BASIC SEISMIC PROCESSING DECONVOLUTION PART 06

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Purpose of Deconvolution

Deconvolution attempts to undo unwanted convolution processes applied to the seismic wavelet as it passes through the seismic system Ultimate purpose:
to extract the reflectivity series

Deconvolution improves temporal resolution by compressing the wavelet

This can include attenuation of multiples

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Convolutional Model of the Earth

Deconvolution makes some assumptions about the seismic system:

Vertically propagating downdown-going plane wave earth made of horizontal layers, constant V compression (P) wave at normal incidence, no shear waves Source signature does not change: stationarity

Despite the fact that non of these criteria are not satisfied, deconvolution is a remarkably robust process

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Principle of Superposition - 1

Reflection coefficient for a single boundary represented by a spike:

size indicates degree of impedance contrast can be positive or negative

Source wavelet replicates itself:

Reflection coefficient

Wavelet
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Result

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Principle of Superposition - 2

Earth reflectivity series is a series of reflection coefficients

Convolution of reflection coefficients with wavelet

* =
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Resolution

If reflections are closer (in time) than the wavelet length then interference occurs and these events cannot be uniquely identified

3 boundaries

How many boundaries

To properly identify all boundaries wavelet must be removed

Reverse the effect of the convolution Inverse Filter DECONVOLUTION
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Convolution in the Time Domain ...

The convolution of the reflectivity series with the source wavelet can be expressed as:
x(t) = w(t) * e(t) where: x is recorded trace e is reflectivity time series w is seismic wavelet (source signature in this model)

noise - free model

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Multiplication in the Frequency Domain

assume reflectivity is random amplitude spectra multiplied

Amplitude spectrum of wavelet

Amplitude spectrum of trace

X
Amplitude spectrum of reflectivity (white)

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Inverse Filtering

From
x(t) = w(t) * e(t)

to remove w (t)
derive operator g(t) such that g(t) * w(t) = spike g(t) is mathematical inverse of w(t) = w -1(t) Inverse filter = w -1(t)

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Deconvolution Types

Deconvolution falls into two main categories:

Statistical Deconvolution
Operators are derived statistically from the seismic data

Deterministic Deconvolution
Operators are derived from known or modelled functions

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Statistical Deconvolution: Application Cases

Wavelet estimated directly from the seismic data trace(s)

zerozero-lag spike ( spiking deconvolution ) spike at arbitrary lag time advanced form of the input (predictive) zerozero-phase any desired arbitrary shape (shaping)

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Spiking Deconvolution - 1

White Noise (pre-whitening)

constant added to zerozero-lag of autocorrelation prevents amplification of noise at edges of frequency spectrum

Autocorrelation of trace is that of the wavelet Assumes stationarity

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Spiking Deconvolution - 2
prewhitening amplitude amplitude

Wavelet

frequency

Operator

frequency

=
amplitude

Spiked output

frequency

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PrePre-Whitening - 1
Amplitude Spectrum - No White Noise
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 25 50 75 100 125
0 0 25 50 75 100 125 4 2 6 10 8 12

Inverse of Amplitude Spectrum - No White Noise

Amplitude Spectrum with White Noise

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 25

Inverse of Amplitude Spectrum with White Noise

50

75

100

125

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Effect of White Noise in Spiking Deconvolution

Added white noise (% of zero lag) No deconvolution

0.1

1.0

50.0

100.0 (Operator length 80ms)

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Effect of Operator Length in Spiking Deconvolution

Total Operator Length (ms) No deconvolution

40

80

160

(Prewhitening 1%)
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Operator Length - 1

Inspect autocorrelation of input trace Use first transient zone

Input Wavelet Autocorrelation

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Predictive Deconvolution - Principles - 1

Predictive deconvolution presupposes that if an event can be predicted, it can not be a primary - the reflection series we have already defined as being random, i.e. non-predictable aim to remove the predictable components
Unpredictable: Reflection Series Predictable: Reverberations
t 2t 3t

4t

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Predictive Deconvolution - Principles - 2

Two methods:
PREDICTION filter
Predicts time advanced form of input series Subtraction from input

PREDICTION ERROR filter

Convolve with input

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Effect of Gap in Predicitve Deconvolution

Total Operator Length Gap (ms) (ms) No deconvolution 80 0(4)

88

96

16

104

24

120 (Prewhitening 1%)

40
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MultiMulti-channel Deconvolution - 1

Calculate an operator from a group of traces

Preserves continuity Avoids deconvolving the geology signal well estimated but the noise is not well attenuated

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DECMC Example

spiking DECON

multi channel DECON

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Frequency Domain Deconvolution

Input Trace Compute Autocorrelation Compute W-L Operator Amplitude Spectrum Multiply Amplitude Spectrum Fourier Transform
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Fourier Transform Inverse Fourier Transform to get output trace

Phase Spectrum Add Phase Spectrum

Zero Phase Deconvolution

Input Trace Compute Autocorrelation Compute W-L Operator Amplitude Spectrum Multiply Amplitude Spectrum Fourier Transform
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Fourier Transform Inverse Fourier Transform to get output trace

Set Phase = 0 Add Phase Spectrum

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