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Question 1
A)
D = f E = B t B = 0 H = J f + D t [Define all symbols used ] D is the electric displacement field, also known as the electric flux density. f is the free volume charge density. E is the electric field. B is the magnetic flux density. H is the magnetising field and is also sometimes referred to simply as the magnetic field. J f is the free current density. the physical meaning behind each equation? 1) This is saying that charges are sources of the electric field. 2) Faradays law of induction something to do with induction. 3) There are no magnetic monopoles. 4) A current creates a circulating magnetic field, and that a changing electric field creates? a magnetic field?

B)
a) D = f , D = 0 E + P (0 E + P ) = f E = 1 (f P )
0

As P = b , then E = E = B t B = 0

D b) H = J f + , t

B H = M
0

B ( 0

D M ) = J f + t E B = 0 (J f + 0 t

+ P t + M )

As M = J b and P = 0 , then: -------(This is how I worked it out:) M = Jm ,

P t

b t

B = 0 ([J f + J p + J m ] + 0
E + 0 t

E t

b t

+ J p ])

= 0 (J 0) (By the equation of continuity) -------- B = 0 J + 0 0 E t [Make clear the difference between bound and free distributions, and how these are related to P & M?] >Pf are free charge density whereas Pb is bound charge density. Depending on the material, the charge is either bound or free. Eg. free in dielectrics, bound in metals. > P = b , so P relies only on Pb and not Pf, which is why in dielectrics, P=0 as all the charge densities are not bound. >[Not sure about this one, feel free to change] E As B = 0 (J f + 0 t + P t + M ) , P is related to M, and so from above, M is also varied depending on Pb, not Pf.

solution 2: D H = J f + , t
B ( 0

B H = M
0

M ) =

D J f + t E t )

B = 0 (J f + P t + M + 0 As M + P t = J b then: B = 0 (J f + J b + 0
E t )

B = 0 J + 0 0 E t , where J = J b + J f

c)
D = f

Ddv = f dv
v v

(divergence theorem )

 Dda = Qf
s

E = B t
s c

E da = Bt da
a

E dl =
a

B t da

(Stokes theorem)

B = 0

B da = 0
s

H = J f + D t

H dl = J f + D t da H dl = I f + D t da
c s c s

d)
i.
A E = V t

B = A ii. A = 0 iii. E = V
0

= 2 V

B = A = ( A) 2 A = 2 A (as A = 0 ) B = 0 J + E t So together: 2 A = 0 J 0 0 E t

e)
i. Linear -- E and D fields are proportional. Alternatively, E P ii. Isotropic -- All directions are symmetric, i.e. no direction is prefered over any other, so the direction of the electric (or magnetic) field will not affect the way the material responds. Anisotropic example: magnetic, graphite. Isotropic example:Empty space

Additionally (from wikipedia): A material is isotropic if its permeability and permittivity are uniform in all directions. iii. Homogeneous -- It is the same in space. I.e. translating it will not change how it responds. Example of inhomogeneous: ferromagnetic materials iv. Diamagnetism -- When an external magnetic field is place on a diamagnetic material current loops are formed in such a way that the net magnetic field induced by these loops opposes the original field in a way analogous to the Lenz-Faraday law. Example: Bismuth, carbon, copper, silver v. Paramagnetism -- The atoms or molecules making up the material have a net intrinsic magnetic moment exposed to a magnetic field, these line up and contribute to the magnetic field and creates an attraction. Example: Oxygen (liquid), tungsten, aluminium, lithium vi. The hysteresis curve occurs because when a ferromagnetic is placed in a magnetic field, the domains which are lined up with the field grow at the expense of others. When the external magnetic field is removed, the domain shrink a little but not back to the exact same state. An overall direction or preference remains. In order to get the ferromagnet back to its original state, an opposite magnetic field has to be applied (or rapidly alternating field.

Question 2 A)
In General:
1 V (r r r r

) = A , where
Ar2 4

= A (easily derived by moving across the r,

has the solution V (r ) =

+ C 1 log r + C 2

integrating, moving the second r, re-integrating). Now we have two cases, inside and outside the cylinder, and since it is a cylinder we only have radial dependencies so (r V ) 2 V = 1 r r r . Also, I will redefine the radius of the cylinder to be R . Inside r < r 2 V =
0

V (r ) = 4 + C 1 log r + C 2
0

r2

 E (r ) =
r2
0

r 2 0

C1 r

Hence: At the center ( r = 0 ), we cant have an infinite electric field, so C 1 = 0 . V in = 4 + C 2 Outside r > r 2 V = 0 As = 0 (or Laplaces equation) V (r ) = C 3 log r + C 4 Differentiating that to get the electric field, we have C E (r ) = r3 which is as expected. Hence: V out = C 3 log r + C 4

Boundary conditions Now it is just a matter of making the potential and electric fields continuous We first note that the charge density per unit length of the cylinder is = R2 . E in (R) = E out (R) V in = V out Therefore: V in = 4 + V out =
R 4 0
2 0

Thus at the boundary:

R2 4 0

R 2 0

C3 R

C 3 =
R2 4 0

R2 2 0 R2 4 0 (2 log R

+ C2 =

log R + C 4 C 4 C 2 =

1)

r2

R 2 2 0

log R
R 2 4 0

log r +

B)
With no charges, the electric field is zero everywhere. With a single charge Q, the image charges are:

The scalar potential is

V =

Q [1 40 r1

1 r2

1 r3

1 ] r4

where r i is the distance from the i th charge to P . Proving that it acts like a quadrupole (only 3 marks!?) You can consider them as a pair of dipoles, and the potential of a dipole is:

V = V =

1 pr 40 r2

If we consider only the x axis, then the dipole are:

Qd 1 [ 40 (r+b)2

Qd ] (rb)2

= ... =

4b 1 Qd r3 [ 40 12 b2 + b4
r2 r4

As b r , then can ignore b 2 /r 2 and higher order terms. Hence:

V =

the assignment...

Qdb 1 0 r3

, which decays faster than a dipole... but not as fast as the quadrupole from

C)
Inside the first cylinder, H = J f . Since we expect H to only depend on (and it is implied for the rest of this problem), and J = (0, 0, 1) , then:
1 (rH ) r r r = 1 H = 2 + C r

r 2

(since we want it to be zero at r=0)

Elsewhere, as there are no current, so we use the integral form:

1 H ds = I f ,enc H = 2 r

Therefore for the magnetic field, we have:

0 < r < r1 : H = r1 < r < r3 : H =

r 2 1 2 r

The magnetic inductance is related to the magnetic field by B = H . Therefore:

r 0 < r < r1 : B = 0r1 2 1 r1 < r < r2 : B = 0 2 r 1 r2 < r < r3 : B = 0r2 2 r

working two:
r 0 < r < r1 : H = 2

H d l = J f d A

H=

r2 1 (1) 2 r

r2 < r < r3 : H =

r2 1 2r

This will affect all of the other answers accordingly.

D)
For this we need to know the magnetisation, which can be derived easily from:

M = mH = (r 1)H
r 0 < r < r1 : M = 2 (r1 1)

r1 < r < r2 : M = 0 r2 < r < r3 : M =

1 ( 2 r r2

1)

. Hence all the The volume current is M and surface current is M n n in this case is r following are in the z direction:

1 (rM ) = r1 r r r1 < r < r3 : J b = 1 (rM ) = 0 r r r1 r1 : K b = 2 (r1 1) r2 : K b = 21r (1 r2) 2

0 < r < r1 : J b =

r3 : K b =

1 ( 2 r3 r2

1)

The inner cylinder is a ferromagnet whilst the outer cylinder whilst the outer cylinder is diamagnetic.

Question 3
A) F = q E + q v B
and so for magnetic induction, it is: F = q v B as q v = I dl, we can say that

F = dl B and comparing that with the original equation, we get the Biot-Savart Law. [add] ans. can be find in lecture note F8

B)
In cylindrical coordinate, it is equivalent to showing that:

A=

0 I [sinh1(L/r) 4

sinh1( L/r)]
I d l r

Use the fact that A =

o 4

and you should get (after substitutions)

dz

z2 +r2

, all

that is then needed is let z = r sinh(u ) , and the rest becomes very easy.
L z=L

A(r) =

0 4

Idl , A(r).z |l r|

0 I 4

dz 2 2 r L +z

0 I 4

z=L r1+sinh u
2

dz

dz , du = r cosh u

A(r).z =

0 I 4

z=L z=L

r cosh u du r cosh u

0 I [sinh1(z/r)]L+L 4

= answer

C)
I do not get this to converge, Im not sure if this makes sense. I guess that analogous to a wire of charge, the potential V log r and as r , V , so maybe A ought to do the same thing here.

Second working:

As B = A B = ( / r(Az )) as A only goes in the z direction, and has no theta or phi dependencies. Doing the derivative, with x 2 + y2 = r , gives that: 0 I B = 4 ( L2/r 2 + L2/r 2 ) L +r L +r 0 I L /r so B = 2 ( 2 2 ) L +r 0 I taking the limit as L goes to infinity gives 2 which is exactly what Amperes Law r gives us in two lines!

Question 4
a)
D H = J f + D t H = J f + t D ( H ) 2 H = J f + t D 2 H = J f + (most general form) t

The simpler form:

E B = 0 J F + 0 0 t

(when not in a material)

E ( B ) = 0 ( J F ) + 0 0 t

E ( B ) 2 B = 0 ( J F ) + 0 0 t B 2 B = 0 0 t 2 B 2 B = c12 t 2
2 2

B B = 0 and J f = 0 (as J f is a constant ) and E = t

b)
this is a start: magnetic monopole hypothetical particle in physics , an isolated magnet with only one pole. Gausss law of magnetism effectively states that there are no magnetic monopoles B =0 this will have to change to B = 4m with m as magnetic charge

Question 5
A)
F () =
1 F () = 2 eiax e2x + eiax e2x dx a a 1 F () = 2 e2 x( 2 ) + e2 x(+ 2 )dx 1 a a F () = 2 [( 2 ) + ( + 2 )]

cos(ax)e2x dx

B)
The rectangular function is even, therefore we expect only cosines (and constants)

C) F {rect(ax)} = D)
1 sin(/a ) |a | /a

E) i) q (x) = cos(x) with 1/2 x 1/2 , so you get two full cycles I think.
ii) (q (x)) = F * Gif F and GaretheF ourier transf ormsof f (x)and g (x)respectively [( 2) + ( + 2)] * sinc() so Q(k ) = 1 2 iii) iv)

Question 6
a)
[Not sure how to do, but I think it goes like this. Change/fill it up] Steps: i)Find Fourier transform ii)Get F(x) = sinc function iii)Not sure how to turn it into intensity, maybe it has something to do with that E functionn.

b)
Just turn it 90 degrees.

c)
Wider spacing of broad diffraction pattern. Large ring structure which is the diffraction pattern of a single small spot.

d)
See 2009 solutions. Translating only adds a phase factor and this does not lead to a change in intensity.

e)
Scattering from an array of slits will be stronger than from a single slit. Pattern diffracted at angle given by slit spacing.