an hel no limits, as (e can seeI They attacke the to(ns an spare neither the chil ren nor the a$e nor pre$nant (omen nor (omen in chil !e , not only sta!!in$ them an ismem!erin$ them !#t c#ttin$ them to pieces@ p.7J. They

e)en ma e !ets as to (hich one co#l massacre them !est or "astest, it (as all a $ame to them. <o# $et a stron$ impression that they (ere really enjoyin$ an rejoicin$ themsel)es in this holoca#st, their thirst "or !loo !ein$ insatia!le. Ironic it is, that all (as in the name o" 9hristianity. This an the )ie( that they (ere j#st so#lless animals (itho#t any type o" ci)ili+ation (ere their main e*c#ses an permittin$ car s, it e*empte them "rom $#ilt an responsi!ility, all action (as ma e (ith imp#nity. These e*c#ses (ere !iase , it is mentione that they hel marine secrets not #n erstoo !y the &paniar s, (hich is a si$n o" c#lt#ral kno(le $e. What the coloni+ers i (as to o)erlook this si$n an #se it in their "a)or, a!#sin$ the nati)es "or ac-#irin$ small "ort#nes. It can !e concl# e that all o" this coloni+ation an i)ini+ation campai$n, only o!sc#re the tr#e intentions o" itsel" an o" its prec#rsors.

In their search "or settlin$ in a place (here they co#l ha)e reli$io#s "ree om an (o#l n6t !e tempte !y the (ron$ path, the Pil$rims en e #p choosin$ .orth

'merica as their ne( home. They $ot to this concl#sion !eca#se they consi ere it to !e a "ertile lan , they also consi ere it to ha)e no ci)ili+ation, an that it (as only ha!ite !y sa)a$es compare more to (il !easts than to h#mans. This (as the common (ay in (hich 4#rope )ie(e an j# $e the .ati)e 'mericans. It $a)e them permission to $o an con-#er their territories. @!e in contin#al an$er o" the sa)a$e people, (ho are cr#el, !ar!aro#s an most treachero#s@ p.111, these i eali+e people represente a threat to ci)ili+ation, an ma e it accepta!le to take their lan as no!o y6s lan !eca#se o" their lack o" c#lt#re, they (ere consi ere as $oo as animals. When they $ot to 'merica, they e*perience somethin$ i""erent "rom (hat they ha taken "or certain. They (ere a!le to s#r)i)e !eca#se o" the a$ric#lt#re techni-#es o" mai+e, taken "rom the .ati)es. They chatte (ith an In ian (ho co#l speak in 4n$lish "l#ently, an e)en ma e peace treaties in an or$ani+e political "ashion (ith some $ro#ps. 'll o" these (ere stron$ si$ns o" a e)elope an or$ani+e c#lt#re, yet the prej# ices s#!siste in the 4#ropean min , (hich still consi ere the other as !ein$ only sa)a$es 5the common (ay to re"er to them). 4)en tho#$h (e can see the !r#tal an sa)a$e spirit in the 4n$lishmen6s enjoyin$ more in the !#siness o" massacrin$ (hen they (ere con)oke as mercenariesI The .arra$ansett In ians all this (hile stoo ro#n a!o#t, !#t aloo" "rom all an$er an le"t the (hole e*ec#tion to the 4n$lish@ p.1=J. '$ain (e see a ten ency to(ar s o)erlookin$ the $i)en si$ns o" a ci)ili+ation, p#ttin$ in "ront o" them the sel" interests, a)arice, an !loo l#st.

With Benjamin Franklin (e see more in epth the thinkin$ an c#stoms o" the In ians, e*posin$ the other point o" )ie( a lot more than the a#thors pre)io#sly isc#sse . 3e tells #s a!o#t the "#nction an place o" (omen an men alike in their societies, in (hich the (omen6s role (as more important than in Western c#lt#re. 3e also mentions the (ay in (hich the .ati)es sa( this 0cci ental c#lt#re, 0#r la!orio#s (ay o" li"e, compare (ith theirs, they esteem la)ish an !ase, an the learnin$, on (hich (e )al#e o#rsel)es, they re$ar as "ri)olo#s an #seless p.57;. Their jo! system epen e on the (hole comm#nity contri!#tin$ "or the collecti)e $ain instea o" the in i)i #al, their e #cation (as !ase on the s#r)i)al o" the in i)i #al thro#$h h#ntin$ or "armin$. Their political meetin$s an relations are also compare . The sa)a$es appeare to !e more ci)il, contemplati)e, or$ani+e an lo$ical in these meetin$s, (hereas the 4#ropeans are epicte as more chaotic, "iery, impatient, an #nor$ani+e . Their politeness an ci)ility is also e*alte . They co#l listen patiently to the 9hristian principles "rom missionaries, yet the missionaries i n6t respecte !ack their sacre stories. This is clearly e*presse in the response "rom the In ian to this reactionI >y !rother, it seems yo#r "rien s ha)e not one yo# j#stice in yo#r e #cation, they ha)e not (ell instr#cte yo# in the r#les o" common ci)ility. p. 571. The (ay o" recei)in$ stran$ers is also contraste , in (hich the .ati)es6 manners also come o#t )ictorio#s. The spirit o" trickin$ an a!#se is note on the 4#ropean si e, i" they co#l n6t $et money or other $oo s o#t o" the In ians they treate them (ith hostility an as animals.

In all o" the a#thors isc#sse here, there is (ritten proo" an e)i ence that there (as a type o" ci)ili+ation present in the 'mericas (hen the 4#ropeans arri)e . <es, it (as i""erent "rom the Western one, !#t in ee it (as ali)e an e)elope . The

prej# ices a$ainst the people in this continent (ere e)elope "rom i""erent thin$sI a)arice, !loo l#st, misinterpretation o" reli$io#s tho#$ht, *enopho!ic ten encies, an Kor the enhancin$ o" the national spirit. In e)ery case (e see ho( the 4#ropean min o)erlooke an enie the proo" o" the c#lt#re e*presse , j# $in$ the other as

sa)a$es an #nci)ili+e , an #sin$ this as an e*c#se to take a )anta$e o" them an #se them "or their personal interest. The (ays most commonly #se to accomplish these en s al(ays carrie a!#se an massacre in them. This (ay o" emoni+in$ the enemy, or the $ro#p to !e attacke , can !e translate an seen in mo ern times still. With this techni-#e, 3itler ha m#ch s#ccess in e*terminatin$ the Ae(s, an B#sh has ha $reat pop#lar an national appro)al in his (ar a$ainst terrorism. In concl#sion (e can see that the contrast ma e !et(een ci)ili+ation an !ar!arism al(ays hi e some hi en moti)es !ehin it, (hich in the majority o" the times incl# e omination, holoca#sts, an the stealin$ o" lan or $oo s. It has !een #se !y the people in po(er to oppress the lo(er or e*ternal $ro#ps, an mol all $ains in their "a)or.