MAY 2012 Vol. 34 No.

James K. Wight
ACI President 2012-2013

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Since 1980, ACI has tested over 350,000 concrete technicians, inspectors, supervisors, and craftsmen in 17 different certication programs. When you have a need for qualied concrete professionalsspecify ACI Certication.
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The Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory offers performance examinations for the ACI Concrete Strength Testing Technician and ACI Aggregate Testing Technician Level 1 certication programs. Upcoming tour locations are: May 2012 Iowa Louisiana Minnesota Missouri June 2012 Arkansas Iowa Louisiana Minnesota Missouri

Visit www.ACI Certication.org for:

Descriptions of ACI Certication Programs Includes program requirements and reference/ resource materials. Schedule of Upcoming/Testing Sessions Search by program and/or state. Directory of Certied Individuals Conrm an individuals certication and date of expiration.
Concrete international MAY 2012

To schedule your lab for CCRL inspection, and to arrange for performance testing, contact Jan Prowell at (301) 975-6704.

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1 Minimize rebar congestion with the superior anchorage and confinement of Headed Reinforcement. 2 Make sure the heads will not be missing when you really need them (extreme / accidental loads). 3 For strength AND ductility, specify HRC 555 (4A b head bearing area) or the larger HRC 100 Series (9Ab).

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MAY 2012 Vol. 34 No. 5

31

CONCRETE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS

30

Thermo-Chemo-Mechanical Cracking Assessment for Early-Age Mass Concrete Structures

A case study demonstrates that parallel processing allows modeling of massive and complex structures by Eduardo M.R. Fairbairn, Marcos M. Silvoso, Eddy A.B. Koenders, Fernando L.B. Ribeiro, and Romildo D. Toledo Filho

36

Preventive Maintenance and Sustainability of Concrete Infrastructure

Full assessment of the environmental effects of construction must include multiple impact categories by Odd E. Gjrv and Vemund N. rskog

41

Integrating Below-Grade Waterproong into Structural Details for Successful Building Performance: A Case Study

by Andrea B. Bono and Stephen T. Bono

ALSO FEATURING

21 26 28 46 49 68

ACIs New Ofcers for 2012

Wight, Rushing, and four new Directors elected

ACIs Award-Winning Papers and Articles

Honors handed out at the Spring convention

The Concrete Society 2011 Awards Anchor Channels Transfer High Loads

by Cullen A. Jones
Concrete Q&A

Concrete Training Aids in the Classroom

Removal of Rust Stains from Architectural Concrete

49
Concrete international maY 2012

May
28
Concrete international
Publisher John C. Glumb, CAE (John.Glumb@concrete.org) Editor-in-Chief Rex C. Donahey, PE, LEED AP (Rex.Donahey@concrete.org) engineering editor W. Agata Pyc (Agata.Pyc@concrete.org) MAnAging Editor Keith A. Tosolt (Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org) EditoriAl AssistAnt Kaitlyn J. Hinman (Kaitlyn.Hinman@concrete.org) Advertising Jeff Rhodes Network Media Partners, Inc. (jrhodes@networkmediapartners.com) PUBLISHING SERVICES MAnAger Barry M. Bergin Editors Carl R. Bischof (Senior Editor), Karen Czedik, Kelli R. Slayden, Denise E. Wolber GrAphic Designers Gail L. Tatum (Senior Designer), Susan K. Esper, Colleen E. Hunt, Ryan M. Jay Publishing AssistAnt Daniela A. Bedward
Copyright 2012 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the headquarters ofce: P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. Telephone: (248) 848-3700. Facsimile (FAX): (248) 848-3701. Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, Mich. 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, Mich., and at additional mailing offices. Concrete International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $161 per year (U.S. and possessions); $170 (elsewhere) payable in advance: single copy price is $26.00 for nonmembers, $19.00 for ACI members, both prepaid. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to, nor intended to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. Permission is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97 should be sent directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA. 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the express permission of the American Concrete Institute is prohib ited. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian GST #126213149RT

departments
7 Presidents Memo 10 Industry Focus 11 News 14 Educational Seminars 16 On the Move 18 Chapter Reports 54 Whats New
James K. Wight is the 89th President of the American Concrete Institute. He has been on the faculty of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI, since September 1973 and is currently the Frank E. Richart Jr. Collegiate Professor of Civil Engineering. Wights 1-year term began at the Spring 2012 convention in Dallas, TX. Biographies of ACIs new ofcers for 2012-2013 can be found starting on p. 21.

55 Products & Practice 58 Product Showcase 60 Calls for Papers 62 Meetings 63 Spanish Translation Synopses 64 Bookshelf 65 Membership Application 66 Bulletin Board 67 Public Discussion 67 Advertisers Index

AMericAn Concrete Institute

http://www.concrete.org Tel. (248) 848-3700 Fax. (248) 848-3150

MAY 2012 Concrete international

IN

Ci

American Concrete Institute

Board of Direction
Neal S. Anderson Khaled W. Awad Roger J. Becker Jeffrey W. Coleman Robert J. Frosch James R. Harris James K. Wight

PRESIDENT

DIRECTORS
Cecil L. Jones Steven H. Kosmatka David A. Lange Denis Mitchell Jack Moehle David H. Sanders

May 2012

hat was your most memorable training program or school course? I doubt it was taught by an instructor that simply fed you information. Rather, I suspect that the instructor interacted with you, piqued your curiosity, and thereby encouraged you to open the proverbial door, enter a new world, rummage about, and bring back the interesting objects for closer examination. The article on p. 49 is strong evidence that Cullen Jones, an Instructor of Civil Engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY, ts into the latter class. The article focuses on his use of physical models in his classroom, but it also exudes his enthusiasma joy of teachingthat could be contagious. See what you think. So, heres the interactive part: Do you have suggestions for teaching aids for the concrete industry? For example, perhaps you have suggestions on how to train workers about safety, efficiency, or quality; how to build models or thought experiments that help build visceral understanding of a topic; or descriptions of analogs for concrete phenomena (Im tempted to list some of Ken Hovers favorite analogs, but instead Ill simply recommend attending one of his presentations if you get the chance). In the conclusion to his article, Jones asks you to send him your ideas. While youre at it, copy me on your e-mailmy curiosity has been piqued. Rex C. Donahey

Luis E. Garca Florian G. Barth Kenneth C. Hover Anne M. Ellis

PAST PRESIDENT BOARD MEMbERS

VICE PRESIDENTS

William E. Rushing Jr.

EXECUTIvE VICE PRESIDENT

Ronald Burg

TECHNICAL ACTIvITIES COMMITTEE

David A. Lange Daniel W. Falconer Sergio M. Alcocer JoAnn P. Bowning Chiara F. Ferraris Catherine E. French Trey Hamilton Ronald J. Janowiak Kevin A. MacDonald Antonio Nanni Jan Olek Michael M. Sprinkel Pericles C. Stivaros Eldon G. Tipping
SECRETARY CHAIR

EDUCATIONAL ACTIvITIES COMMITTEE

David M. Suchorski Michael L. Tholen Alejandro Duran-Herrera Mary Beth Hueste Frances T. Griffith Tarek S. Kahn Kimberly E. Kurtis Thomas O. Malerk John J. Myers William D. Palmer Jr. Lawrence L. Sutter Lawrence H. Taber David W. Whitmore
STAFF LIAISON CHAIR

CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS COMMITTEE

George R. Wargo John W. Nehasil Khaled W. Awad Roger J. Becker Heather J. Brown Cesar A. Constantino Alejandro Duran-Herrera J. Mitchell Englestead Brian Green Frances T. Griffith Charles S. Hanskat Joe Hug Thomas O. Malerk Ed T. McGuire William D. Palmer Jr. John J. Schemmel Vinicio Suarez Eldon Tipping
STAFF LIAISON CHAIR

ACI STAFF

Executive Vice President: Ronald Burg (Ron.Burg@concrete.org) Senior Managing Director: John C. Glumb (John.Glumb@concrete.org) Certication and chapters:
John W. Nehasil, Managing Director (John.Nehasil@concrete.org)

Professional development:
Michael L. Tholen, Managing Director (Mike.Tholen@concrete.org)

Customer and member support:

Melinda G. Reynolds, Manager (Melinda.Reynolds@concrete.org)

Sales and membership:

Diane L. Baloh, Director (Diane.Baloh@concrete.org)

Engineering:

Daniel W. Falconer, Managing Director (Daniel.Falconer@concrete.org)

Strategic Development Council/ Marketing, sales, and industry relations:

Douglas J. Sordyl, Managing Director (Douglas.Sordyl@concrete.org)

Finance and administration:

Donna G. Halstead, Managing Director (Donna.Halstead@concrete.org) Rene J. Lewis, Director (Renee.Lewis@concrete.org)

Sustainability:

Publishing and event services:

Kevin P. Mlutkowski, Director (Kevin.Mlutkowski@concrete.org)

SUSTAINING MEMbERS
See pages 8-9 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members. To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI Web site at www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm.

Concrete international maY 2012

We make your brilliant ideas concrete.

Making it real, thats what its all about. We helped architect Thom Maynes designs for the Perot Museum come to life with reliable, consistent cementitious materials that created the focal point of this structures unique exterior, the custom textured precast panels. Our cements help support the projects performance and sustainability requirements. Lets talk about what youre building next, because making it real starts with making it right.
The Perot Museum of Nature & ScienceDallas, Texas opening early 2013

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www.holcim.us

Perfecting Progress

Presidents

Memo
Continuing to Grow and Evolve
want to express my thanks for the honor and privilege to serve as ACI President. Its truly humbling as I look back at the list of distinguished ACI Presidents who have preceded me. With your help, I hope to maintain the level of commitment and dedicated service they have established for this office. To introduce myself, I will tell you about my own growth and evolution James K. Wight, within ACI and then make a ACI President few statements regarding my objectives for the growth and evolution of ACI. My involvement with ACI started as a Graduate Student at the University of Illinois. I took concrete design classes from Chet Siess and did earthquake-resistant design research with Mete Sozen. At their urging, I became an ACI member and soon observed their passion and commitment to ACI through their contributions as leaders within several technical committees. After I graduated and started my academic career at the University of Michigan, I didnt attend the ACI Fall 1973 Convention in Quebec City. Mete Sozen did attend, and when he returned home, he called me with a simple question, Where were you? Needless to say, Ive missed very few meetings in the intervening 39 years. When I started regularly attending ACI conventions, I sat in on a variety of technical committee meetings and found myself across the table from the giants of the concrete industry. I was shocked at how quickly they welcomed me into their group with friendship and respect for my opinions. I was further surprised by the depth of research and professionalism they brought with them as they passionately engaged in technical arguments. As I worked with these volunteer professionals, I went through a great period of personal growth and evolution as we strived together to write committee reports that reected the current technical consensus and also had the editorial quality to pass the scrutiny of the ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC). After 6 successful years as a technical committee Chair, I was asked to join TAC, where I experienced further education and growth because the TAC membership represents a broad range of concrete professionals who look

at technical issues from a variety of perspectives. While I was on TAC, I also had a chance to serve with ve future ACI Presidents (Dean Stephen, Dick White, Jim Pierce, Bob Mast, and Terry Holland), and I could add a sixth for the one meeting I overlapped with Dave Darwin. I later became the Chair of TAC and served on the Board of Direction, where I was introduced to the full breadth of ACI activities, including all of the business operations, education activities, and our growing international presence. After leaving TAC, I served on the 318 Building Code Committee and eventually chaired that committee for the 2005 and 2008 editions of the Code. During my service on TAC, Committee 318, and the Board, I became very aware of the depth and range of support provided by the ACI staff that complements and enhances the work of the volunteer members. As my growth and evolution continue through my Presidential year, I will attempt to make sure that all of you are aware of the many opportunities ACI provides its members and to highlight some of the key activities ACI is involved in globally. One of my major objectives will be highlighting many of the educational products and benets that are available to you as ACI members. There is a rapidly expanding set of offerings available, thanks to the hard work of the Educational Activities Committee and various members of the ACI staff. Sustainability is a major theme on every continent, and ACI strives to create partnerships and cooperative agreements with concrete organizations around the world to share concrete technology that will make the concrete construction industry as environmentally friendly and sustainable as possible. To achieve this objective, a properly trained and certied workforce is necessary. Thus, a related objective of ACI is to work with concrete organizations of all sizes to deliver high-quality technician certication programs that will train the key personnel required to construct a sustainable and resilient concrete infrastructure. A nal ACI objective is to communicate all of this information to the membership in an efficient and unobtrusive manner. I look forward to my continued personal growth this year, as well as the services I can provide to you as your ACI President.

James K. Wight
Concrete international MAY 2012

are the foundation of our success.

To provide additional exposure to ACI Sustaining Members, Concrete International includes a 1/3-page member profile and a listing of all Sustaining Member organizations. All Sustaining Members receive the 1/3-page profile section on a rotating basis. ACS Manufacturing Corporation Ash Grove Cement Company Ashford Formula Baker Concrete Construction, Inc. Barrier-1 Inc. BASF Corporation BCS Buzzi Unicem USA Cantera Concrete Company CECO Concrete Construction Changzhou Jianlian Reinforcing Bar Conjunction Co., Ltd. ChrYso, Inc. Commercial Contracting Corporation Concrete Engineering Specialists Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute CTLGroup Dayton Superior The Euclid Chemical Co. Fibercon International, Inc. Francis Harvey & Sons Inc. Future Tech Consultants W.R. Grace & Co. Headwaters Resources, Inc. Holcim (US) Inc. Keystone Structural Concrete, LLC Kleinfelder Lafarge North America Lehigh Cement Co. Lithko Contracting, Inc. Meadow Burke W. R. Meadows, Inc. Metromont Corporation Mintz Levin Municipal Testing Operating Engineers Training Trust Oztec Industries, Inc. Penetron International Ltd. PGESCo Portland Cement Association Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Schmitt Technical Services, Inc. Sika Corp. S.K. Ghosh Associates, Inc. STRUCTURAL Structural Services, Inc. Triad Engineering, Inc. TWC Concrete Services Urban Concrete Contractors Ltd. Wacker Neuson Westroc, Inc.
ACS Manufacturing Corporation has been manufacturing and supplying concrete admixtures since 1979. Among the big projects supplied are the Magat Multipurpose Hydroelectric Dam in Isabela, Philippines, with a volume of 1 million m3, and the San Roque Hydroelectric Dam in Pangasinan, Philippines, with a volume of 480,000 m3. Our customers are mostly ready mixed concrete companies and contractors, and we are the market leader in the Philippines. ACS offers a complete line of concrete admixtures based on polynapthalene sulfonate for low-tomedium-strength concrete and polycarboxylate for high-strength concrete. As a service to our customers, we provide storage tanks and dispensers free of charge. Our technicians do the installation and regular follow-up servicing of dispensers to ensure smooth and efficient operation. Our services are free of charge. We also do trial mix free of charge as needed by our customers. For more information about ACS Manufacturing Corporation, please visit www.acs-manufacturing.com/ admix/or call: +63-2-6383414.

To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our Web site at www.concrete.org/members/mem_sustaining.htm

Celebrating 130 years of operations in 2012, the Ash Grove Cement Company (www.ashgrove.com) has distinguished itself in the cement industry with a strong and longstanding tradition of service, reliability and quality. As the largest Americanowned cement company, Ash Grove has the capacity to produce more than 8 million tons of cement annually from eight cement plants located across the country and to distribute through more than 20 cement terminals, ready-mixed concrete, aggregates, packaged products and paving operations. The Sunderland family has led the privately-held Ash Grove Cement Company for four generations. The companys commitment to environmental stewardship, social responsibility and economic prosperity are at the core of the company leaders values. Ash Grove has strong ties to the communities in which it operates. For more information about Ash Grove, visit www.ashgrove.com or call 800-545-1882.

Structural Services, Inc. was established in 1988 to provide a full range of concrete consulting services for on-ground, suspended floor and pavement construction. For over 20 years, our firm has pioneered the development of new placing, finishing, and monitoring procedures which make construction of superior on-ground and suspended slabs both possible and practical. As a consultant in the area of concrete construction, our Team works with owners, designers, general contractors, concrete contractors, ready mix and material suppliers throughout the World. Defining excellence, overcoming obstacles, and delivering solutions is the SSI credo. Consulting Services: Preconstruction, construction, post-construction, educational seminars, forensic / expert witness assignments, and concrete colleges. SSI Team: Eldon Tipping, President Pat Harrison, Vice President Jerry Holland, Vice President Rick Smith, Vice President Bob Simonelli, Partner Wayne Walker, Partner Associates: Denny Bartz, Joel Burgess, Joelie Lattimer, and Blaine Nye Tressie Escamilla, Office Mgr. Adm Asst: Gabe Mitsdarffer, Jodi Trevino For more information about Structural Services, Inc., please visit their Web site at www.ssiteam.com.

Grace Construction Products (www.graceconstruction.com) is a global leader in developing and marketing products for the construction industry. Grace is a provider of technically superior concrete admixtures, fibers, surface treatments, and liquid pigments that make concrete stronger, longer-lasting, crack resistant, aesthetically pleasing, and cost-efficient. The company also manufactures cement-processing additives; concrete masonry products; air and vapor barriers; roofing underlayments; self-adhered window, door, and deck flashings; structural waterproofing systems; and fire protection products. Grace is known for innovation in product development and technology as well as world-class technical services, facilities, and staff. Graces quality construction materials can be found in nearly every major project around the globe, from the White House to the Pentagon, the Library of Congress to the Smithsonian, the London Underground to the Bank of China in Hong Kong, and the infrastructures of the Middle East and Eastern Europe. To learn more about Grace Construction Products, please visit their Web site at www.graceconstruction.com.

Industry

Focus
CarbonCast High Performance Insulated Wall Panels and CarbonCast Double Tees, from AltusGroup precasters, received the 2011 Product Innovation Awards from Architectural Products magazine. Both products feature C-GRID carbon fiber reinforcement. Judges of the awards noted the products ability to speed construction and increase the quality of construction. Since its release in 2003, CarbonCast technology has also been honored with the R+D Award from ARCHITECT magazine and included in Buildings magazines Top 100 Products.

CarbonCast Receives Product Innovation Awards

the Concrete Industry Board (CIB) for TEN23, a luxury rental development. The project is a 12-story residential tower featuring a faade of translucent glass set within an ornamental cast-in-place concrete frame. The judging for the merit awards is based on integration with the architectural and engineering design, general construction, and specific workmanship, as they are respectively applied to the winning TEN23 project.

Leica Enters Educational Partnership

Contractor Reaches CSDAs Highest Certication Level

Atlantic Concrete Cutting, Inc. , of Mount Holly, NJ, became the first contractor to reach Level 3 of the Concrete Sawing & Drilling Associations (CSDA) Company Certification Program. This three-tier program, the first of its kind in the industry, was created for cutting contractors to provide owners, architects, engineers, contractors, and government officials with a valuable prequalification tool that acknowledges sound business practices. Atlantic Concrete Cutting was founded in 1991 and today serves several states in the northeast U.S. Level 3 certification shows that the company has a total quality management system in place and is committed to a high standard of safety and training.

Leica Geosystems has entered a multifaceted partnership with Northwest Iowa Community College , Sheldon, IA, in which Leica has donated a PowerGrade 3D machine control system for use in the schools Heavy Equipment Program. The goal of the partnership is to give students the opportunity to develop experience with machine control technology before they enter the job market. Leica will also be exploring ways to use the college as a testing ground for new products as well as a training site for Leica employees and customers. repurposedMATERIALS focuses on the reuse of various products, as opposed to simply recycling. The company started with used vinyl banners from billboards, which can be reused as ground covering and protection for freshly placed concrete slabs. They have since expanded to a wide variety of materials, including used conveyor belting, which can be reused as flexible formwork, and snow fence wood, which can be reused in forms and other general uses. For more information about the company and its products, visit the Web site at www. repurposedmaterialsinc.com .

repurposedMATERIALS

Bekaert is the first steel fiber manufacturer to receive certification from the International Code Council Evaluation Service (ICC-ES) for use of Dramix steel fibers in concrete footings, slabs on ground, and other elements designed according to ACI 318, Chapter 22. Dramix was evaluated according to ICC-ES AC208, Acceptance Criteria for Steel Fibers in Concrete, for compliance with the International Building Code and International Residential Code. Meeting these criteria allows Dramix steel fibers to replace shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in structural plain concrete elements.

Bekaert Achieves ICC-ES Certication

ARXX reFIT Named in Best Home Products List

GKV Architects Wins CIB Award of Merit

Gerner Kronick + Valcarcel Architects, PC (GKV), New York, NY, received an Award of Merit from
MAY 2012 Concrete international

ARXX reFIT was included by This Old House magazine in its Top 100 Best New Home Products of 2011. For the inaugural Top 100, the editors of This Old House selected unique products that improve the lives of readers, such as saving time or money. reFIT was selected for its ease of installation and energy-efficient qualities. reFIT uses the technology of the ARXX Edge insulating concrete form product line to design a system for finishing and insulating basements and interior spaces.

10

News
International Workshop on Formwork Pressures and Self-Consolidating Concrete
During the last week of May, researchers from around the world will participate in a workshop to evaluate and compare models for predicting formwork pressure generated by self-consolidating concrete (SCC). The workshop, organized by RILEM Technical Committee (TC) 233-FPC, Formwork Pressure Generated by Fresh Concrete, will include a series of round-robin tests of SCC mixtures. Researchers will evaluate thixotropic and other mixture properties, measure pressures generated in full-scale concrete forms, and compare measured values against pressures predicted using various models that have been developed over the past decade. The unique feature of the test program is that it will bring together the developers of these predictive models to work side by side, using the same materials. The workshop will be held at the facilities of CBI Betonginstitutet, the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, in Stockholm, Sweden, between May 28 and June 1. Since the participating researchers are leaders in the eld of SCC, the program organizers have arranged for the workshop to conclude with a full-day seminar on June 1. The seminar will include lectures covering topics such as rheology of fresh concrete, factors inuencing the rheology of SCC, mechanisms and measurement methods for the at-rest structural behavior of SCC, and relevant information relative to formwork pressures. Coverage of formwork pressure will include discussions of historical perspectives, governing mechanisms, measurement techniques, and predictive models. The seminar lecturers include Kamal Khayat, Missouri S&T, Rolla, MO, U.S.; David Lange, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, U.S.; John Gardner, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Soane Amziane, Polytech Clermont-Ferrand, Aubire, France; Tilo Proske, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; TC 233-FPC Chair Peter Billberg, CBI, Stockholm, Sweden; and TC 233-FPC Secretary, Nicolas Roussel, IFSTTAR, Paris, France. This seminar is an excellent opportunity for anyone in the concrete eld, including students, practitioners, and researchers, to meet and learn from the worlds leading experts on this industry critical technology. For more information and to register, visit www.cbi.se/scc-seminar. Design Awards competition is May 21, 2012. All winning projects will be highlighted at the 2012 PCI Convention and National Bridge Conference and featured in the PCI Journal, Aspire, and Ascent magazines. Entries are accepted in two primary categories: buildings and transportation structures. Within each primary category there are several subcategories. In addition, special awards will be given for industry advancement, sustainable design, and the best all-precast concrete structure or solution. Any structure in the U.S., Canada, or Mexico completed within the last 3 years that was substantially constructed using precast concrete manufactured in a PCI-certied or CPCI-certied plant is eligible. Winners will be announced in July 2012. For submission guidelines, visit www.pcidesignawards.org/2012intro. The National Steering Committee (NSC) for the Concrete Industry Management (CIM) Program raised more than $617,750 in gross revenue at its seventh annual auction, held in conjunction with World of Concrete on January 25, 2012. The National Steering Committee of the Concrete Industry Management Program is pleased to report that the 2012 World of Concrete Auction surpassed last years total proceeds by more than $100,000 and exceeded the previous record by $50,000, commented Eugene Martineau, Executive Director of NSC. This is yet another example of the high value the concrete industry places on the CIM Program. The NSC appreciates the record number of 155 donated items and all the bidders that helped make this years auction a huge success. The signature item this year was a Mack Truck, Model GU813, equipped with a McNeilus 11 yd3 concrete mixer and donated by Mack Trucks, Inc. and McNeilus Co., a Division of Oshkosh Truck. The winning bidder of the mixer truck was Danny Rodgers, President of MMC Materials, Inc., an operating company of Dunn Investment Company.

Record-Breaking Auction for CIM

TCA to Update Wind Bracing Guideline

PCI Design Awards Program Marks 50 Years of Excellence

Throughout its 50-year history, the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Design Awards Program has helped the design and construction community innovate and advance by showcasing ideas that improve upon existing concepts. The deadline for entries in the PCI 2012

The Tilt-Up Concrete Association (TCA) is now reviewing Guideline for Temporary Wind Bracing of Tilt-Up Concrete Panels during Construction, which was rst released in 1994 and then updated in 1998 and 2005. Since 2005, the use of ground anchoring systems (sometimes referred to as helical anchors) has become more prevalent in the tilt-up industry as a cost-effective solution for bracing panels. TCA recognized the need for an updated guideline to include discussion of proper uses and specication of such ground anchoring systems.
Concrete international MAY 2012

11

News
Additionally, the updated guideline will improve the methodology for evaluating the proper oor slab thickness for brace anchorage. While the previous guidelines provided a formula for determining the thickness of the oor slab, the new guideline will further explore the shear and exural stresses imposed on the slab-on-ground when used as the brace anchorage. The guideline will also be updated to reect the requirements of the most current ASCE 7 document, which is ASCE 7-10. This effort will be led by Scott Collins, Assistant Chief Engineer at Meadow Burke, and Richard Lindstrom, Director of Engineering at Dayton Superior. The update is expected to be published later this year.

Grouting Fundamentals and Current Practice

The Colorado School of Mines is hosting the 33rd annual short course on Grouting Fundamentals and Current Practice on June 18-22, 2012, in Golden, CO. This course covers injection grouting as a method to improve soil settlement and strength characteristics and decrease permeability of soil and rock masses. Major topics covered include properties of cementitious and chemical grouts, procedures for cement and chemical grouting, eld monitoring and verication, grouting rock under dams, grouting of rock anchors and micropiles, jet grouting, slab jacking, structural grouting, and grouting for underground structures. The curriculum includes a eld demonstration of compaction and permeation grouting, ow of ultrane cement, grout mixing, use of cellular concrete in annular grouting, overburden drilling, grouting of rock anchors, and use of packers. Register at http://csmspace.com/events/grouting. The Portland Cement Association (PCA) received two silver awards in the Association TRENDS 2011 All-Media Contest. PCA was recognized in the Promotional Items category for its World of Concrete booth T-shirt giveaway that further built awareness for the Think Harder.Concrete imaging and branding program. PCA also received an award in the Annual Report category for State of the Industry 2011. The TRENDS All Media Contest is an annual competition recognizing the most creative and effective communication vehicles developed by associations during the previous year. The 2011 competition included more than 450 entries in 22 categories of association communications. PCA was honored at the 33rd Annual Salute to Association Excellence, February 10, 2012, at the Capital Hilton in Washington, DC.
MAY 2012 Concrete international

From left: Aris Papadopoulos, Catherine Tehan, Dennis Schrader, and ACI Past President Florian Barth, discussed resilience and sustainability in the concrete industry at the Concrete JSI meeting in Washington, DC

Concrete Industry Resilience and Sustainability Discussed

PCAs Promotional Program Wins Awards

The Concrete Joint Sustainability Initiative (Concrete JSI) held a meeting in mid-December 2011 in Washington, DC, with representatives from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) to discuss the concept of resilient construction and how it can be integrated into building design. Dennis Schrader, Vice Chair of ASCEs Committee for Critical Infrastructure, and Catherine Tehan, Critical Infrastructure Manager at ASCE, pointed out that ASCE considers resilience as the capability to mitigate against signicant all-hazards risks and incidents and to expeditiously recover and reconstitute critical services with minimum damage to public safety and health, the economy, and national security. They also noted that incorporating this principle into design practice will result in buildings better equipped to withstand extreme disaster. As we have seen in recent years, the frequency and severity of natural disasters has severely impacted the worlds people, buildings, and infrastructure, said Aris Papadopoulos, Chair of Concrete JSI. We are in need now more than everof strong, resilient, sustainable structures to protect people and ensure noninterruption of essential services following disasters. Members of the Concrete Joint Sustainability Initiative recognize that concrete structures can accomplish that goal, and we are accelerating our efforts to protect people and the environment. Learn more about Concrete JSI at www.sustainable concrete.org.

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News
New Program to Expand Use of LIDAR Sensing Technology

Researchers at Oregon State University (OSU) have developed a new system that will enable highway construction engineers in the eld to immediately analyze soil movements caused by active landslides and erosion and use the powerful tool of LIDAR which stands for light detecting and rangingto better assess and deal with them. The new computer program, announced last year by OSU engineers at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America, is already being used to study soil movements at several landslides or trouble spots on the Oregon coast. The software promises to improve the use of LIDAR in the eld, quickly and efficiently, by trained engineers. The program was developed by Michael Olsen, a LIDAR expert and an Assistant Professor of civil and construction engineering at OSU, and a team of several students including Shawn Butcher, Alfred Flammang, Rebecca Pankow, and Andrew Johnson. The work was supported by the Oregon Transportation and Research Education and Consortium and the Oregon Department of Transportation Research Division. When youre in the eld dealing with a landslide or moving soils, its costly and time-consuming to have to take data back to the office for analysis, Olsen said. The technology were developing should provide critical data to help solve problems right in the eld, improve construction quality and efficiency, and ultimately reduce costs and improve safety. LIDAR is being used in both aerial and terrestrial scanning, offering laser images and measurements that can seemingly strip away vegetation and structures, view changes in landforms as they happen, and create a permanent record of how land looked at a particular

A sample LIDAR image

moment in timeincluding right after a natural disaster. Some of the most innovative work were doing right now is with earthquake and tsunami reconnaissance, Olsen said. We were able to go into places like American Samoa, Chile, and Japan after the recent tsunamis, for instance, and record data that would quickly be lost from repair and reconstruction efforts, he added. Work in several areas is rapidly expanding the use of LIDAR: Erosion and collapse of unstable sea cliffs on the West Coast of the U.S. threatens existing development and public safety, and LIDAR can help identify the causes, processes involved, and areas of greatest risk. LIDAR is now being used by researchers at the University of California-San Diego to study disappearing beach sand supplies, which in Southern California is costing hundreds of millions of dollars a year for articial beach replenishment. LIDAR has become a primary tool to identify unknown or little-studied earthquake faults, including one recently discovered on Oregons Mount Hood by geologists at the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. This technology is helping scientists better understand forces such as liquefaction, lateral spreading, erosion, and other forms of ground failure following major earthquakes. In Oregon, OSU and state agency experts are combining the use of LIDAR and other analytic tools to identify work that needs to be done

in lifeline corridorsthe key roads between coastal areas and the Willamette Valley that will be disrupted by an expected subduction zone earthquake. Much of the OSU research on LIDAR technology is directed toward improving the software to meet the demands of these emerging applications and allowing it to be used by trained professionals, not just expert scientists.

DAMS, WATER RESOURCES AND POWER GENERATING SECTORS

Roller Compacted Concrete & Mass Concrete Conventional Concretes Grout & Soil Testing Thermal Studies Ion Penetration (ASTM 1202)

Specializing in the Following Industries:

Specializing in Remote Testing & Inspection

www.falllinetesting.com

Concrete international MAY 2012

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2012 ACI Educational Seminars

seminars at-a-glance
For more information on ACI seminars, visit www.concreteseminars.com

ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code

One-day seminar for structural engineers, speciers, building ofcials, contractors, architects, and inspectors interested in keeping up with the latest information in concrete design and construction. The American Concrete Institute (ACI) has just published the latest edition of ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. This seminar, which is cosponsored by ACI and the Portland Cement Association (PCA), will cover all the major changes in this new edition of the Code. A major portion of the revisions are related to the addition of adhesive anchors in ACI 318 for the rst time. In addition to the new anchor design requirements, the seminar will cover adhesive anchor evaluation requirements and new provisions requiring certication of the anchor installer under certain circumstances. Changes to reinforcing steel detailing requirements, allowable grades, and coating types will also be covered.
Important topics, such as detailing for structural integrity and designing using the latest in strut-and-tie modeling, will be presented and discussed.

publications include: ACI 301, ACI 302.1R, ACI 303R, ACI 303.1, ACI 308R, ACI 309.2R, and seminar lecture notes.

Concrete Repair Basics

One-day seminar for engineers, repair contractors, material suppliers, maintenance personnel, and public works engineers. Attendees will learn the best methods and materials for economical and effective concrete repairs. The seminar will cover causes and evaluation of problems in deteriorating concrete, repair techniques, repair materials, cracks and joints, protection systems, overlays, and specications for structures. Complimentary publications include ACI 201.1R, ACI 224.1R, ACI 364.1R, ACI 437R, ACI 546R, and seminar lecture notes.

Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
One-day seminar for designers, speciers, architects, engineers, contractors, building owners, and government agencies. Participants will learn about setting expectations for serviceability; sustainability; engineering considerations, loads, soil support systems, and low-shrinkage concrete mixtures with good nishability; minimizing problems with curling, shrinkage, joints, and surface tolerances; placing and nishing equipment; thickness design; designing for shrinkage, joints, details, and reinforcing; curing; surface treatments including polishing; requirements for plans and specications; preconstruction meetings; and problem recognition and remediation. Complimentary publications include: ACI 302.1R-04, ACI 302.2R-06, ACI 360R-10, industry-related articles, and seminar lecture notes.

Troubleshooting Concrete Construction

One-day seminar for contractors, design engineers, speciers, government agencies, and material suppliers. This seminar will provide attendees with solutions to problems with concrete. The seminar will cover placing reinforcement, preventing most cracks, making functional construction joints, vibrating concrete properly, detecting delaminations, and identifying causes of deteriorating concrete. Complimentary
CONTINUING EDUcATION CReDIT

Seminar attendees will receive 0.75 Continuing Education Units (CEUs) worth 7.5 Professional Development Hours (PDHs) for each day of the seminar. Professional engineers can convert CEUs to PDHs to fulfill their continuing education requirements. ACI is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects and several state licensing boards.

seminar dates and locations

Please check seminar location and date Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
MAS Boston, MAMay 2, 2012 INS Indianapolis, INMay 16, 2012 GAS Atlanta, GAMay 23, 2012 MDS Baltimore, MDJune 6, 2012 ORS Portland, ORJune 13, 2012 (SLA2) (TRO2)

For additional dates and locations or more information on ACI seminars, visit www.concreteseminars.com Dates are subject to change.

Concrete Repair Basics

(REP2) PAS Philadelphia, PAJune 14, 2012 (3182)

ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code

FLS UTS KSS CAS TXS NYS Ft. Myers, FLMay 1, 2012 Salt Lake City, UTMay 9, 2012 Kansas City, KSMay 23, 2012 San Diego, CAMay 31, 2012 San Antonio, TXJune 12, 2012 Albany, NYJune 14, 2012

Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
COS Denver, COMay 8, 2012 NCS Charlotte, NCMay 15, 2012 WIS Milwaukee, WIJune 5, 2012

refund policy
Substitutions are accepted at any time. If your substitute qualies at a different registration fee, a credit or surcharge may apply. If you cannot attend the seminar, please notify the ACI Seminar Registrar at 248-848-3815 immediately. If you notify us 7 or more working days before the seminar, we will refund your registration fee. If you notify us that you cannot attend within 3 to 6 working days before the seminar, we will issue you an ACI credit for the full amount of your registration fee that you may redeem for any future ACI seminar, product, or service. If you notify us that you cannot attend less than 3 working days before the seminar date, we will issue you an ACI credit minus a $75 administrative fee. Conrmed participants who do not attend are liable for the entire fee unless we are notied in advance of the seminar date that you cannot attend. If ACI cancels a seminar due to insufcient enrollment, your registration fee will be refunded. ACI is not responsible for any incidental or consequential damages such as nonrefundable airfare.

fees and sign-up

One-day seminar $597 $457 $125

Nonmember Registration Fee ACI National Member Registration Fee Full-Time Student

Registrations from nonmembers (except government agencies within the U.S.) must be accompanied by full payment or charged to VISA, MasterCard, or American Express. To qualify for the discounted ACI National Members Seminar Fee, please provide your ACI Member number next to your name. Discounted student seminar fee is only for full-time students. Include current proof of enrollment with your registration. Name Title Company Address 2 Address 1 City, State, Zip ACI Member No.:

Registration Fee:

Phone payment I am paying by check (payable to ACI)

Fax

E-mail

register today web: www.concreteseminars.com mail: American Concrete Institute Member Services P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094

Please charge to my ACI member account

Current ACI national members only. Registration from all others must be accompanied by full payment, charged to a credit card, or reserved by government or company purchase order (ACI federal ID# is 38-0296490). All payments must be in U.S. funds and issued from a U.S. bank.

Please charge to: (circle one)

VISA

MasterCard

American Express

fax: 248-848-3801 (24 hours a day) phone: Member Services 248-848-3815 8 a.m.-5 p.m. ET I have a disability and may require accommodation in order to fully participate in the seminar.

Signature:______________________________________________________________ Expiration Date:_________________________________________________________ Account Number:________________________________________________________

On the

Move
Allan P. Paczewski was named a Regional Sales Representative for Nitterhouse Concrete Products, Inc. Paczewski brings 30 years of experience in precast concrete products and building systems to this position, where he will provide services to clients in Virginia and Washington, DC. His services include personal consultation with developers, designers, and other construction professionals in the design of precast and prestressed concrete structures, as well as providing direction and recommendations in the application of precast and prestressed products. CTLGroup appointed ACI member Richard T. Kaczkowski as Manager of the rms Structural Engineering & Mechanics Group. Kaczkowski works with the rms engineers, scientists, architects, and technical specialists to address company construction issues for clients. He has over 26 years of experience in areas including construction problem investigation, forensic engineering, building repair design, and construction product development. He has also specialized in building exterior envelope systems; failure investigations; and steel, timber, and concrete design. He is also a member of the rms Litigation & Insurance and Buildings & Facilities Practice Groups. Gregory E. DiLoreto was named President-Elect of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and will begin his presidency in the fall of this year. DiLoreto is the Chief Executive Officer of the Tualatin Valley Water District in Portland, OR, which serves more than 200,000 customers. Prior to his current position, DiLoreto was Director of the Department of Environmental Services in Gresham, OR. He is also Chair of ASCEs Committee on Geographic Units and has held various Board positions, including President, of the Oregon Section of ASCE. He received his bachelors degree in civil engineering from Oregon State University and his masters degree in public administration from Portland State University.
Paczewski DiLoreto

Honors and Awards

Several ACI members were honored in the Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)s 2011 Journal Awards, given to the authors of outstanding papers published in the PCI Journal during the previous 12 months. The Martin P. Korn Award, recognizing the paper that offers the greatest contribution to the advancement of precast and prestressed concrete in the area of design and research, was given to Westin T. Joy, Civil Engineer with the Materials Engineering and Research Laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Charles W. Dolan,
MAY 2012 Concrete international

the H. T. Person Professor of Engineering at the University of Wyoming; and Donald F. Meinheit, an Affiliated Consultant with Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., for their paper, Concrete Capacity Design of Cazaly Hangers in Shallow Members, in the Fall 2010 issue of the PCI Journal. The Robert J. Lyman Award, honoring the paper that offers the greatest contribution in the area of plant production, site erection, or general construction using precast and prestressed concrete, was presented to Michael P. Culmo, Vice President of Transportation and Structures with CME, and Rita L. Seraderian, Executive Director of PCI Northeast, for their paper, Development of the Northeast Extreme Tee (NEXT) Beam for Accelerated Bridge Construction, in the Summer 2010 issue of the PCI Journal. The George D. Nasser Award, recognizing a meritorious paper by authors under 40 years old, went to Robin G. Tuchscherer, Project Engineer at Datum Engineers, Inc.; David B. Birrcher, Bridge Designer at International Bridge Technologies, Inc.; and Oguzhan Bayrak, Associate Professor of civil, architectural, and environmental engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, for their paper, Strut-and-Tie Model Design Provisions, in the Winter 2011 issue of the PCI Journal. The Charles C. Zollman Award, recognizing papers that advance the general understanding and knowledge of precast and prestressed concrete by bringing together all available knowledge of a specic topic in a single report, was given to Stephen J. Seguirant, Vice President and Director of Engineering for Concrete Technology Corp.; Richard Brice, Bridge Software Engineer for the Bridge and Structures Office at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT); and Bijan Khaleghi, Bridge Design Engineer for WSDOT, for their paper, Making Sense of Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Requirements for Reinforced Concrete Members, in the Summer 2010 issue of the PCI Journal.

16

Cracked & Uncracked

CONCRETE
ICC-ES

IBC

2009

ESR-3037

Strong-Bolt 2

The ONLY 38" wedge anchor for both 3 14"-thick concrete and concrete on metal deck.

Sometimes sequels are even better than the original. The new Strong-Bolt 2 wedge anchor features a redesigned tri-segmented clip made of a special high-strength alloy that enables it to outperform many other cracked-concrete wedge anchors. The product line includes a 38"-diameter anchor the only code-listed, 38"-diameter wedge anchor for both 3 14"-thick concrete and concrete on metal deck. As a Category 1 anchor, Strong-Bolt2 offers increased reliability in the most adverse conditions, including performance in cracked concrete under static and seismic loading. Available in carbon or type 316 stainless steel, the Strong-Bolt 2 wedge anchor is code listed under the 2009 IBC requirements for post-installed anchors in cracked and uncracked concrete (ICC-ES ESR-3037). Continue to look to Simpson Strong-Tie for all of your cracked concrete anchoring solutions. For more information, call (800) 999-5099 or visit www.strongtie.com/anchorsystems.

2012 Simpson

Strong-Tie Company Inc. SAS-STB211-R

IN THE SPECS ON THE JOB AT YOUR SERVICE

Chapter

Reports
Southern California Chapter
At the January 2012 meeting of the ACI Southern California Chapter, Jim Little received the chapters 2012 Sam Hobbs Service Award. He was selected for his selfless dedication and passion to the chapter and the industry during his career spanning 20 years. Littles legacy is now inscribed on the same award that many of his friends and mentors have received throughout the years. The new officers of the chapter were installed. After serving his second term as Chapter President (originally in 2005), Robert Graine handed over the Presidents gavel to Charles Kerzic. Kerzic previously served on the Board of Directors and recently held the office of Vice President. The chapters Board of Directors includes Charles Kerzic, President; Ed Kripavicius, Vice President; Robert Graine, Past President; and Rod Elderton, Parliamentarian. The continuing Directors are Bob Stephens (2-year term remaining), Gary Kirk (2-year term remaining), and Brian Murphy (1-year term remaining). The newly appointed Directors include Janeen Oliver (3-year elected term); David Resweber (3-year elected term), and Kevin Smith (3-year elected term). Heather Caya is the chapters Executive Secretary. Chris Forster, a Past President of the ACI Southern California Chapter, which supports and sponsors the ACE Mentor Program, presented a check from the chapter to Terry Dooley, Director Emeritus of the ACE Mentor Program, Los Angeles Metro Area, to continue the education and support of our future industry leaders. The ACE Mentor Programs mission is to engage, excite, and enlighten high-school students to pursue careers in the integrated construction industry through mentoring and to support their continued advancement in the industry through scholarships and grants. ACE is the acronym for Architecture, Construction, and Engineering. The ACI Las Vegas Chapter conducted its first ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I certification session at the 2012 World of Concrete in Las Vegas, NV. Thirty-three registrants representing 16 different states, including Alaska, North Dakota, New York, and Iowa, attended the certification event. Hanley Wood offered a 3-hour review seminar that was conducted by ACI Las Vegas Chapter Certification Chairman Mitch Englestead. On January 25, the ACI Las Vegas Chapter conducted a 3-hour hands-on practice session to give the examinees the opportunity to practice the performance portion of the exam using the various pieces of testing equipment with a practice medium

Pat Murena (left), the 2011 Sam Hobbs Service Award recipient, presents the 2012 award to Jim Little

Incoming ACI Southern California Chapter President Charles Kerzic (left) is congratulated by Robert Graine

ACI Las Vegas Chapter

Chris Forster (left), a Past President of the ACI Southern California Chapter, presents a donation to Terry Dooley for the ACE Mentor Program

18

MAY 2012 Concrete international

Chapter Reports
provided by Deslauriers. Volunteers from the chapter provided step-by-step instruction to the examinees. Rick VanHorn, of Terracon and an ACI-certified examiner, conducted the written exam that same afternoon. On January 26, examinees took their performance exam using a concrete mixture provided by Aggregate Industries in the Gold Lot of the Las Vegas Convention Center. Examinees were very pleased to take their performance exam in Las Vegas balmy 65F (18C) weather. As with all ACI certifications, the success of the program rests on the backs of the volunteers. The following supplemental examiners took time from their workday to assist with the performance exam: Sajan Abraham and Nathan Ball, 1st Choice Inspection; Carl Cunningham, Materials Testing Corp.; Nathan Daniels, Aztech Inspection & Testing; Tom Helm, Geotechnical and Environmental Services; Mike Kuntzleman, Ninyo & Moore; Rob Osborne, Aztech Inspection & Testing; and Tanner Hartranft, Terracon. The ACI Las Vegas Chapter looks forward to hosting another ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I certification at the 2013 World of Concrete. Find out about other certifications offered by the chapter by visiting their Web site at www.acilasvegas.org.

At the 2012 World of Concrete certification session conducted by the ACI Las Vegas Chapter (front row, from left): Mitch Englestead, Tanner Hartranft, Dawn Miller, Sajan Abraham, Mike Kuntzleman, and Carl Cunningham; (back row, from left): Rob Osborne, Nathan Daniels, Nathan Ball, and Tom Helm

The Concrete Industry Board (CIB) recognized the winners of its 50th annual Roger H. Corbetta Awards for Quality Concrete at a dinner held November 9, 2011. The following projects were selected: Annual AwardWorld Trade Center Greenwich Street Corridor, New York, NY: This project involved supporting the Metropolitan Transit Authoritys (MTA) No. 1 Subway line, while excavating and constructing multi-use space beneath it. The reconstruction of this subway system involved substantial excavation of over 100,000 yd3 (76,500 m3) of material. Shotcrete was used for speed of construction. A majority of the shotcrete walls were specified as 5000 psi (35 MPa), with some located in critical areas specified at 8000 psi (55 MPa). Approximately 8000 yd3 (6100 m3) of shotcrete was placed on this project. Merit Award with Special RecognitionCroton Water Filtration Plant, Bronx, NY: Inside a 700 x 600 ft (210 x 180 m) footprint, the building sits 95 ft (29 m) below ground. The subterranean structure consists of three main levels and two intermediate levels. The building consists of over 260,000 yd3 (198,700 m3) of reinforced concrete and 30,000 tons (27,000 tonnes) of reinforcing bar. Construction started October 2007 and 30 months later reached a

Concrete Industry Board, an ACI New York City Chapter

Performance exams for the ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I held in Las Vegas, NV, during World of Concrete
Concrete international MAY 2012

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Chapter Reports

Brayton Point Closed Loop Project, Somerset, MA

Croton Water Filtration Plant, Bronx, NY

milestone: substantial completion of the projects structural concrete 5 months ahead of schedule. Merit Award with Special RecognitionWorld Trade Center Memorial and Museum, New York, NY: The centerpiece of the expansive site is delineated by a tree-lined, landscaped plaza containing the Memorial reflecting pools, the Museum, the Central Chiller Plant, PATH train segments, and various mechanical and back-ofhouse areas underneath the plaza. The 30 ft (9 m) high concrete walls surrounding the fountains on all four sides are capable of withstanding blast loads. At the same time, these walls are an integral part of the gravity and lateral system. The foundation system uses concrete spread footings for the columns and continuous footings for the shear wall, socketed deep, up to 15 ft (4.5 m), into the rock. Merit AwardMiMA, New York, NY: This 60-story mixed use development comprises 1.2 million ft2 (111,500 m2) of cast-in-place construction. The east tower rises 630 ft (190 m) above sidewalk elevation while the western tower rises 300 ft (91 m). Limiting deflections and controlling perception to motion were important design issues. This was achieved with the defined quality control/quality assurances of the concrete contractor in the placement of concrete strengths up to 11,000 psi (76 MPa) to attain the necessary stiffness. Merit AwardTen 23, New York, NY: Built on a remediated former brown site, TEN23 is adjacent to the 20
MAY 2012 Concrete international

High Line Park, which presented a unique set of logistical, scheduling, and construction challenges. Custom architectural form liners were used for exterior columns, sheer walls, and slab edges. Merit AwardThe Beatrice, New York, NY: The tower at 851 Sixth Avenue is the tallest high-rise south of the Empire State Building and north of city hall to be built since 1909. To conform to MTA requirements, no portion of the foundation was allowed to bear on material that would influence any of the adjacent subway structures. All supporting columns and the towers shear walls had to be transferred back 11 ft (3.6 m) with deep post-tensioned concrete trusses. Merit AwardThe Setai, New York, NY: For this 60-story mixed use tower, the buildings main lateral system consists of reinforced concrete shear walls around the center elevator cores, stairwells, and perimeter frames. The concrete shear walls range in thickness from 12 to 18 in. (300 to 460 mm) with concrete strengths of 8000 to 12,000 psi (55 to 83 MPa). Merit Award Out of AreaBrayton Point Closed Loop Project, Somerset, MA: The key feature of the project was the construction of two new 380 ft (115 m) diameter, 500 ft (152 m) tall, cast-in-place concrete, natural draft hyperbolic concrete cooling towersthe first to be constructed in the U.S. in over 17 years.

ACIs New Officers for 2012

Wight, Rushing, and four new Directors elected

he membership has elected James K. Wight to serve as ACI President in 2012-2013. Wight is the Frank E. Richart Jr. Collegiate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. He succeeded Kenneth C. Hover, Professor of civil and environmental engineering and Stephen Weiss Presidential Fellow, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. In September 2010, Hover was elevated from the position of Senior ACI Vice President to become ACI President after the sudden death of Richard D. Stehly. Hovers 1-year term as elected ACI President ended at the Spring 2012 Convention in Dallas, TX. Wights 2-year term as ACI Vice President also expired at the Spring 2012 Convention. In addition, William E. Rushing Jr., Vice President, Waldemar S. Nelson & Co., Inc., New Orleans, LA, has been elected ACI Vice President. His 2-year term as a Vice President began at the Spring 2012 Convention. Anne M. Ellis, Vice President, Government Initiatives, AECOM, Arlington, VA, is now the Institutes Senior Vice President. Her 2-year term began at the Spring 2011 Convention and will end at the Spring 2013 Convention. Four members have been elected to serve on the ACI Board of Direction, each for 3-year terms that started at the Spring 2012 Convention. They are: Roger J. Becker, Managing Director of Research and Development, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL; Jeffrey W. Coleman, Principal Partner, Coleman, Hull & van Vliet, PLLP, Minneapolis, MN; Robert J. Frosch, Professor of civil engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; and Steven H. Kosmatka, Vice President of Research and Technical Services, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. The four individuals leaving the Board of Direction after 3-year terms are: Dennis C. Ahal, Chairman/CEO, Ahal Contracting Company, Inc., St. Louis, MO; Emmanuel K. Attiogbe, Manager of Technical Services, BASF Construction Chemicals, LLCAdmixture Systems, Cleveland, OH; Ron Klemencic, President, Magnusson Klemencic Associates, Inc., Seattle, WA; and Joseph C. Sanders, Vice President, Charles Pankow Builders, Ltd., Pasadena, CA.

ACI Board members who will continue to serve during 2012-2013 include: Neal S. Anderson, Vice President of Engineering, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg, IL; Khaled Walid Awad, Chairman and Founder, ACTS, Beirut, Lebanon; James R. Harris, Principal, J.R. Harris & Company, Structural Engineers, Denver, CO; Cecil L. Jones, President, Diversied Engineering Services, Inc., Raleigh, NC; David A. Lange, Professor of civil and environmental engineering, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL; Denis Mitchell, William Scott Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Jack Moehle, Professor of civil and environmental engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA; and David H. Sanders, Professor of civil and environmental engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV. The ACI officers for 2012-2013 are: James K. Wight, FACI and FASCE, is the Frank E. Richart Jr. Collegiate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. He has been a Professor in the structural engineering area of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department since September 1973, where he teaches undergraduate and graduate classes on Wight structural analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures. Wight received his BS and MS in civil engineering from Michigan State University in 1969 and 1970, and his PhD from the University of Illinois in 1973. Wight is known for his work in earthquake-resistant design of concrete structures. His more recent research has concentrated on the strength and inelastic behavior of connections in composite structures (reinforced concrete and steel) and the use of high-performance ber-reinforced concrete composites for earthquake-resistant design of critical members in concrete structures. He has been involved with post-earthquake damage studies following
Concrete international MAY 2012

President

21

Committee on Nominations

Six ACI members will serve on the Committee on Nominations for 2012-2013. They are: Julie K. Buffenbarger, Lafarge, Medina, OH; Catherine E. French, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Thomas O. Malerk, Florida Department of Transportation (retired), Gainesville, FL; Robert E. Neal, Lehigh Cement Company, Richmond, VA; David M. Rogowsky, Rogowsky Engineering Ltd., Edmonton, AB, Canada; and Lawrence H. Taber, Black & Veatch, Overland Park, KS. These individuals join with three ACI Past Presidents to comprise the nine-member Committee on Nominations. The three ACI Past Presidents serving on this committee are Luis E. Garca, President in 2008-2009; Florian G. Barth,

President in 2009-2010; and Kenneth C. Hover, President in 2011-2012. As the second-year Past President, Barth will automatically serve as Chair of the Committee on Nominations. The Committee on Nominations began deliberations at the conclusion of the Spring 2012 Convention in Dallas, TX. This new committee will nominate ACI Officers for terms starting at the Spring 2013 Convention in Minneapolis, MN. Chosen annually, the Committee on Nominations submits recommendations for these positions: President, 1-year term; one Vice President, 2-year term; four members of the Board of Direction, each with 3-year terms; and 20 candidates for six seats on the Committee on Nominations, serving a 1-year term. The Committees nominations are to be submitted to the Executive Vice President before August 1, 2012, as provided in ACIs Bylaws. Student Activities; and a Director for Creative Association Management (CAM). In addition, he serves on ACI Subcommittees 314-B, Preliminary Design and Economic Impact; 314-D, Design Aids; and the 314 Task Group to Update IPS-1. Rushing previously served on the ACI Board of Direction and is a past Chair of the Convention Committee and a past member of the Educational Activities Committee. He received the Henry L. Kennedy Award in 2011 in recognition of his outstanding service to the Institute and his leadership of many educational and administrative committees. He received the Chapter Activities Award in 2003. A member of the ACI Louisiana Chapter, Rushing previously served on the chapters Board of Direction and was its President in 1998. He currently serves as the Chapter Awards Committee Chairman. Rushing served as Vice Chair of the ACI Fall 1996 Convention and Co-Chair of the ACI Fall 2009 Convention in New Orleans. He received the ACI Louisiana Chapter Activity Award in 2004 and the Chapter Distinguished Member Award in 2010. He received his BS in civil engineering from Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, in 1981. He is a licensed professional engineer in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, and Arizona. Rushing is also a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Roger J. Becker is the Managing Director of Research and Development for the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), Chicago, IL. Prior to joining PCI, he worked for 26 years as a Consulting Structural Engineer specializing in design and research in precast concrete. He then joined The Spancrete Group, a multi-division, multi-plant precast Becker concrete producer where he worked for 11 years in various capacities. He is a Fellow of ACI and PCI. Becker is active in professional societies in addition to PCI. He is a member of ACI Committees 301, Specications for Concrete; 318, Structural Concrete Building Code; ACI

earthquakes in Mexico, Chile, Armenia, Egypt, California, Japan, and India. An active member of ACI since 1973, Wight was named a Fellow of the Institute in 1984 and previously served on the ACI Board of Direction. He is a past Chair of the ACI Technical Activities Committee; ACI Committee 318, Structural Concrete Building Code; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352, Joints and Connections in Monolithic Concrete Structures. He is a Past President of the ACI Greater Michigan Chapter. ACI has honored him with the Delmar L. Bloem Distinguished Service Award, the Joe W. Kelly Award, the Arthur J. Boase Award, the Alfred E. Lindau Award, the Chester Paul Siess Award for Excellence in Structural Research, and the Wason Medal for the Most Meritorious Paper in 2011. He has also received the Arthur Y. Moy Award from the ACI Greater Michigan Chapter for outstanding service in the eld of concrete technology. At the University of Michigan, Wight has received awards for his teaching and service, including the ASCE Student Chapter Teacher of the Year Award (several times), the College of Engineerings Distinguished Service and Teaching Excellence Awards, the Rackham Graduate School Distinguished Graduate Mentor Award, and the State of Michigan Award for Outstanding Teaching. He has also received distinguished alumni awards from the Civil and Environmental Engineering Departments of the University of Illinois and Michigan State University. William E. Rushing Jr., FACI, is a Vice President with Waldemar S. Nelson & Co., Inc., New Orleans, LA. He chairs the ACI Financial Advisory Committee and is a member of the Task Group on Strategic Plan Review and ACI Committees 314, Simplied Design of Concrete Buildings; 351, Foundations for Equipment and Machinery; 376, Concrete Rushing Structures for Refrigerated Liqueed Gas Containment; E702, Designing Concrete Structures; S801, 22
MAY 2012 Concrete international

Directors

Vice President

Subcommittees 301-F, Precast Concrete Panels; 318-C, Safety, Serviceability, and Analysis; and 318-G, Precast and Prestressed Concrete; Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423, Prestressed Concrete; the Concrete Research Council; and the Technology Management Committee of the ACI Strategic Development Council. He is also a member of the Structural Design for Fire Conditions Standards Committee at ASCE. At PCI, Becker is responsible for the Hollow Core Slab Producers Committee, the Fire Committee, the Prestressing Steel Committee, the Parking Structures Committee, and the Sandwich Wall Panel Committee, in addition to the Research and Development Council. He has been the co-author of the rst and second editions of the PCI Manual for the Design of Hollow Core Slabs and has co-authored papers on shear in hollow core slabs and a special precast concrete seismic-resistant shear wall panel. Becker is a licensed professional engineer in Wisconsin, Ohio, and Michigan, and a licensed structural engineer in Illinois. Jeffrey W. Coleman, FACI, is both a licensed professional engineer and an Attorney at Law and Principal Partner in the law rm of Coleman, Coleman Hull & van Vliet, PLLP, Minneapolis, MN. He has been an ACI member for over 30 years. He is the author of Legal Issues in Concrete Construction, published by ACI in 2004, and previously authored the Concrete Legal Notes section of Concrete International. Coleman is Chair of ACI Committee 132, Responsibility in Concrete Construction. He is a member of the Construction Liaison Committee, Financial Advisory Committee, TAC Construction Standards Committee, and ACI

Committee 563, Specications for Repair of Structural Concrete in Buildings. He previously served as a member of ACI Committee 301, Specications for Concrete. Coleman received his BS in civil engineering in 1976 and MS in structural engineering in 1977, both from Iowa State University, Ames, IA.

His MS thesis work involved research funded by the Iowa Department of Transportation and studied fatigue behavior of air-entrained concrete. This led to his early involvement with ACI Committee 215, Fatigue of Concrete. After receiving his MS degree, Coleman moved to Minneapolis/St.

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Paul, where he practiced as a Structural Engineer with Ellerbe Associates, Inc. After completing his law degree in 1984, Coleman served as General Counsel for Ellerbe, Inc. (later Ellerbe Becket, Inc., and now part of AECOM). After spending 2 years with Hart Bruner & OBrien, a Minneapolis boutique construction law rm, he started his own rm in 1991, which was quickly merged and renamed Coleman, Hull & van Vliet, PLLP. He is a current member of the Board of Directors of the Minnesota Concrete Council (MCC) and will serve as MCC President in 2013. He is also a member of the American Society of Concrete Contractors. Coleman is licensed as a professional engineer in Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and as a lawyer in Minnesota and Wisconsin; however, he practices regularly in other states through admission pro hac vice. Robert J. Frosch, FACI, is a Professor of civil engineering at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. He received his BSE from Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, in 1991, and his MSE and PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1992 and 1996, respectively. He is active in both research and teaching specializing in structural engineering. Frosch He is a licensed professional engineer in Indiana and Louisiana. He is also a member of PCI, ASCE, and the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Frosch is actively involved in technical committee work. He serves as Chair of ACI Subcommittee 318-D, Flexure and Axial Loads: Beams, Slabs, and Columns, and is a past Chair and member of ACI Committee 224, Cracking. He serves on ACI Committee 318, Structural Concrete Building Code; ACI Subcommittees 318-SC, 318 Steering Committee; 318 Task Group R-Reinforcement; and 318-WA, International WorkshopStructural Concrete in the Americas; Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 408, Development and Splicing of Deformed Bars, and 445, Shear and Torsion; ACI Faculty Network; Financial Advisory Committee; Membership Committee; and Publications Committee. He is also active with PCI, where he serves as a member of the Technical Activities Council and the Research and Development Council. His research interests include the design and behavior of structural concrete, earthquake engineering, bridge engineering, and the repair and rehabilitation of structures. His work has been used in the formation of changes in the ACI Building Code and AASHTO Design Specications. His excellence in teaching and research has been recognized by his students and colleagues at Purdue with the Harold Munson Teaching Award, the Edmund M. Burke Outstanding Professor Award, and the Roy E. and Myrna Wansik Civil Engineering Research Award. He is a recipient 24
MAY 2012 Concrete international

of the ACI Young Member Award for Professional Achievement, the PCI Young Educator Achievement Award, and the University of Texas at Austin Outstanding Young Alumnus Award. Steven H. Kosmatka, FACI, is Vice President of Research and Technical Services at the Portland Cement Association (PCA), Skokie, IL. Previously, he was Managing Director of the same group (2000-2003). Kosmatka also served as Director of Construction Information Services (1996-1999) and Manager of Research and Development Kosmatka (1992-1995). He joined PCA in 1984 as a Concrete Engineer. Prior to that, he was in charge of the cement, concrete, and petrography laboratories for Twin City Testing Corporation, St. Paul, MN. His current responsibilities include oversight of product standards, cement and concrete technology, concrete knowledge, library and technical services, and cement manufacturing. He also oversees the PCA Education Foundations fellowship research program and PCAs core research, including research projects on buildings, cement technology, concrete technology, sustainability, pavements, bridges, cement manufacture, safety, and environmental technology. Kosmatka is a member of ACI Committees 123, Research and Current Developments; 225, Hydraulic Cements; 232, Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete; and 318, Structural Concrete Building Code; ACI Subcommittee 318-A, General, Concrete and Construction; Concrete Research Council; and Strategic Development Council Technology Transfer Advisory Group. He is a past member of the ACI Technical Activities Committee. He is an Honorary Member of ASTM Committees C1, Cement, and C9, Concrete and Concrete Aggregates. He is also a member of Transportation Research Board Committees AFN10, Basic Research and Emerging Technologies, and AFN15T, Nanotechnology-Based Concrete Materials. He participates on advisory boards and committees for the National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, RMC Research and Education Foundation, and research projects at the Federal Highway Administration and the European Cement Research Academy. He is also engaged in the activities of the IEEE/IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference and the MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. Kosmatka has authored over 50 publications on cement and concrete technology, including Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. He speaks internationally on topics ranging from durability to standards and sustainability. He is a licensed professional engineer, a civil engineering graduate of the University of North Dakota, and a graduate of the Institute for Organization Management.

THE SOLUTION FOR INNOVATIVE BUILDING PRODUCTS

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ACIs Award-Winning Papers and Articles

Honors handed out at the Spring convention

t the Opening Session of the ACI Spring 2012 Convention in Dallas, TX, 12 authors received awards of excellence from ACI for their published works. The Institutes annual paper awards include: Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper, founded in 1917 by ACI Past President Leonard C. Wason and awarded each year to the author or authors of the most meritorious paper published by the Institute; ACI Construction Award, intended to enrich the literature in construction practices and to honor the workers whose resourcefulness produces a completed structure from drawings and specications; Wason Medal for Materials Research, bestowed for a peer-reviewed paper published by the Institute on original research work on concrete materials and their uses, or a discovery that advances the state of knowledge of materials used in the construction industry; Chester Paul Siess Award for Excellence in Structural Research, recognizing notable achievement in experimental or analytical research related to structural engineering and, most importantly, recommending how the research can be applied to design; and ACI Design Award, given for advanced concepts and techniques applied to a specic design project. The ACI Committee on Awards for Papers selected the following manuscripts from the calendar year 2010 for honors: Effects of Shear Mechanisms on Impact Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beamswinner of the Wason Medal for Most Meritorious Paper Authors: Hai H. Dinh, Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, and James K. Wight Published in: ACI Structural Journal, September/ October 2010, V. 107, No. 5, pp. 597-606 Abstract: Results from a comprehensive investigation aimed at studying the behavior of steel ber-reinforced

concrete (SFRC) beams in shear, as well as the possibility of using steel bers as minimum shear reinforcement, are presented. A total of 28 simply supported beams with a shear span-to-effective depth ratio of approximately 3.5 were subjected to a monotonically increased, concentrated load. The target concrete compressive strength for all of the beams was 41 MPa (6000 psi). The studied parameters included beam depth, ber length, ber aspect ratio, ber strength, and ber volume fraction. Three types of steel bers were considered, all with hooks at their ends. Test results showed that the use of hooked steel bers in a volume fraction greater than or equal to 0.75% led to multiple diagonal cracking and a substantial increase in shear strength compared to reinforced concrete (RC) beams without stirrup reinforcement. The results indicated that the hooked steel bers evaluated in this investigation can safely be used as minimum shear reinforcement in RC beams constructed with normal-strength concrete and within the range of member depths considered. Meeting the Formwork Requirements for a Challenging Structurewinner of the ACI Construction Award Author: Eric S. Peterson Published in: Concrete International, January 2010, V. 32, No. 1, pp. 42-48 Abstract: The Cathedral of Christ the Light in Oakland, CA, incorporates curved and battered perimeter concrete walls that function structurally and as exposed architectural nishes. The walls were constructed using self-consolidating concrete because of reinforcing bar congestion and the need to produce crisp details at many acute corners and recesses while maintaining a nearly uniform appearance. Creation of the formwork required the production of accurate shop drawings for each wall elevation, showing reveals, seam locations, openings, and embedded features. Studs and wales were closely spaced and the form sheathing

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comprised two layers of plywood. The plywood layer in contact with the concrete had a high-density overlay and was back-screwed so that no fasteners were used on the nish side. Suitability of Various Measurement Techniques for Assessing Corrosion in Cracked Concretewinner of the Wason Medal for Materials Research Authors: Mike Benjamin Otieno, Mark G. Alexander, and Hans Beushausen Published in: ACI Materials Journal, September/October 2010, V. 107, No. 5, pp. 481-489 Abstract: This paper presents a critical evaluation of results from three corrosion assessment methods used in an experimental study to investigate the inuence of cracks on the rate of chloride-induced corrosion. The objective was to determine the suitability and reliability of the corrosion assessment methods for application in cracked concrete. Beam specimens with crack widths of 0.7 and 0.4 mm (0.028 and 0.016 in.), as well as incipient cracks, were made using two binder types, two water-binder ratios, and a constant cover of 40 mm (1.6 in.) to steel reinforcing. The specimens were subjected to repeated cycles of 3-day wetting with 5% NaCl and 4-day air drying for 32 weeks. Half-cell potential (HCP), resistivity (Wenner probe), and corrosion rate (coulostatic) measurements were taken at the end of each 3-day wetting period. No signicant differences in resistivity values were noted between cracked and uncracked specimens, despite the fact that the corrosion rate increased with increasing crack width. Evaluation of Inelastic Deformation Capacity of Beams Subjected to Cyclic Loading winner of the Chester Paul Siess Award for Excellence in Structural Research Authors: Kyoung-Kyu Choi and Hong-Gun Park Published in: ACI Structural Journal, September-October 2010, V. 107, No. 5, pp. 507-519

Abstract: The inelastic deformation capacity of reinforced concrete members subjected to cyclic loading is reduced by the early shear failure of concrete. In this study, an analytical method was developed to predict the inelastic deformation capacity of reinforced concrete beams subjected to cyclic or monotonic loading. To evaluate the relationship between the degraded shear capacity and deformation capacity of the beams, the effect of exural deformation on the shear capacity of concrete was considered based on the material failure criteria for concrete. Other failure mechanisms, including the buckling and fracture of reinforcing bars, were also considered. The proposed analytical method was veried by comparing its predictions to the previous test results. The results showed that the proposed method can theoretically describe the deterioration of the shear capacity of beams due to inelastic exural deformation. To apply the proposed method practically, a simplied equation for the evaluation of the deformation capacity of beams was developed. Importance of Reinforcement Detailingwinner of the ACI Design Award Authors: Denis Mitchell, William D. Cook, and Ting Peng Published in: SP-273-14, September 2010 Abstract: This paper describes the collapse of the Concorde Overpass that was partly due to improper hanger reinforcement details in the disturbed region (D-region) of the beam seat. A review of the evolution of the hanger reinforcement details in dapped end beams given in different versions of the PCI Design Handbook is presented. The results of a series of experiments on dapped end beams with different hanger reinforcement details are described. Guidance from these tests and other experiments on the details of anchorage of the hanger reinforcement in dapped end beams is provided.
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The Concrete Society 2011 Awards

ver 300 members, guests, and industry representatives attended the 43rd Concrete Society Awards Dinner held at the Landmark Hotel in London, England, on November 10, 2011, where ve projects were honored with the societys annual awards. This prestigious event celebrates excellence in concrete and is the longest-running awards event in the United Kingdom construction industry. More on the winning projects can be found at www.concrete.org.uk/award_winners_2011.asp.

Overall and Building Winner

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England

The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England This new academic laboratory reconciles precise scientic requirements with a sensitive approach to its historic site. A multi-faceted design in terms of structural complexity, intricate interfaces, and architectural detailing, the project achieved a quality nish on time and on budget. Exposed concrete, complementing the natural stone used on the exterior, was cleaned and left as is. From a construction standpoint, the use of void formers for insulation and reduced weight, the requirement of avoiding construction joints and the use of cantilevers added difficulty in planning the placing schedule for this structurally challenging project. Riverside Resource Recovery Facility, London, England The construction of this facility, which has responsibilities including managing Londons waste and providing 66,000 homes with electricity, was a detailed logistical enterprise, involving the coordination of concrete supply and works for slipform, infrastructure, and ancillary construction. The scale of the slipform and the intricacy of ensuring the cast-in items incorporated during placing required total control. In-place and precast concrete were chosen for their durability and were used to form access routes to the facility from land and water. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England The building, completed in 1966, was designed to be constructed in a number of phases, with a repeating

Civil Engineering

Mature Structures

Riverside Resource Recovery Facility, London, England

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Department of Metallurgy and Materials Building, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England

Bulgari Hotel and Residences, London, England

modular approach to the building frame and services. All stairs are stand-alone concrete features with integral lighting. The structure features separate blocks connected at their corners to provide the maximum potential for future developments to be added on with minimal disruption, which allowed for a smooth transition during the refurbishment of the four modular sections. The Angel Building, London, England Built in the 1980s, this office building was stripped down to its concrete frame and transformed into a modern workplace. It now contains over 24,600 m2 (260,000 ft2) of office space, with an atrium, caf, two retail units, specially commissioned works of contemporary art, and large rooftop terraces affording views over London. The loadbearing properties of the concrete frame are fully exploited and the frame itself is carefully and sustainably reused.

Rejuvenation

Sustainability

The Angel Building, London, England

Bulgari Hotel and Residences, London, England The structure, featuring a six-story basement and 11-story superstructure, accommodates high-quality residences overlooking Hyde Park, a luxury hotel, a restaurant, a below-grade ballroom, and a swimming pool. To reach the clients sustainability wishes, geothermal piles and geothermal diaphragm perimeter walls were incorporated on top of a concrete mixture aimed at reducing embodied CO2.
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Thermo-ChemoMechanical Cracking Assessment for Early-Age Mass Concrete Structures

A case study demonstrates that parallel processing allows modeling of massive and complex structures
by Eduardo M.R. Fairbairn, Marcos M. Silvoso, Eddy A.B. Koenders, Fernando L.B. Ribeiro, and Romildo D. Toledo Filho

n recent years, the construction phases of many massive concrete structures have been simulated using threedimensional (3-D) thermo-mechanical models. Mixture designs and placement schedules have been successfully determined, allowing minimization of stresses and associated cracking during the hardening process. At the COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, a 3-D meshing software and parallel architecture-based nite element model (FEM) computer code named DAMTHE/COPPE has been developed to conduct these massive simulations.1 This code, based on a scientic thermo-chemo-mechanical framework,2 has been improved over the last 10 years.3-5 Because its now capable of parallel processing on highdensity servers, the software can solve FEM meshes comprising up to 35 million elements, allowing analysis of massive concrete structures up to a high level of detail. The system allows analyses of concrete structures subject to early-age cracking due to thermal hydration and autogenous shrinkage-induced stresses,6,7 providing input for engineering countermeasures that include: Choosing mixture proportions to provide lower rates of hydration and/or limiting autogenous shrinkage; Controlling placing thickness or width and the time intervals between placing to allow heat to dissipate;

the temperature of concrete by pre-cooling or Reducing post-cooling using pipes; and crack widths with appropriate reinforcement. Controlling All of these measures involve costs, and it is up to the engineer to decide which combination is optimal, considering construction cost and avoiding compromised safety and durability. Traditionally, this optimization problem has been solved through the know-how of the structural design team, using more or less sophisticated numerical models.8 However, massive concrete structures involve extremely large quantities of concrete and signicant manpower for design, engineering, and placement.

To demonstrate the potential of thermo-mechanical modeling, the following is a description of the modeling of the construction of the Manuel Piar Project, a 2160 MW hydropower plant in Venezuela (Fig. 1). The plant is the latest development of the Lower Caroni hydropower system. The powerhouse has 10 Kaplan-type turbines (turbines with adjustable blades), each capable of generating 216 MW of electricity, and nine spillways with radial gates. Construction required 1,550,000 m3 (2,027,300 yd3) of concrete, 515,600 tonnes (568,350 tons) of cement, 99,000 tonnes (109,100 tons) of steel reinforcement, and

Case Study

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 1: Construction photos of the Manuel Piar Project: (a) downstream view of spillway and powerhouse; (b) aerial view of powerhouse; (c) downstream view of powerhouse; and (d) upstream view of spillway

397,000 m2 (4,273,900 ft2) of formwork. The structure also included an earth and rock dam with a clay core. The project is in one of the most productive drainage basins in the world, as it will join two existing hydropower plants to provide a total capacity of 18,000 MW. For this massive job, two critical sections of the concrete structure were selected for analysis: the powerhouse and the spillway. Temperature rise and stress development were simulated. The probability of cracking was evaluated using the cracking index, the ratio of the calculated tensile stress, and the tensile strength of the concrete. The complex geometry and complicated construction sequence required us to use about 5 million tetrahedral nite elements for the models. The FEM code calculates the evolution of hydration and temperature according to a coupled thermo-chemical model2,9 that considers the thermal activation of the hydration reaction. In this approach, the thermal input parameters, such as thermal conductivity and specic heat, can be considered explicitly

Thermo-Mechanical Model

for each type of material, and both are dependent on the degree of hydration. The constitutive equations and equilibrium are enforced to calculate the internal stress elds in the hardening concrete elements. Visco-elastic behavior is based on a creep model that was developed within the consistent thermodynamic basis of the thermo-chemomechanical framework.8 The set of nonlinear equations is solved numerically using a FEM schematization and a Newton-Raphson incremental iterative technique. The calculation process starts with the calculation of the temperature and hydration elds, providing thermal gradients that develop during hardening. These thermal gradients are the internal loads that act on a concrete structure, causing it to deform (thermal deformation). Whenever these deformations are restrained, stresses will develop. The stresses can also be affected by the development of autogenous shrinkage strains, which depend on the mixture composition, and are the result of the internal capillary forces that develop due to internal drying. In the model, the thermal and mechanical parameters, such as the Youngs modulus, concrete strength,
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autogenous shrinkage, and creep, are also dependent on the evolution of the hydration reaction. A schematic of the calculation procedure is provided in Fig. 2.

Input Parameters

Two different types of concretes were used in the project and our models. Mixture C28 was used for the powerhouse, whereas Mixtures C28 and partially C21 were used in the spillway (Table 1). The corresponding adiabatic temperature curves are shown in Fig. 3. In real structures, there will always be a release of heat to the environment, so the maximum temperatures wont reach those shown in Fig. 3. However,

the heat loss is strongly dependent on the type of formwork, and its even more dependent on the size of the concrete element itself. The physicalmechanical properties used in the simulations are provided in Table 2. The powerhouse structure has a gross volume of about 60 x 60 x 60 m (197 x 197 x 197 ft). It has a very complex, nonsymmetrical geometry, and the construction scheme required large concrete placements. Figure 4 shows the sectioning that was followed for concrete placement. The general geometry and a view of the nite element mesh are provided in Fig. 5. The mesh comprised 4,445,325 linear tetrahedral elements and 816,189 nodes.

The thermo-mechanical analysis represented 550 days of construction plus 50 days after the last concrete placement (Fig. 4). Placing temperatures were 10, 12, and 15C (50, 54, and 59F), depending on the location of the placement in the powerhouse. The ambient temperature was considered to be a constant 27C (81F). Figure 6 shows the temperature and cracking index elds for the powerhouse 368 days after the rst concrete placement, when the maximum concrete temperature of 46.7C (116F) was reached. Clearly, the temperature inside the massive concrete elements remained high for a long period of time. The temperature

Thermo-chemo-mechanical model DAMTHE/COPPE

Table 1:

Mixture proportions used in the construction of the Manuel Piar hydropower project
Mixture component Mixture C28 (powerhouse and spillway)
260 (438) 15 (25.3) 1150 (1939) 765 (1289) 140 (236) 0.51

Mixture C21 (spillway)

224 (377) 7.5 (12.6) 1173 (1977) 780 (1315) 140 (236) 0.61

Calculation of temperature and degree of hydration Input Model geometry Concrete properties Adiabatic temperature curve Ambient conditions Output Thermal gradients Degree of hydration field

Portland cement CEM I 52.5, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) Silica fume, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) Coarse aggregate, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) Sand, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) Water, kg/m3 (lb/yd3) Water-cementitious material ratio

45 40

Adiabatic temperature, c

Stress calculation Input Thermal gradients Degree of hydration Autogenous shrinkage Visco-elastic properties External restraints Output Stress/strain fields Strength fields Cracking index
Fig. 2: Schematic representation of the calculation procedure for the thermochemo-mechanical model

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.1 1 10 100

C28 C21

Time, days

Fig. 3: Adiabatic temperature rise for the mixtures used in the powerhouse (C28) and spillway (C28 and C21) (F = 1.8C + 32)

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Table 2:

Overview of the input parameters for the powerhouse and spillway models
Properties
Convective heat transfer coefficient, J/msK (Btu/fthrF) Concrete heat capacity, J/kgK (Btu/lbF) Activation energy, K (kJ/mol) Coefficient of thermal expansion, K1 (F1) Elastic modulus E , MPa (psi) Tensile strength fct, MPa (psi) Autogenous shrinkage strain

Mixture C28 (powerhouse)

2.70 (1.56) 1140 (0.27) 4000 (33.26) 9.06 x 10 (5.03 x 106)
6

Mixture C21 (spillway)

2.69 (1.55) 1140 (0.27) 4000 (33.26) 9.04 x 106 (5.02 x 106) 24,700 (3.6 x 106) 2.9 (421) 50 x 106

28,000 (4.1 x 106) 3.4 (493) 50 x 10

6

V4

V3 V2 V1

V8 V7 V6 V5 V13 V12 V10 V14

V11

V9

Z Y X

Fig. 4: Powerhouse geometry and construction sequencing (indicated by colors and labels)

prole changed every time a new batch of fresh concrete was placed. The maximum temperature was found to occur in the section in between the two turbines (Fig. 6). Figure 7 presents the geometrical model of the spillway. As with the powerhouse, the ambient temperature was assumed to be a constant 27C (81F). The spillway height, length, and width are about 60, 50, and 40 m (197, 164, and 131 ft), respectively. The spillway also has a very complex, nonsymmetrical geometry and a complicated construction scheme that included a number of placements over time. Parts of the concrete placement were conducted in a layered sequence and other parts were continuously built. The general geometry and a view of the nite element mesh are provided in Fig. 7. The mesh comprised 2,414,823 linear tetrahedral elements and 483,119 nodes. The thermomechanical analysis was performed over 550 days of the construction phase. Placing temperatures for the fresh concrete were 10, 12, and 15C (50, 54, and 59F), depending on the location of the placement in the spillway. Similar to the simulations conducted for the powerhouse, the thermo-mechanical model provides temperature and stress elds. The temperature eld and autogenous shrinkage deform the concrete during hardening. From these internal effects, the stress eld and associating strength eld are calculated for determination of the cracking index (Fig. 7(b)). From the thermo-mechanical simulation, it was found that the maximum cracking index associated with the given mixture and the selected building sequence was about 0.41. After construction of the spillway, an on-site assessment team found no cracking. Although the lack of observed cracking does not provide direct conrmation of the analysis (the maximum cracking index is internal and would not be visible to an inspection team), it does provide some evidence that the construction parameters (mixture proportions, timing, and placement sizes) were adequately selected.

Discussion
Fig. 5: View of the finite element mesh used to model the powerhouse

The thermo-chemo-mechanical model developed at the COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro is a 3-D
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parallel architecture-based FEM computer code specially developed to conduct massive thermo-mechanical simulations. The model can easily handle meshes built up from 5 to 15 million elements. Parallel processing of FEMs makes it possible to simulate massive engineering problems and help optimize the construction stage. The complex geometries, construction schedules, and material characteristics found in powerhouse and spillway structures make them good candidates for such analyses. Other construction projects that can and have been analyzed with the thermo-mechanical model include the inner core and other complex structures of a nuclear power plant. The model shows enormous potential and can be supportive to the design and execution of massive infrastructure, nuclear, hydropower, and offshore construction with complex geometries or building schedules. Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the OIV Construction Consortium, comprising Odebrecht, Impregilo, and Vinccler, which was responsible for the construction of the Manuel Piar Hydropower Plant Tocoma Rio Caroni and was contracted by Corpoelec, the former EDELCA.

Furthermore, the authors acknowledge the nancial support of the Brazilian Agency for Electrical Power (ANEEL) and the Brazilian scientic agencies CNPq, CAPES, and FAPERJ.

References
1. Fairbairn, E.M.R.; Silvoso, M.M.; Ribeiro, F.L.B.; and Toledo Filho, R.D., Industrial Applications of the Thermo-Chemo-Mechanical Model, MPPS 2011, Symposium on Mechanics and Physics of Porous Solids: A Tribute to Prof. Olivier Coussy, P. Acker et al., eds., 2011, 406 pp. 2. Ulm, F.-J., and Coussy, O., Modeling of Thermo-Chemo-Mechanical Couplings of Concrete at Early Ages, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 121, No. 7, 1995, pp. 785-794. 3. Silvoso, M.M., Optimization of the Construction Phase of Concrete Structures vis-a-vis the Hydration Effects Using Genetic Algorithms, PhD thesis, COPPE/UFRJ-PEC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2003, available for download at www.coc.ufrj.br. (in Portuguese) 4. Ferreira, I.A., Parallel Solution of a Thermo-Chemo-Mechanical Model for Early-Age Concrete, PhD thesis, COPPE/UFRJ-PEC, Rio de

(a)

46.8 43.2 39.7 36.2 32.6 29.1 25.6 22.1 18.5 15.0

(b)

0.50 0.44 0.39 0.33 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.06 0

Fig. 6: FEM analysis output for the powerhouse 368 days after initial placement: (a) temperature field, C; and (b) cracking index (F = 1.8C + 32)

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Janeiro, Brazil, 2008, available for download at www.coc.ufrj.br. (in Portuguese) 5. Ribeiro, L.F.B., and Ferreira, I.A., Parallel Implementation of the Finite Element Method Using Compressed Data Structures, Computational Mechanics, V. 41, No. 1, 2007, pp. 31-48. 6. Thermal Cracking in Concrete at Early Ages: Proceedings of the International RILEM Symposium, R. Springenschmid, ed., 1995. 7. Fozein Kwanke, N.J.C.; Koenders, E.A.B.; Bouwmeester-van den Bos, W.J.; and Walraven, J.C., Concrete Armor Units for Breakwaters, Concrete International, V. 31, No. 10, Oct. 2009, pp. 34-40. 8. Fairbairn, E.M.R.; Silvoso, M.M.; Toledo Filho, R.D.; Alves, J.L.D.; and Ebecken, N.F.F., Optimization of Mass Concrete Construction Using Genetic Algorithms, Computers & Structures, V. 82, No. 2-3, Jan. 2004, pp. 281-299. 9. Ulm, F.-J., and Coussy, O., Strength Growth as Chemo-Plastic Hardening in Early Age Concrete, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 122, No. 12, 1996, pp. 1123-1132. Selected for reader interest by the editors.
(a)

Eduardo M.R. Fairbairn is an Associate Professor of civil engineering at COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He has coordinated several R&D projects within the hydropower and oil industries dedicated to experimental and numerical analyses of concrete structures.

Marcos M. Silvoso is an Adjunct Professor at FAU-UFRJ and a Researcher at COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

ACI member Eddy A.B. Koenders is a Visiting Professor of civil engineering at COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and an Associate Professor at Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.

(b)

0.41 0.36 0.32 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.00

Fernando L.B. Ribeiro is an Associate Professor of civil engineering at COPPE/ Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He received his PhD in 1991 and his research interests include numerical methods, nite element techniques, and high-performance computing. He has coordinated several R&D projects on computational modeling.

Fig. 7: FEM analysis for the spillway 370 days after initial placement: (a) geometric model; and (b) cracking index

ACI member Romildo D. Toledo Filho is an Associate Professor of civil engineering at COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janiero, Brazil. His research interests include berreinforced cement composites, sustainable cement-based materials, concrete durability, concrete mixture design, and concrete at high temperatures.

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Preventive Maintenance and Sustainability of Concrete Infrastructure

Full assessment of the environmental effects of construction must include multiple impact categories
by Odd E. Gjrv and Vemund N. rskog

lthough there are a number of processes that can affect the durability and service lives of concrete structures in severe environments, extensive experience demonstrates that chloride-induced corrosion of embedded steel poses the most critical and greatest threat.1 The increasing amount of deicing salt has created a special challenge, but deicing salts are not the only source of problems. Chloride-induced corrosion is also an extensive and costly problem for concrete structures in marine environments. As a consequence, public agencies are spending signicant and rapidly increasing proportions of their construction budgets for repairs and maintenance of existing concrete infrastructure. Repair projects will undoubtedly be subject to increasing economic constraints, so there will be a parallel increase in the consideration of durability during the design and construction phases for new infrastructure. Enhanced durability and service life of new concrete infrastructure are not only important from an economical point of view but also directly affect the sustainability.1 A better harmony and balance with the natural environment represent a great and increasing challenge to the construction industry.2,3 These and other factors have spurred the rapid development of life-cycle assessment (LCA) of structures. The framework and the methodology for quantifying the economic and ecological effects and impacts from design, production, and maintenance of structures are available through current standards such as ISO 140404 and ISO 14044.5 As these standards show, LCA includes assessment of consumption of materials and energy, generation of waste, and emission of pollutants as well as the accompanying environmental and health risks. Therefore, LCA provides a 36
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valuable tool both for quantifying and comparing the effects of various technical solutions for improvements in the design, construction, and operation of new infrastructure. The LCA methodology is briey outlined in this article. A case study is also provided, showing how an LCA can be applied to evaluate the environmental impacts of two different maintenance strategies.

Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment

According to ISO 14040,4 an LCA is aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and signicance of the potential environmental impacts of a product system. A key part of an LCA is the development of a life-cycle inventory (LCI), which quanties emissions and extractions required to produce and use the product. Each item listed in the inventory is then connected to environmental or health damages via impact pathways (Fig. 1). The many impact pathways comprise well-known effects such as climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, photochemical oxidant formation, and acidication; but many other effects are built-in. Category endpoints include human health, the natural environment, and resource availability. A category indicator, representing the amount of impact potential, can be located at any place between the LCI results and the category endpoint. Conducting an LCA is a very difficult process because the relationship between the external environment and a category endpoint can be very complex, and an endpoint can be affected by multiple emission sources and types. Figure 2, for example, shows some (but not all) of the emissions that are known to affect acidication, but those same emissions can also affect eutrophication, ecotoxicity,

or other categories. Normally, the LCA will stop at the step before the category endpoint (Fig. 1), showing only the impact categories that are fairly easy to evaluate. It will then interpret the results from the various category indicators. Further information about the methodological framework for the assessment of environmental impacts is available in ISO 140404 and ISO 14044.5 If the product system is a structure, an LCA determines the environmental impacts of human activities throughout the complete life cycle, from extraction of raw materials, through the service life, and ending with demolition and disposal. Specically applied to repairs and maintenance of concrete structures, all steps in the repair and maintenance process must be thoroughly evaluated. The type of repair or maintenance action will be based on a condition assessment and investigation of the given structure. The selected action will depend on the condition of the structure and the external environment as well as type of equipment and materials to be used during the process. The next step will be determining the functional unit, which is the reference unit used in the life-cycle study.4,5 All emissions, energy consumption, and ow of materials occurring during the process are related to this unit. The

functional unit has to be measurable, and its selection will be affected by the goal and scope of the analysis. The goal of the LCA must unambiguously state the intended application and indicate to whom the results will be addressed. Thus, the functional unit for a protective surface coating may be dened as the unit of concrete surface that needs to be protected for a specied period of time. The LCI phase will then consist of: Quantifying the raw materials, chemicals, and equipment necessary to fulfill the repair or maintenance function. This quantification gives the reference flow,5 for which all inputs and outputs are referred to and are closely connected to the functional unit; Environmental data for the consumed raw materials, chemicals, and equipment from suppliers (specific data), databases (generic data), or an LCI carried out at the supplier level. Materials used should have an environmental declaration with a cradle-to-grave scope. The environmental declaration must include use of resources such as energy and materials (renewable or nonrenewable), water, waste, and emissions to both air and water; and Quantifying and classifying the waste from the process such as recycling or disposal (hazardous or nonhazardous). The calculations should be carried out further by assigning LCI results to impact categories (Fig. 1). Classication and characterization should be carried out according to ISO 14044,5 using effect factors from the Montreal Protocol,7 IPCC 1995,8 and Heijungs et al.9 Emission of a specic gas may be assigned to more than one category. For example, NOx emissions will be assigned to the categories of both eutrophication and acidication. The nal result may be displayed as impact categories or weighted to an environmental index, where the weighting is the process of converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value-choice. This is an optional element in ISO 14044. Thus, factors from value-choices may be based on political targets according to the Kyoto Protocol10 or other similar

Fig. 1: General structure of the life-cycle inventory analysis framework. Dashed lines indicate that current information for defining the endpoint is particularly uncertain (based on Reference 6)

Fig. 2: Concept of category indicators applied to acidification5

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preferences. Interpretation of the results based on ISO 14044 must identify, qualify, evaluate, and present the ndings of signicant issues.

of concrete cover to an average depth of 50 mm Removal (2 in.) by high-pressure hydro jetting (at 1000 bar of the reinforcing bars by sandblasting; Cleaning a protective coating on the reinforcement; Applying of the shotcrete layer; and Application Applying curing measures for the shotcrete. [14,505 psi]);

The various steps of the process included the following:

Case Study

General To demonstrate how the previously described methodological framework for assessment of the environmental impacts can be applied to various types of repair and maintenance systems, two examples of commonly used systems were analyzed. The results are briey outlined and discussed here. One system is a shotcrete patch applied to a concrete structure with damage due to ongoing chloride-induced corrosion of embedded steel. Although patch repairs are not the most efficient way of getting this type of corrosion under control,1 they are commonly used for such damage. The other system is a hydrophobic surface treatment, which is a commonly used measure for protecting concrete structures against chloride penetration. For both systems, we made the following common assumptions for the calculation of the ecological impacts: Transport distance from supplier to the job site of 60 km (37 miles); Materials and equipment transported by truck; Truck diesel fuel consumption of 0.2 kg per tonne-km (0.64 lb per ton-mile); and A functional unit comprising 1 m2 (11 ft2) of concrete surface area repaired or protected for a period of 10 years. Patch repair This analysis was based on the following assumptions: Repaired surface area of 30 m2 (323 ft2); Shotcrete rebound of 25%; and Power supply on the construction site based on diesel engines.

The consumption of energy and the ecological impacts of the patch repair are summarized in Table 1.

Hydrophobic surface treatment This analysis was based on the following assumptions: An hydrophobic agent comprising iso-octyltriethoxy type of silane in combination with a mineral thickener; and Treated surface area of 150 m2 (1615 ft2). The various steps of the process included the following: Preparation of the concrete surface by high-pressure sandblasting (160 bar [2320 psi]); and Application of the hydrophobic agent using a high-pressure sprayer to a thickness of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). It was assumed that only 45% of the hydrophobic agent was applied to the concrete surface, which is equivalent to approximately 500 g/m2 (0.10 lb/ft2), while the rest of the agent (approximately 600 g/m2 [0.12 lb/ft2]) was emitted to the air (iso-octyltriethoxy silane is volatile and releases ethanol to the atmosphere). The consumption of energy and the ecological impacts of the hydrophobic surface protection are summarized in Table 2. To carry out the comparison of the ecological impacts caused by the repair and the application of a protective

Concluding Remarks

Table 1:

Energy consumption and ecological impacts of the patch repair

Impact category Process
Hydro jetting Cleaning of reinforcement Protective coating on reinforcement Application of shotcrete Transportation Total

Use of energy, MJ/m2

677 296 35 59 127 1194

Global warming, kg CO2 eq/m2

84 22 1.4 4.4 10 122

Acidification, g SO2 eq/m2

75 4 19 19 8 125

Eutrophication, g PO4 eq/m2

1330 350 2.4 70 150 1902

Photo-oxidant formation, g Ethene eq/m2

266 70 3 14 30 383

1 MJ = 0.28 kW-hr = 948 Btu; 1 m2 = 10.8 ft2; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 g = 0.0022 lb = 0.035 oz

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Table 2:

Energy consumption and ecological impacts of the hydrophobic surface protection

Impact category Use of energy, MJ/m2
47 17 12 76

Process
Production of hydrophobic agent Surface preparation Transportation and surface treatment Long-term degradation Total

Global warming, kg CO2 eq/m2

0.295 0.013 0.080 2.171 2.559

Acidification, g SO2 eq/m2

0.5 0.4 0.1 1

Eutrophication, g PO4 eq/m2

6 7 2 15

Photo-oxidant formation, g Ethene eq/m2

2 1 66 1 70

1 MJ = 0.28 kW-hr = 948 Btu; 1 m2 = 10.8 ft2; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 g = 0.0022 lb = 0.035 oz

Table 3:

Comparison of the ecological impacts caused by patch repair and the protective measure based on hydrophobic surface treatment
Impact category Use of energy, MJ/m2
1194 76

Method
Patch repair Hydrophobic surface treatment

Global warming, kg CO2 eq/m2

122 2.6

Acidification, g SO2 eq/m2

125 1

Eutrophication, g SO2 eq/m2

1902 15

Photo-oxidant formation, g Ethene eq/m2

383 70

1 MJ = 0.28 kW-hr = 948 Btu; 1 m2 = 10.8 ft2; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 g = 0.0022 lb = 0.035 oz

measure, a number of assumptions had to be made. The results indicate, however, that a hydrophobic surface treatment could be repeated more than ve times before the ecological impact in the form of photo-oxidant formation would approach that of the patch repair by shotcreting (Table 3). Based on the methodological framework briey outlined here, LCA appears to be a good, but complex tool for the environmental assessment of the design, production, and maintenance of concrete infrastructures. A more complete assessment of all impacts on the environment caused by human activities throughout the whole life cycle of a concrete structure, however, would be very complex and difficult. Efforts to develop more practical applications of LCA have been going on for some time11,12; recently, a new ISO standard has also been introduced.13 Although the largest environmental gains would be obtained by a more proper durability design and construction of new concrete infrastructures,1,14 the case study presented here demonstrates that LCA provides a good basis for selecting proper strategies for the maintenance of important concrete infrastructures. From a sustainability point of view, it would appear that a strategy of conducting regular condition assessments

and preventive maintenance is superior to allowing the structure to reach a stage where repairs are needed. References
1. Gjrv, O.E., Durability Design of Concrete Structures in Severe Environments, Taylor & Francis, London and New York, ISBN 978-0415-41408-1, 2009, 232 pp. 2. Integrated Design and Environmental Issues in Concrete Technology, K. Sakai, ed., E&FN Spon, London and New York, ISBN 0-41922180-8, 1996, 308 pp. 3. Concrete Technology for a Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, O.E. Gjrv and K. Sakai, eds., E&FN Spon, London and New York, ISBN 0-419-25060-3, 2000, 386 pp. 4. ISO 14040, Environmental ManagementLife Cycle AssessmentPrinciples and Framework, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006, 20 pp. 5. ISO 14044, Environmental ManagementLife cycle Assessment Requirements and Guidelines, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006, 46 pp. 6. Jolliet, O.; Brent, A.; Goedkoop, M.; Itsubo, N.; Mueller-Wenk, R.; Pea, C.; Schenk, R.; Stewart, M.; and Weidema, B., Life Cycle Impact Assessment Programme of the Life Cycle Initiative: Final Report of the LCIA Denition Study, UNEP/SETSC Life Cycle Initiative, 2003, 55 pp. 7. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
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Layer, United Nations, New York, 1987, Web site: http://ozone.unep. org/Ratication_Status/montreal_protocol.shtml. 8. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Second Assessment, United Nations, New York, 1995. 9. Heijungs, R.; Guine, J.B.; Huppes, G.; Lankreijer, R.M.; Udo de Haes, H.A.; Wegener Sleeswijk, A.; Ansems, A.M.M.; Eggels, P.G.; van Duin, R.; and de Goede, H.P., Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Products: Guide and Backgrounds (Part 1), Institute of Environmental Sciences, Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden, University of Leiden, the Netherlands, 1992. 10. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations, New York, 1997, Web site: http:// unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php. 11. Sakai, K., Environmental Design for Concrete Structures, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 3, No. 1, 2005, pp. 17-28. 12. Sakai, K., and Buffenbarger, J.K., Concrete Sustainability Forum IV, Concrete International, V. 34, No. 3, Mar. 2012, pp. 41-44. 13. ISO 13315-1, Environmental Management for Concrete and Concrete Structures Part 1: General Principles, Geneva, 2012. 14. Gjrv, O.E., Durability Design and Quality Assurance of Concrete Infrastructure, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 9, Sept. 2010, pp. 29-36. Selected for reader interest by the editors.

Odd E. Gjrv, FACI, is a Professor Emeritus in the Department of Structural Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Technical Sciences and has served on several ACI Committees, including 201, Durability of Concrete; 222, Corrosion of Metals in Concrete; and 357, Offshore and Marine Concrete Structures. His research interests, which have led to more than 350 technical papers, include advanced concrete materials, concrete technology, and performance of concrete structures in severe environments. Vemund N. rskog, is an Assistant Professor at lesund University College in lesund, Norway. His research interests include structural design, life-cycle assessment, maintenance and repairs, and condition assessment of civil engineering structures.

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MAY 2012 Concrete international

Integrating Below-Grade Waterproofing into Structural Details for Successful Building Performance: A Case Study
by Andrea B. Bono and Stephen T. Bono

deally, the designers of waterproong systems work as part of a team, along with the owner (or tenant), architect, structural engineer, geotechnical engineer, and contractor, to assist in developing integrated waterproong systems for buildings. This article is a case study demonstrating the importance of coordination and communication among the design team for successful waterproong performance. In this case, a late-stage change to a high-rise office buildings foundation system increased the potential risk of water intrusion into sensitive below-grade building spaces. The subject buildingdesigned to have about 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of occupied spacecomprises two below-grade and 13 above-grade oors. In the original design, the lateral force-resisting system consisted of special moment-resisting steel frames in combination with supplemental viscous dampers. In addition to the moment-resisting frames, the gravity system consisted of concrete-lled metal deck on steel framing. The building foundation was designed as a concrete mat slab with perimeter concrete walls extending to grade. The geotechnical report indicated that the elevation of the water table would reach the base of the foundation walls. Although pumps would be used to dewater the site until the buildings weight was sufficient to resist the hydrostatic uplift pressure, below-grade waterproong would be required to protect areas of the basement through the remainder of its construction and service life. As waterproong consultants to the owner, we helped determine acceptable performance levels and a risk-cost basis for the waterproong system, and we used these determinations as the basis for our system design.

Design Parameters

Understanding that well thought-out design can limit building damage but cannot eliminate it, we recommended a waterproong system that included consideration of the design water table, the owners selected performance level, and the construction sequence for the concrete mat foundation and below-grade exterior walls. The owner of this structure expected that no observable moisture would occur inside below-grade spaces. Options for the waterproong system were, however, limited. Because the building footprint extended almost to the property line, overexcavating to construct the foundation walls and applying positive side waterproong to the completed wall were not feasible. Shoring would be required, so a blindside waterproong system was selected. Mat foundation considerations and recommendations Considering the performance desired by the owner, we recommended the following installation sequence for waterproong below the mat foundation: Placement of an unreinforced concrete mud slab to provide a suitable substrate for the waterproong layer; Installation of sheet-type waterproong on the mud slab, with lapped and taped seams and detailed penetrations; Placement of a second, reinforced concrete cover slab to protect the waterproong from damage during construction of the mat foundation itself (damage due to reinforcing bar placement, material storage, welding, and movement of equipment); and Incorporation of a crystalline waterproong admixture in the mat foundation concrete.
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Structural wall considerations and recommendations Due to the property line restrictions and per the recommendation of the geotechnical engineer, a soldier pile and lagging system with tiebacks was considered the most suitable and economical retaining system for the excavation (Fig. 1). Unfortunately, tiebacks increase the risk of leakage into the structure, as sheet-type waterproong systems do not easily conform around the tieback heads or changes in surface prole at the connections of the lagging to the piles. In addition, the ties and heads effectively act as

Fig. 1: Soldier pile and lagging system with tiebacks used for excavation. The heads of post-tensioned tiebacks protrude inside the plane of the steel piles and wood-lagging system, creating surface irregularities

conduits for groundwater by providing a path of least resistance into the building. More complications arise if the tiebacks are post-tensioned and have to be detensioned after the walls are constructed. Although not required in our case, detensioning necessitates access to the tieback head and requires coordination for waterproong the concrete blockout. To compensate for the irregular surface at the junction of the wood lagging and the steel piles (Fig. 1), we recommended the installation of a protection course to the lagging and piles prior to application of the waterproong membrane. To reduce water intrusion at the tieback heads, we recommended bentonite seals and sheet-type waterproong tieback covers (Fig. 2) to encapsulate the tieback anchor. Below-grade reinforced concrete walls could be constructed using either cast-in-place concrete or shotcrete. We recommended using cast-in-place concrete with a crystalline waterproong admixture and below-grade waterproong comprising a blindside, fully adhered membrane. A blindside fully adhered membrane is installed on prepared lagging and soldier piles surfaces and is designed to bond to the concrete as it cures. It does, however, require special detailing around reinforcing bar stabilization anchors and other penetrations (Fig. 2 and 3 provide detailing at the tieback penetrations). Crystalline waterproong admixtures can help minimize water migration and the risk of interior leakage and/or staining by reacting with migrating water and growing crystals that block passage through the concrete pore structure. If concrete crack widths exceed the waterproong capabilities of the concrete admixture, however, leaks could still occur. We therefore considered the crystalline admixture as backup waterproongthe blindside waterproong membrane was the primary system.

Value Engineering

Fig. 2: Waterproofing design of a typical tieback head

After several months of developing the described design, the project was put on hold due to escalating construction costs. During this time, the project went through a value engineering exercise to reduce the construction budget. As a result, an alternate structural foundation and framing design were proposed and selected. The superstructures lateral and gravity systems were replaced by post-tensioned concrete slabs and beams, reinforced concrete columns, and post-tensioned concrete shear walls. Access to and use of the below-grade spaces remained an important element of the building programming. Following the value engineering exercise, vertical foundation waterproong essentially remained the same: fully adhered sheet blindside waterproong against cast-inplace concrete walls. At the north wall, new soldier piles and lagging were to be installed (Fig. 1). However, walls at the east, south, and west were to be maintained to shore the excavation. Construction at these walls consisted of existing concrete foundation walls with soil nails (Fig. 4) and a masonry wall of the adjacent building (Fig. 5).

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MAY 2012 Concrete international

Fig. 4: Soil nail at existing concrete foundation wall

Fig. 5: Masonry wall of the adjacent building

Fig. 3: Isometric of waterproofing at a tieback head

We recommended, where possible, removing the existing soil nails. Where the soil nails could not be removed, we recommended providing a waterproong cover and fully integrating the existing nails with the below-grade waterproong membrane (similar to Fig. 2). Design changes The value engineering exercise also resulted in signicant changes to the mat foundation design. To resist overturning forces of the core shear wall, micropiles (small-diameter, high-capacity piles designed to resist tensile and compressive forces from the superstructure) were added to the mat design (Fig. 6). Micropiles contain steel reinforcement in a steel casing (Fig. 6) and are drilled and grouted in place. In terms of waterproong, they create bypasses in the horizontal below-grade waterproong system similar to the bypasses created by tiebacks on vertical surfaces. Gaps between the soil, micropile casing, and grout can allow the groundwater to rise to the surface via capillarity. A signicant design parameter that impacted the designs of both the structural and waterproong systems was the elevation of the micropiles bottom plate that transfers compression to the micropile (Fig. 7). While the elevation must satisfy punching shear demands in the concrete mat slab, it
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also must be sufficiently high in the mat to permit installation of waterproong. The nal elevation of the bottom plate was determined after iterative negotiations between us and the structural engineer. To reduce water intrusion potential at the micropile casing above the level of the primary horizontal waterproofing, we incorporated secondary systems into the nal waterproong detail at the micropiles: grout with crystalline waterproong admixture, block waterstops to the steel casing, and injection tube waterstops at the nut and reinforcing bar. The elements of the detail at the micropile are shown in Fig. 6 through 8. The injection tube waterstops were to be grouted after the concrete mat slab reached adequate strength but prior to decommissioning the site dewatering wells. We recommended that the concrete achieve its minimum design compressive strength prior to grout injection. Once the grout cure was complete and the structural engineer agreed the building could resist the hydrostatic uplift pressure of the groundwater, we concurred that the temporary dewatering wells could be decommissioned.

Fig. 6: Micropiles installed to resist overturning forces of the core shear wall and waterproofing at a typical micropile at various phases of construction. The yellow tube is an injection tube waterstop

Fig. 7: Waterproofing design of a typical micropile

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MAY 2012 Concrete international

Fig. 8: Isometric of waterproofing at the bottom plate of a micropile. The yellow tube is the injection tube waterstop, and the black band is the block waterstop

Andrea B. Bono is a Staff II Engineer at Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH), San Francisco, CA. She is a licensed professional engineer in California and has experience in the design, investigation, and rehabilitation of commercial, healthcare, civic, and residential buildings related to below-grade spaces, podium decks, exterior components and cladding, and roofs. She has collaborated with architects, contractors, building owners, homeowners, and sustainable design consultants to design, analyze, and repair aspects of the building envelope. A member of SGHs Green Building Special Interest Group, she holds the LEED AP BD+C credential and has completed UC Berkeley Extensions Sustainable Design Professional Program. Stephen T. Bono is a Senior Staff I Engineer at SGH, San Francisco, CA. A licensed professional structural engineer in California, he specializes in evaluation and rehabilitation of commercial and institutional facilities. His experience includes both performance-based and codebased design, and evaluation and repair of steel, concrete, and masonry structures. A member of SGHs Green Building Special Interest Group, he is also a member of the Sustainable Design Committee and Existing Building Committee of the Structural Engineers Association of Northern California.

Summary

The nal waterproong solutions for the presented project are compromises based on design changes made during the value engineering exercise. Because of the addition of micropiles to the mat foundation design, our design team had to address breaches in the primary horizontal waterproong system and reduce the potential for water intrusion. Our solution was to specify and detail grout with crystalline waterproong admixture, block waterstops to the steel casing, and injection tube waterstops at the nut and reinforcing bar (Fig. 6 through 8).

Selected for reader interest by the editors.

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Products&PracticeSpotlight

Anchor Channels Transfer High Loads

n 1913, Norwegian engineer Anders Jordahl developed the anchor channel by designing a C-shaped prole that could be used as reinforcement and a connection device at the same time. Today, Jordahl anchor channels are manufactured by Deutsche Kahneisen GmbH in Germany. The North American Jordahl anchor channel product line was launched in February 2009 during World of Concrete. Decon USA, Inc. is the exclusive representative of Jordahl in North America.

Advantages with Anchor Channel Use

After being imbedded in concrete, anchor channels can be used to securely transfer high loads. Notable application benets when using anchor channels include: Anchorage without damaging the concrete structure and reinforcement; Integration into heavily reinforced components; Suitability for prestressed and post-tensioned structures; Increased load capacity near reinforcement; Fatigue and blast load resistance; High load capacity for static and dynamic loads; and Time-efficient, on-site installation. Jordahl JTA is the standard anchor channel product group for tension, angled tension, and shear load. Jordahl JTA channels come in W- and K-proles. Jordahl W-proles are hot-rolled from a billet and are therefore particularly free of residual stresses. The geometry is optimized, well-suited for dynamic loads and high clamping forces using T-headed bolts. Anchor channels made from hot-rolled proles are the preferred solution for curtain walls under high wind loads and allow exible connections of glazing panels to high-rise buildings. Further applications can be found in the precast industry, xing guiding rails in elevator shafts, tunnel constructions, and masonry connections. The K-proles, the smaller anchor channels, are cold formed in a rolling mill, which ensures dimensional consistency throughout the cross-sectional area. They can
MAY 2012 Concrete international

Product Features

be used for connecting precast elements, taking the dead weight of faades or for attaching corrugated metal siding. Jordahl also offers toothed channels accommodating loads in all directions (JXA), anchor channels with welded bars for installation in thin slabs (JGB), anchor channels with parallel welded bar anchors for extremely high dynamic loads (JRA), and anchor channels for corrugated metal siding and roof installation on concrete. Most proles are made from carbon steel materials conforming to ASTM A283, Grade D, with a minimum yield strength of 33,000 psi (228 MPa). Stainless steel Grade 316, conforming to ASTM A666, is available upon request. Jordahl anchor channels provide transfer of factored loads in tension or shear up to 16,900 lb (7700 kg). They are designed according to load combinations per ACI 318-08, Section 9.2, and anchor capacities per ACI 318-08, Appendix D. Material strength reduction factors are: 0.75 for steel under tension loads (anchor, connection anchor and channel, and local exure of channel lip), Section D.4.4.a) i); 0.70 for unreinforced concrete, tension pullout (Section D.4.4.c) ii)) and shear concrete edge failure (Section D.4.4 c) i)); and 0.75 for reinforced concrete, tension reinforcement (Section D.4.4 c) ii)) and shear reinforcement (Section D.4.4 c) i)). Decon offers a complimentary, user-friendly design software program that can be downloaded from their Web site. Jordahl T-bolts are available as hammered, hook head, and toothed bolts. T-bolts are available in zinc-plated, hot-dipped galvanized, and stainless steel and come in both standard and high-strength versions. T-bolt design is based on American Institute of Steel Construction guidelines. Among the time-efficient features of on-site installation of anchor channels are: Skilled labor not required for installation; Small edge distances; Installation with simple tools (hammer and wrench);

Efcient and Fast Installation

46

Products&PracticeSpotlight

Example of a Jordahl Anchor Channel connected to wooden formwork

T-bolts are inserted into the anchor channel slot at any desired point. After a 90-degree rotation, a bolt can be fixed by tightening with the appropriate torque. The slot must be transverse in relation to the channel direction

of customization; Ease Adjustable three dimensions; No damagein to reinforcement and in-oor heating; No welding, which eliminates the risk of re and damage caused by sparks; and No drilling required. Anchor channels are installed according to the reinforcement/formwork drawings. To prevent fresh concrete from owing into the prole, anchor channels are lled with either polystyrene or polyethylene foam. Both types can easily be removed. To prevent displacement during concrete placement, the channels are held in place: In wooden formwork by nails through the nail holes in the back of the prole or by lateral bonding with hot melt adhesives; In steel formwork by bonding with hot melt adhesives, bolting on with T-bolts or magnets; and In the surface of a concrete slab by wiring the anchors to reinforcing bars or, if required, by means of special spacers spot welded to the anchors. Jordahl anchor channels and T-headed bolts have been granted a general approval in a Research Report from the City of Los Angeles Engineering Research Section. Jordahl is now working toward obtaining an evaluation report through the International Code Council Evaluation Service, LLC, in accordance with AC232, Acceptance Criteria for Anchor Channels in Concrete Elements.

Concrete is placed, raked, and vibrated to ensure proper consolidation around the anchor channel

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After removal of the formwork, the foam filler can be easily removed by means of a hammer or other tool

Decon USA, Inc. www.deconusa.com 47

Concrete international MAY 2012

Open Doors and Create Opportunities

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ACI membership provides me with a number of opportunities to network with professionals, access up-to-date concrete information, as well as develop leadership in our student group. Chun-Hsing Ho, University of Utah, USA ACI has benefited me by giving me access to thousands of online articles. Jason Phillips, Tennessee Tech University, USA ACI offers a lot of opportunities such as free membership for students and free downloading, as well as discounts, which is important for students. Yaser Mirzaei, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Palaiseau, France
38800 Country Club Dr. Farmington Hills, MI 48331 USA Phone: 248-848-3800 Fax: 248-848-3801 www.students.concrete.org students@ concrete.org

Membership Matters

Founded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, MI, USA, the American Concrete Institute is advancing concrete knowledge by conducting seminars, managing certication programs, and publishing technical documents. The American Concrete Institute currently has 98 chapters and about 20,000 members spanning 120 countries.

Concrete Training Aids in the Classroom

by Cullen A. Jones

tanding at the border where principle meets practice, teaching a senior-level design course can be a daunting task. But its also an exciting and challenging time for the instructor and the students as they take the knowledge gained from previous courses and start to create realistic solutions. To be effective as instructors, we need to present our concepts across a broad front so students can receive the information through many different avenues. Because of this, I regularly have my students take a learning style inventory, a system originally presented by R.M. Felder and L.K. Silverman.1 From these evaluations, I nd that the vast majority of my students are visual learnersthey learn best when they can see with their minds eye what is being described in a lecture. I always try to represent concepts in two-dimensional (2-D) drawings during my lectures, but Ive also found that supplementing drawings with physical models is essential. Because students can see and touch three-dimensional (3-D) representations of what we have been discussing, they can more readily wrap their minds around new ideas. For a long time, many schools have included foam bendy beams in their instructional programs. Although the bendy beam is simply a foam block marked with a neutral axis and a series of transverse planes, its an invaluable tool for conveying design assumptions because it allows students to see that plane sections remain plane as the compressive zone shortens and the tension zone lengthens. This is a great start, but following it up with physical demonstrations of the behaviors of unreinforced and reinforced mortar beams drives it home for the students as they observe the increase in performance gained by simply adding reinforcing steel to the tensile region. A bit of showmanship (Fig. 1) helps bring other important training aids into the classroom: fun and excitement! Keeping these aids in mind, Ive attempted to integrate a series of training aids into my lectures, focusing on some of the more tricky concepts and principles. The following is an overview of teaching tools Ive implemented over the

Fig. 1: The instructor provides a live load on a reinforced mortar beam, adding excitement to the lecture (but be sure the test beam is the reinforced one)
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Fig. 2: The production of (and a look inside) a reinforced cake beam

Fig. 3: A model of a one-way slab. The grid helps students visualize the large difference in the transverse and longitudinal curvatures

past two semesters, focusing on reinforced concrete and masonry design.

Reinforced Concrete Beam Model

When teaching students with minimal familiarity of the performance of reinforced concrete structural elements, whats a good way to relate the importance of cover and spacing around the reinforcing bars? In my experience, the best way is using a structural analog constructed of materials the students know well and lovecake and cookies. The cake represents the concrete, and the cookies (cookie straws) represent the longitudinal reinforcing bars. To complete the tasty construction, the bars are supported on sugar wafer high chairs (Fig. 2). Depending on the height of the pan, the cake may need to be baked in two layers, but thats a bonusit provides an excellent opportunity to incorporate an easily identiable neutral axis and, depending on the quality of the frosting between the layers, it can show the importance of shear transfer between layers. But there are even more teaching opportunities with this training aid. This semester, we baked our cakes using standard (and clean) molds for modulus of rupture test beams, giving the students a look at a real form. The day the cakes are served, we start out with an impromptu celebration of the birthdays of reinforced concretewhen Joseph Lambot invented reinforced concrete in 1848 to build a boat used on the Lac du Bourget and Joseph Moniers rediscovery of the technique to build the plant tubs in the Orangery of Versailles in 1869and an overview of the history of the worlds most ubiquitous construction material. While the cake is being served, I relate an apocryphal tale of the failed cakes that came before the one they are currently consuming. I discuss how the rst attempts had the cookie bars too close together, resulting in congestion
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of the cake batter above the reinforcement and leaving unsightly voids in the cake bottom. I point out that later iterations had the bars spaced too far apart, resulting in vertical cracking between the cookie straws. That tale ends with the successful and enjoyable end product. Our discussions range from the protective qualities of required cover, the limitation on spacing imposed by the size of aggregate (What if the cake batter included nuts?), and the tendency of beams with widely spaced bars to act as independent beams. The whole time, the students are engaged, having fun, getting fed, and learning.

One-Way Slab Model

When teaching design of one-way slabs, its critical to start with a discussion of load paths. The students need to understand that load travels perpendicular to the support beams, so the slabs exural reinforcement also runs normal to the beams. In more engaged classes, a student may ask about the load paths near the girders at the ends of the slab sections. Of course, there is a small amount of load traveling in that direction, but its nice to have a model that demonstrates that most of the load goes to the beams. I created a simple model of a one-way slab panel with an aspect ratio of at least 2. The beams and girders are represented by a simple cross-stitch frame (available at any craft store) covered with a 1 in. (25.4 mm) layer of soft polyurethane foam. Ive drawn a grid on the top of my slab, so the students can observe the exural deformation (and curvatures in each direction) caused by a load applied anywhere on the slab (Fig. 3). Slab-on-ground design hinges on determining an appropriate thickness of a slab, based on the modulus of

Slab-on-Ground Model

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Fig. 4: A memory foam model provides qualitative demonstrations of the benefits (and failure modes) for a slab-on-ground

subgrade reaction of the soil, the loading conditions, and the modulus of rupture of the selected concrete mixture.2 It can be difficult for students to put together how these three variables contribute to the performance of the slab, but Ive found success in using a large pad of memory foam as a model. Our lecture starts with a review of the modulus of subgrade reaction from soil mechanics. The application of a unit load (bricks) to the pad allows the students to see the resulting local depression in the soil. We then discuss the effect of a slab between the load and the soil. The slab can be a piece of acoustic ceiling tile. Because the tile distributes the load over a larger effective area of the memory foam soil, the depression is demonstrably reduced. But the tile also demonstrates what can happen if the concrete is overloaded. After the load is increased sufficiently to induce exural failure (Fig. 4), we use other panels to compare failure behaviors under point loads (for example, at the posts of warehouse storage racks) and under bulk or distributed loading on pallets. This display of wanton destruction keeps the students happily engaged as we explore the combined effects of material properties and load effects. Just one note: our destruction is not indiscriminate all ceiling panels used in our demonstrations have been scheduled for replacement.

Fig. 5: A rigid foam beam with a bungee cord tendon demonstrates camber and decompression under service loads

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Post-Tensioning Model

When working with students who are just getting comfortable with the mechanics of regular reinforced beams, it can be a bit tricky to provide an overview of the benets and behaviors of prestressed concrete, but a simple model can help. New concepts, including the effects of the prestressing steel grade, stressing stages during construction, and decompression under service loads, can be demonstrated using a small beam model. Like many other instructors in the world, I use a rigid extruded polystyrene foam beam with alternating cuts along the top and bottom (Fig. 5). By routing a channel along the tension face, its possible to install a bungee cord along the length of the beam to act as a post-tensioning tendon. The bungee can be clamped at different levels of tension, demonstrating the need for high

ACIsCareerCenter
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Fig. 6: A piece of dimension lumber can be used to demonstrate the truss analogy for shear design

Fig. 7: A sandbox and universal testing machine can be used to demonstrate soil-structure interaction and failure modes of reinforced concrete footings

strain in the tendons (and showing why high-strength steel is needed). The bungee cord forces the beam to camber. Service loading forces the beam into the decompression state. Its also possible to overload the beam, so watch out for the bungee cord and falling weight!

Truss Analogy Model

made using components from a popular construction toy kit. This also gives students a chance to discuss why shear stirrups are typically placed vertically rather than perpendicular to the shear cracking. I have to say, I rather enjoy the looks of enlightenment that occur at this point in the class.

Shear cracking behavior and the necessity for stirrup reinforcement tend to be difficult topics for undergraduate students to grasp. Our lecture begins with a review of Mohrs circle and an examination of stress blocks above and below the neutral axis, near to and distant from the support. As the investigation continues, we track the principal compressive stress trajectories on a drawing of a reinforced concrete beam, and soon the shear cracking pattern becomes apparent. We then discuss, again using drawings, how a reinforced concrete beam can be modeled as a truss with compression struts and tension ties.3 At this stage, a good student will start to see the concepts in his or her minds eye, but many others will need more evidence. To help, we use a simple model of a beam made out of a 2 x 6 in. (50 x 150 mm) piece of lumber. As seen in Fig. 6, the beam comprises multiple pieces. After routing a groove along one edge (for future installation of longitudinal reinforcement), I used a band saw to cut the beam along compressive stress trajectories (mimicking our drawing based on stress block analyses). The beam components are assembled with simple hinges as top compression bers and a bungee cord as the longitudinal reinforcement. When the beam is placed into exure, the compressive struts (produced due to shear cracking) try to push the longitudinal reinforcement out of the bottom of the beam. After displaying this phenomenon, I ask the simple question: How can we stop this from happening? The truss analogy (discussed earlier in the lecture) now comes into play as I overlay the beam with a truss model
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Spread Footing Model

Spread footing design is always a fun topic because it links reinforced concrete design to the concepts students learned during their soil mechanics and foundation design courses. This is the point in their education where we really want the students to recognize the importance of soilstructure interaction as both materials react to loads. Its easy to see the footing react, but what about the soil? To give both materials equal billing in our demonstrations, I model the soil using a sandbox with heavy glass windows on two sides. The box is lled with alternating colors of sand (we use our school colors of black, grey, and gold). We also fabricate footing-column models using mortar as the concrete and wires as the exural reinforcement and vertical dowels. To demonstrate soil-structure interaction, the sandbox and a footing-column model are placed in a universal testing machine and an axial load is applied to the column until the footing fails (Fig. 7). Depending on the construction of the footing model, a exural, one-way shear, or two-way shear failure can be induced during loading. But the great part about this model is that it allows the students to observe the reaction of the soil through the shifting of the alternating sand layers behind the windows. There are numerous opportunities during these demonstrations for discovery and discussion, especially at failure of the footing. With the sudden loss of bearing surface, the students observe the rapid increase in the rate of vertical depression as the load exceeds the bearing capacity of the layered sands.

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Fig. 8: A simple wall constructed of wood blocks provides a model of a masonry lintel and arch action

A two-way shear failure helps the students see how the failure is dependent on footing thickness, column size, and concrete strength, and it demonstrates that a two-way shear failure is different than the one-way shear failure that they are familiar with from their lectures on beam design. The demonstration even validates the concept of the critical perimeter distance of d/2 from the column faces.3

points across to the broadest audience possible. Those interested in plans and specications of any model presented here can send requests to me at cullen.jones@usma.edu. Of course, Im also glad to see suggestions for additional teaching aids. References
1. Felder, R.M., and Silverman, L.K., Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education, Engineering Education, V. 78, No. 7, Apr. 1988, pp. 674-681. 2. Tarr, S. M., and Farny, J. A., Concrete Floors on Ground, EB075, fourth edition, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2008, pp. 47-90. 3. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp. 4. Allowable Stress Design of Concrete Masonry Lintels, TEK 17-1B, National Concrete Masonry Association, Herndon, VA, 2001, 4 pp.

Masonry Lintel Model

We begin our instruction on the strength design of reinforced masonry with lintels. Lintel analysis and design are great starting points because students can readily see the correlation between reinforced masonry and reinforced concrete. They soon realize that, in essence, a lintel is simply a reinforced concrete beamsomething they have had numerous opportunities to analyze and design. There is one aspect, however, that they probably havent seen in a formal setting: the concept of arch action and how it can be used to reduce the distributed load required in the design of the lintel.4 Thats where our model, a stack of dimension lumber blocks, comes into play. To start, we talk about the structural concept of a corbelled arch, its historic examples, and how most of the students have probably built them when they were toddlers. We identify the outline of a corbelled arch on the model, and then we proceed to remove extraneous blocks while maintaining a stable arch (Fig. 8). We can continue to modify the model by removing lateral support (concrete blocks) and allowing the arch to fail due to thrust action. I hope that readers engaged in teaching design and construction of reinforced concrete and masonry structures nd these ideas for training aids and demonstrations helpful. As they guide future engineers to create solutions in the most ubiquitous construction material of the last two centuries, its important that our instructors get the

Summary

ACI member Cullen A. Jones is a Major in the U.S. Army and an Instructor of civil engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY. He is the Director for Design of Reinforced Concrete & Masonry Structures and also teaches Protective Design, Engineering Mechanics and Design, and the Civil Engineering Capstone Course. He has a BS in civil engineering from the United States Military Academy, an SM in civil and environmental engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is a licensed professional engineer in Delaware. He is a member of the ACI Student Activities Committee and the Faculty Advisor for the United States Military Academys ASCE & ACI Student Chapters.

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Whats

New
Guide to a Simplied Design for Reinforced Concrete Buildings ACI 314R-11
This guide presents simplied methods and design techniques that facilitate and speed the engineering of low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is presented in an order that follows a typical design process with procedures introduced as the designer will need them in the course of a building design. Order Code: Pages: Price: 31411.CI 132 $118.50 (ACI members $72.00)

Guide to Design, Manufacture, and Installation of Concrete Piles ACI 543R-12

This report presents recommendations to assist the design architect/engineer, manufacturer, construction engineer, and contractor in the design, manufacture, and installation of most types of concrete piles. Available in hard copy or PDF format. Order Code: 54312.CI Pages: 64 Price: $89.50 (ACI members $54.00)

Report on Grouting between Foundations and Bases for Support of Equipment and MachineryACI 351.1R-12

2012 Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP)

The American Concrete Institutes 2012 Manual of Concrete Practice contains 220 ACI committee standards and reports. ACIs Manual of Concrete Practice is the most comprehensive concrete reference set available. It contains all of the widely used ACI concrete and masonry code requirements, specications, guides, and reports. Additionally, it includes information about code requirements, deection, cracking, durability problems, temperature control, nondestructive testing, and hundreds of other topics. A complete listing of publications included in the 2012 edition and additional optional formats, including online subscription, multi-user license, and more is available at www.concrete.org or by calling (248) 848-3800.
Format Order Code Price $681.50 (ACI members $409.00) $799.50 (ACI members $499.00)

This report provides an overview of current practices of grouting for support of equipment and machinery. Materials and installation methods are described for epoxy and cementitious-based grouts used as the load-transfer material between equipment bases and their foundations. Order Code: 351112.CI Pages: 21 Price: $58.50 (ACI members $36.00)

Guide for Design of Slab-Column Connections in Monolithic Concrete StructuresACI 352.1R-11

This guide provides recommendations for determining proportions and details of monolithic reinforced and post-tensioned concrete slab-column connections. Included are recommendations regarding appropriate uses of slab-column connections in structures resisting gravity and lateral forces; procedures for determination of connection load-carrying capacity; and reinforcement details to achieve adequate strength, ductility, and structural integrity. Recommendations are based on a review of the literature for ultimate and serviceability limit states. Available in hard copy or PDF format. Order Code: 352111.CI Pages: 28 Price: $65.50 (ACI members $40.00)

Manual of Concrete MCPCD12.CI Practice (CD-ROM) Manual of Concrete Practice, 7-volume MCP12PACK.CI set + Index

Manual of Concrete Practice, hard copy MCPCD12PACK.CI $1185.50 (ACI members $711.00) and CD-ROM

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Products &

Practice
UHVM Portable Concrete Construction Vibrators
UHVM portable concrete construction vibrators combine durability, portability, and adjustable frequency for use with forms, hoppers, bins, chutes, and more. The air-powered products are available in impact or air-cushioned low noise versions with 1.25 or 2 in. (32 or 51 mm) piston diameter sizes. Each model attaches interchangeably with a UHVM mounting bracket. The vibrator is equipped with an alloy steel stud mounting head that attaches to the sleeve-type mounting bracket. UHVM brackets can be welded in locations where vibration is required, allowing a single vibrator to be moved from bracket to bracket. Cleveland Vibrator Company www.clevelandvibrator.com

BDC-454 Pulse-Jet Dust Collector

The BDC-454 is designed specifically to reduce the amount of dust and debris associated with concrete, masonry and tile mortar, and asphalt materials on job sites. It greatly reduces the amount of airborne dust; can withstand the demands of heavy commercial or surface-prep contractor use; and can be used with shot blasters, grinders, and scarifiers. The unit is available in either 230 or 460 V three-phase 60 Hz power configurations. Blastrac www.blastrac.com

Handy Search

Proceq USA added the Handy Search high-resolution, deep-sensing instrument for nondestructive concrete testing to its line of equipment. The Handy Search uses radar technology to detect voids, metallic objects, and nonmetallic items such as polyvinyl chloride pipes. Data from up to 50 ft (15 m) of a traverse can be saved and reviewed in a single measurement. Proceq www.proceq.com

Gear Keeper Retractable Trowel Tether

Retractable trowel tethers, such as the Gear Keeper RT3-5602 retractable tool tether, eliminate the dangers caused by falling equipment and tangled cords. The retractable unit features a locking device that allows a fixed extension of any length up to 42 in. (1.1 m) and can be attached to a belt hook, D-ring, or stationary object by its carabiner. It has a fixed loop attachment that allows the tethering of trowels with no other attachment point and also has a patented quick-release feature to allow easy tool changing. Gear Keeper www.gearkeeper.com
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Products & Practice

Bid-Well 2418 Work Bridge
The Terex Bid-Well 2418 work bridge offers a 24 in. (600 mm) wide walkway over its 18 in. (460 mm) deep truss frame, allowing crew members to cross freshly placed concrete surfaces to perform tasks behind the paver. As the smallest of three models in the Bid-Well work bridge line, the 2418 provides up to a 105 ft (32 m) standard operating length and features telescoping end segments that offer up to 10 ft (3 m) of leg travel to each side, allowing the bridge to adapt to varying deck widths.

Terex www.terex.com

Bosch SDS Core Bits

Bosch SDS-plus, SDS-max, and spline core bits employ design features for both standard- and heavy-duty applications. The SDS-plus rotary hammer core bits, which include a new two-piece Speed Core assembly, when, paired with the integrated SDS-plus core shank, speed up assembly and disassembly. The larger SDS-max bits transfer energy to the bit more effectively to drill faster and cleaner. SDS-plus bits are ideal for applications such as brick, light concrete, and concrete block, while the SDS-max bits can be used for larger projects such as running pipes and tubing through concrete. Bosch www.bosch.com

Hanson Pipe & Precast Provides Box Culverts for Mine Project

Hanson Pipe & Precast was selected to provide precast concrete box culverts for the Turlington Mine, located near Fairfield, TX. Hanson provided more than 2560 linear ft (780 m) of 10 x 9 ft (3 x 2.7 m) reinforced precast box culverts for the expansion project. The project was designed to let groundwater flow naturally while supporting the heavy dragline excavators frequenting the mine area. Hanson Pipe & Precast was chosen by Chasco Constructors not only because of the economic benefits and ease of installation of the precast units but also because of reduced labor and time costs. Hansons Houston, TX, facility produced about 400 precast units for the project in 37 days. The system consists of two different culverts: a single barrel culvert with 256 ft (78 m) of 10 x 9 ft (3 x 2.7 m) reinforced concrete box and a 21 barrel culvert, with a final length of 110 ft (34 m) of box culvert per barrel. Concrete compressive strengths of up to 6750 psi (46 MPa) were used, allowing thinner walls and slabs and reducing concrete usage by almost 30,000 yd3 (22,920 m3). Hanson Pipe & Precast www.hansonpipeandprecast.com

Web Notes
Concrete Green Building
U.S. Concrete, Inc. launched Concrete Green Building (www.concrete-greenbuilding.com), a blog portal that includes expert opinions, up-to-the-minute news, and articles on green and sustainable construction. Concrete Green Building serves as an information resource that provides a single point for expertise and shares the best information on green construction. U.S. Concrete launched the Web site as a way to support green building growth, keep the building community informed, and provide value to customers. U.S. Concrete, Inc. www.us-concrete.com
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Products & Practice

Book Notes
Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings: Steel and Composite Construction
by Bungale S. Taranath Bridging the gap between the conceptual approach and computer analysis, Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings: Steel and Composite Construction integrates the design aspects of steel and composite buildings into one volume. Using conceptual thinking and basic strength of material concepts as foundations, the book shows engineers how to use imperfect information to estimate the answers to larger and more complex design problems by breaking them down into more manageable pieces. The book discusses the behavior and design of lateral load-resisting systems; the gravity design of steel and composite floors and columns; and methods for determining wind loads. A range of special topics are covered, including performance-based design and human tolerance for the wind-induced dynamic motions of tall buildings. Preliminary analysis techniques, graphical approaches for determining wind and seismic loads, and graphical aids for estimating unit-quantity of structural steel are also presented. The final chapter deals with the art of connection design. Additionally, 40 case studies highlight the aspects of conceptualization that are key in the design of tall and ultra-tall buildings. CRC Press, Web site: www.crcpress.com price: $159.95; 690 pp.; ISBN 9781439850893

b Bulletins 58-61 Released

Products&Service Literature&Videos

The International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) released four new documents in its series of bulletins. fib Bulletin 58, Design of anchorages in concrete, addresses a variety of loading types and failure models and takes into account the current use of anchorages in new construction and in the repair and strengthening of existing concrete structures. The bulletin provides a method for anchorage design and additional rules for the design of the structure to which the load is transferred. fib Bulletin 59, Condition control and assessment of reinforced concrete structures, summarizes information published in fib Bulletins 17, 22, 34, and 44 relevant to the assessment of reinforced concrete structures and develops a practical concept for structural management. fib Bulletin 60, Prefabrication for affordable housing, responds to the increasing need for durable and affordable housing. It shows the main features of a number of different construction systems and aims to make a comprehensive comparison to help in learning, exchanging, and developing ideas on how to better meet housing needs everywhere. fib Bulletin 61, Design examples for strut-and-tie models, is a continuation of fib Bulletin 16. Its main goal is to demonstrate the application of the FIP Recommendations, Practical Design of Structural Concrete, and to illustrate the use of strut-and-tie models. The bulletin includes 14 examples, most of which are taken from the designs of existing structures built in recent years. To purchase any of these bulletins, visit www.fib-international.org/publications.
Information on the items reported in Products & Practice is furnished by the product manufacturers, suppliers, or developers who are responsible for the accuracy of the information. Also, the descriptions of these items do not represent endorsement by this magazine, by the American Concrete Institute, or any of its staff. They are published here simply as a service to our readers.

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Product

Showcase
Anchorage Systems
CONNECT-EZ PA and V
CONNECT-EZ released two new productsthe Panel Anchor (PA) and the Vwhich eliminate eld welding. The PA is a mechanical connection, usually positioned inside a building, which provides easy access for drilling and installation of anchor bolts. It eliminates exterior patching, reduces corrosion, and ensures that anchors are installed within 6 degrees perpendicular to the connected concrete surface. The V provides a secure mechanical connection for the erection of structural steel to concrete. It features an interlocking chamber, which is integrally cast in precast, tilt-up, or cast-in-place concrete, and a bearing seat, which is bolted to joists or beams before erection. The chamber and seat engage remotely, eliminating the need to manually connect steel to concrete. CONNECT-EZTM www.theconnect-ez.com

ACI Resources for Contractors and Craftsmen

Contractors Guide to Quality Concrete Construction, now available in text and audiobook versions. Spanish text version coming soon! ASCC105.CI (Text format) ASCC1055.CI (Spanish text) ASCC105CD.CI (CD format) ASCC105MP3.CI (MP3 format) $68.50 (ACI members $38.00) Text, 6-CD set, or MP3 (Both audio formats include a 75-page printed book of photos, gures, tables, and checklists) Spanish text version available now! The best-selling Contractors Guide to Quality Concrete Construction is now available in CD and MP3 audio formats. Educate yourself or your employees on quality concrete construction techniques and practices while waiting in a vehicle, traveling to and from work, or running between projects. Order Code: Price: Format: Concrete Craftsman Series 1Slabs-on-Ground Order Code: CCS110.CI Price: $35.00 (ACI members $21.00) This primary reference for the ACI Concrete Flatwork Finisher and Technician Certication programs was completely revised and rewritten in 2010. The third edition includes more of the up-to-date information that concrete craftsmen need to know to produce quality atwork.

Spanish text version coming soon!

Order today! www.concrete.org 248-848-3800

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Product Showcase
Torq-Cut
Torq-Cut Self-Undercutting Anchor is a heavy-duty, high-capacity anchor designed and tested for use in cracked and uncracked concrete under static, wind, and seismic load conditions. The anchors low-friction expansion cone minimizes binding, while its undercut expansion ring with hardened cutters expands with installation torque, forming undercut grooves in the concrete. This interlocking connection between anchor and concrete provides high load-carrying capacity. Anchor design strength values and installation requirements are provided in ICC-ES ESR-2705. Simpson Strong-Tie www.strongtie.com

CINTEC Reinforcing Anchor System

CINTEC Reinforcing Anchor System, a microcement anchoring and reinforcing technique, is used for repair and renovation of existing buildings. After inspection by a qualied CINTEC engineer, the system is applied where needed. The system consists of a steel bar enclosed in a mesh fabric sleeve and a nonpolymer, cement-like grout. After the bar is installed, the grout is injected at low pressure, fuses with the mesh, and expands and shapes itself around the steel to t the space. Testing on various sizes of CINTEC anchors shows that the system is capable of resisting blast loads. CINTEC North America www.cintec.com

Pure 50+

Pure 50+ Epoxy, from Powers Fasteners, is a two-part epoxy adhesive anchoring system engineered with a high load capacity for use with guard rails, doweling, road lighting, rail systems, and signage. The system includes adhesive in a dual-cylinder plastic cartridge, static mixing nozzles, dispensing tools, and holecleaning equipment. Powers Fasteners www.powers.com

New Acceptance Criteria for Anchor Channels in Concrete Elements

ICC-ES has issued AC232, Acceptance Criteria for Anchor Channels in Concrete Elements, for the qualication and design of anchor channels. The rules for qualication and design of anchor channels have been developed over several years, with most research conducted at the University of Stuttgart Institute for Building Materials, Stuttgart, Germany. The technical content of AC232 is drawn largely from requirements that were under concurrent development for a Common Understanding of Assessment Procedure developed under the European Organization for Technical Approvals. Contributions to AC232 were made by representatives from industry and by engineers and academics, and the document was rst approved by the ICC-ES Evaluation Committee in October 2010 with some editorial changes in June and October 2011. A task group for anchor channels has been formed by the Concrete Anchor Manufacturers Association to support ongoing maintenance of the acceptance criteria. At present, AC232 is limited to anchor channels that resist tension and shear loads applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel. The design requirements in AC232 are based on ACI 318, Appendix D. However, additional sections address failure modes unique to anchor channels, load distribution to the anchors, and shear behavior of the embedded channel. ICC Evaluation Service www.icc-es.org 59

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Calls for

Papers
Analysis and Design Issues in LiquidContaining Structures
Meeting: Technical session on Analysis and Design Issues in Liquid-Containing Structures at the ACI Fall 2012 Convention, October 21-25, 2012, in Toronto, ON, Canada; sponsored by ACI Committee 350, Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures. Solicited: Papers on the latest analytical procedures, experimental ndings, and construction practice issues related to liquid-containing structures are invited. Topics will include crack and leakage control criteria under hydrostatic and seismic loading, simplied and efficient design procedures, design code-related issues, and liquid-structure interaction effects. Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title, affiliation, and contact information; and 3) abstract of 500 words maximum. Deadline: Abstracts are due by May 30, 2012. Send to: Reza Kianoush, Ryerson University, e-mail: kianoush@ryerson.ca. Meeting: Technical session on Applications of Acoustic Emission for Reinforced Concrete at the ACI Fall 2012 Convention, October 21-25, 2012, Toronto, ON, Canada; jointly sponsored by ACI Committees 228, Nondestructive Testing of Concrete, and 437, Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures. Solicited: The objective of the session is to provide an update of the current state of the art and practice related to evaluation of RC structures with acoustic emission. The session is targeted to practicing engineers as well as researchers. Outcomes include familiarization with sensor placement and data interpretation techniques for assessment of corrosion, load testing, structural health monitoring, and other applications. Twenty-minute presentations are invited. Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title, affiliation, and contact information; and 3) abstract of 150 words maximum. Deadlines: Abstracts are due by May 31, 2012. Send to: Paul Ziehl, University of South Carolina, e-mail: ziehl@cec.sc.edu; telephone: (803) 467-4030. in durability; environmental design, evaluation, and systems; social and economic aspects of concrete construction; and case studies of sustainable concrete materials and structures. Requirements: Abstracts of 300 to 400 words are invited. More information on submittal of abstracts can be found at www.jci-iccs13.jp. Deadlines: Abstracts are due by May 31, 2012; full papers are due by September 12, 2012. Send to: iccs13@ics-inc.co.jp.

Thermal Methods for Prediction of Properties of Cementitious Systems

Acoustic Emission for Reinforced Concrete

Meeting: ASTM International Workshop on Thermal Methods for Prediction of Properties of Cementitious Systems, December 2, 2012, Atlanta, GA; sponsored by ASTM Committees C01, Cement; C09, Concrete and Concrete Aggregates; and Joint Subcommittee C01.48/C09.48, Performance of Cementitious Materials and Admixture Combinations. The workshop will be held in conjunction with the standards development meetings of the committees. Solicited: Thermal measurements are increasingly used as research and troubleshooting tools to capture the hydration kinetics of cementitious mixtures. As the cementitious binder reacts with water, it releases heat that can be measured either as heat ow (ASTM C1679) or a temperature rise, resulting in a ngerprint of the reactivity of the mixture tested at the current conditions. For additional information, visit www. astm.org/C09_Cementitious.htm. Requirements: Interested participants must submit a 250- to 300-word abstract via e-mail. Deadline: Abstracts are due by June 4, 2012. Send to: Tim Cost, Holcim, Canton, MS; e-mail: tim.cost@holcim; or Paul Sandberg, Calmetrix, Beverly, MA; e-mail: psandberg@calmetrix.com. Meeting: Seventh International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ISEC-7), June 18-23, 2013, Honolulu, HI; hosted by the University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Engineering; organized by The ISEC Society; cosponsored by ACI, American Society of Civil Engineers, Chartered Institute of Building, Institute of Civil Engineers, and Wayne State College of Engineering. Solicited: Presentations on all branches of structural and construction engineering, including architectural, coastal, geotechnical, infrastructure, and materials engineering; air and water; construction management and safety; and cost and project management. Requirements: Submit a 200- to 400-word abstract outlining the major content and conclusions online at the

Structural Engineering and Construction

International Conference on Concrete Sustainability

Meeting: International Conference on Concrete Sustainability (ICCS13), May 27-29, 2013, Tokyo, Japan; organized by the Japan Concrete Institute and cosponsored by b, ACI, and RILEM. Solicited: The main conference topics include environmental impact reduction technologies; sustaina bility aspects
MAY 2012 Concrete international

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Calls for Papers: Submission Guidelines

We recommend that notices of calls for papers be submitted to Concrete International at least 9 months (or sooner) prior to the prospective sessions. This timetable generally allows publishing of the notication in three issues of the magazine. Please send meeting information, papers/presentations being solicited, abstract requirements, and deadline, along with full contact information to: Keith A. Tosolt, Managing Editor, Concrete International, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094; fax: (248) 848-3150; e-mail: Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org. Visit www.callforpapers.concrete.org for more information.

Calls for Papers

ISEC Web site: www.isec-society.org/abstractsAndPapers2/ ?parent=ISEC_07. Deadline: Abstracts are due by June 15, 2012. Contact: Frank Yazdani, Department of Civil Engineering, North Dakota State University, e-mail: frank.yazdani@ndsu.edu.

Notable Concrete in Toronto and Vicinity

Document: Compendium of notable concrete in Toronto and vicinity for publication at the ACI Fall 2012 Convention in Toronto, ON, Canada, October 21-25, 2012; compiled by ACI Committee 124, Concrete Aesthetics, and cosponsored by the ACI Ontario Chapter and the Toronto Society of Architects. Document will also be available as an electronic le on the ACI Web site. Solicited: Image and brief description of notable concretecast-in-place, precast, post-tensioned, masonry, or tilt-upin all types of uses: buildings, monuments, pavement, silos, bridges, crypts, furniture, retaining walls, tanks, sculpture, culverts, plazas, and whatever else has caught your attention. Signicance may be historical, aesthetic, func tional, structural, construction-related, unusual use or application, or simply personal affection. Requirements: 1) Name and location of submission; 2) image (photograph, drawing, or sketch) that is not copyrighted; 3) brief description that establishes signicance and lists credits; and 4) submitters name, title, organization, and contact inform ation. Location information should be sufficient to enable discovery by reader. Submit all information in electronic format: image as JPEG or TIFF le at least 1 MB (but no more than 4 MB); text in e-mail or as MS Word document (100 words maximum). Deadline: Submissions are due by July 1, 2012. Send to: Michael J. Paul, Duffield Associates, 211 North 13th Street, Suite 704, Philadelphia, PA 19107; telephone: (215) 545-7295; e-mail: mpaul@duffnet.com. Meeting: Technical session on Historic Concrete Structures at the ACI Spring 2013 Convention, April 14-18, 2013, in Minneapolis, MN; sponsored by ACI Committee 120, History of Concrete. Solicited: The goal of this session is to provide a forum to discuss historic concrete structures. Papers and presentations related to the history of concrete structuressuch as antiquated structural systems, unique applications of concrete, and the constructors and designers of historic concrete structuresare invited. Each speaker will deliver a 20- to 30-minute presentation during the session. Requirements: 1) Presentation title; 2) author/speaker name(s), title, affiliation, and contact information; and 3) abstract of 500 words maximum. Deadline: Abstracts are due by July 15, 2012. Send to: Kimberly Kramer, Kansas State University, 230 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506; e-mail: kramer@ ksu.edu; telephone: (785) 532-5964; fax: (785) 532-3556.
Concrete international MAY 2012

Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies

Meeting: Third International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies (SCMT3), August 18-22, 2013, Kyoto, Japan; sponsored by Coventry University, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Center for By-products Utilization, and Japan Concrete Institute; cosponsored by ACI, ASCE, and RILEM. Solicited: The main conference themes are sustainable construction materials and structures, durability of construction materials, and maintenance and life-cycle management of structures. Papers presented at SCMT3 will be selected for publication in the ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. A new competition is planned for SCMT3, in which the newest technologies with the greatest potential will be put forward to a panel of contractors to carry out site trials. Requirements: Abstracts of 200 to 300 words on all types of construction materials, including timber, steel, and concrete are invited. Submit abstracts at www.scmt.org.uk. Deadline: Abstracts are due by June 29, 2012. Contact: Peter Claisse, e-mail: p.claisse@coventry.ac.uk; or Tarun Naik, e-mail: tarun@uwm.edu. Meeting: Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC2013), May 13-15, 2013, in Chicago, IL. Solicited: SCC2013 is requesting abstracts of papers that address recent innovation, application, and production of self-consolidating concrete (SCC). All accepted papers will be published in the conference proceedings. Selected papers will be published in a special issue of Cement and Concrete Composites. Requirements: All abstracts must include the title of a paper, author(s) and personal identication, and body paragraph(s). Abstracts should not exceed 350 words, written with single-line spacing in font size 12. Author identication should include the names, professional titles, mailing addresses, work phone numbers, and e-mail addresses of all authors. The body paragraph(s) may include, but are not limited to, the purpose/issue, methodology, results, and conclusions of the present work. Deadline: Abstracts are due by June 30, 2012. Submit online: www.intrans.iastate.edu/events/scc2013/ abstract/.

Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete

Historic Concrete Structures

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Meetings
2012 May 6-8 20-25
2012 PTI Convention, Nashville, TN www.post-tensioning.org/annual_ conference.php IABSE Conference, Cairo, Egypt www.iabse-cairo2012.com 2012 International Concrete Sustainability Conference, Seattle, WA www.concretetechnologyforum. org/seattle Chemspec USA, Philadelphia, PA www.chemspecevents.com/usa IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Technical Conference, San Antonio, TX www.ieeepcaconference.org 4th International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction, Agios Nikolaos, Greece NICOM4.civil.duth.gr International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in Concrete (ICAAR), Austin, TX www.icaar2012.org

17-20

Bond in Concrete International Symposium, Brescia, Italy www.bondinconcrete2012.org International Congress on Durability of Concrete, Trondheim, Norway www.icdc2012.com 7th RILEM International Conference on Cracking in Pavements, Delft, the Netherlands www.rilem2012.org 2012 APWA Sustainability in Public Works Conference, Pittsburgh, PA www.apwa.net/sustainability International Conference on Flexible Formwork, Bath, England, UK www.icff2012.co.uk

May-June 29-1

18-21

7-9

SSCS 2012, Aix en Provence, France www.sscs2012.com

7-10

June 7-8

20-22

CSDA Summer Meetings, Atlanta, GA www.csda.org 29th Annual International Bridge Conference, Pittsburgh, PA www.eswp.com/bridge b Symposium: Concrete Structures for Sustainable Community, Stockholm, Sweden www.bstockholm2012.se The 6th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil EngineeringCICE 2012, Rome, Italy www.cice2012.it

10-13

25-27

8-9

13-17

11-14

27-29

20-22

13-15

July 3-5

Structural Faults + Repair 2012, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK www.structuralfaultsandrepair.com 10th International Conference on Concrete Pavements, Quebec City, QC, Canada www.concretepavements.org/10thiccp 6th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety, and Management, Lake Maggiore, Italy www.iabmas2012.org

See the events calendar at www.concreteinternational.com for more listings

8-12

Upcoming ACI Conventions

2012 October 21-25, Sheraton Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2013 April 14-18, Hilton & Minneapolis Convention Center, Minneapolis, MN. 2013 October 20-24, Hyatt Regency & Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, AZ. 2014 March 23-27, Grand Sierra Resort, Reno, NV.

For additional information, contact:

Event Services, ACI, P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094 Telephone: (248) 848-3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org

9-11

Concrete in the Low Carbon Era, Dundee, Scotland, UK www.ctucongress.co.uk

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MAY 2012 Concrete international

Sinopsis en espaol
Evaluacin termo-qumico-mecnica de las grietas de las estructuras tempranas de hormign en masa Fairbairn, Eduardo M.R.; Silvoso, Marcos M.; Koenders, Eddy A.B.; Ribeiro, Fernando L.B.; y Toledo Filho, Romildo D., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 5, mayo de 2012, pgs. 30-35 En los ltimos aos, las fases de la construccin de muchas estructuras enormes de hormign se han simulado usando modelos termo-mecnicos en tres dimensiones para evaluar enormes problemas de ingeniera y ayudar a optimizar la fase de la construccin. El modelo termo-qumico-mecnico desarrollado en la COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro de Brasil es un cdigo informtico paralelo de base arquitectnica en tres dimensiones especialmente desarrollado para guiar enormes simulaciones termo-mecnicas basadas en el mtodo de elementos finitos. Este modelo se us en el anlisis de la construccin del Proyecto Manuel Piar, una central hidroelctrica de 2160 MW en Venezuela. Mantenimiento preventivo y sostenibilidad de infraestructuras de hormign Gjrv, Odd E., y rskog, Vemund N., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 5, mayo de 2012, pgs. 36-40 El anlisis del ciclo de vida (ACV) es una herramienta valiosa pero completa que se usa para la evaluacin medioambiental del diseo, la produccin y el mantenimiento de infraestructuras. En este artculo, el ACV se aplica para comparar los impactos medioambientales de una hipottica reparacin y de un programa de mantenimiento preventivo. Se supone que la reparacin se hace usando un parche de hormign proyectado aplicado a una estructura de hormign cuyo acero incrustado sufre una constante corrosin inducida por cloruros, y se supone que el mantenimiento preventivo consiste en la aplicacin peridica de un recubrimiento hidrofbico. Integracin de la impermeabilizacin por debajo del grado en detalles estructurales para el rendimiento satisfactorio de la construccin: un caso prctico Bono, Andrea B., y Bono, Stephen T., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 5, mayo de 2012, pgs. 41-45 Los diseadores de sistemas de impermeabilizacin suelen trabajar como parte de un grupo junto con el propietario, el arquitecto, el ingeniero estructural, el ingeniero geotcnico y el contratista para ayudar en el desarrollo del sistema de impermeabilizacin integrado de la construccin. Este artculo demuestra la importancia de la coordinacin y la comunicacin de los miembros del grupo de diseo para alcanzar un rendimiento satisfactorio en la impermeabilizacin Relata cmo un cambio en la ltima etapa en el sistema de cimentacin de un edificio alto de oficinas influye en las soluciones finales de impermeabilizacin del proyecto. Recursos de formacin sobre hormign en el aula Jones, Cullen A., Concrete International, V. 34, No. 5, mayo de 2012, pgs. 49-53 Dar un curso de diseo de categora superior puede ser emocionante y un desafo para el profesor y los alumnos, ya que toman los conocimientos adquiridos en cursos anteriores y los aplican a soluciones de diseo realistas. Es esencial representar conceptos en dibujos de dos dimensiones y complementarlos con modelos fsicos. Este artculo proporciona un resumen de los recursos de formacin y las demostraciones en las aulas usados en las clases de diseo de estructuras de hormign armado y mampostera de la Academia Militar de los Estados Unidos en West Point, Nueva York.

Concrete international MAY 2012

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If you are producing more than 100,000 yd3 of concrete per year, then you should be making your own admixtures. You would be impressed by what it will do for your bottom line prot. I have been in the admixture business for over 55 years and have approved proven formulations that meet ASTM-C-494, and have been in use in millions of meters of concrete around the world. No admixture company will sell you their formulations, BUT I will since I am getting out of the business and willing to pass this condential information, and raw material suppliers, on to others. If you are interested please feel free to contact me at email: component1729@aol.com. This offer is available worldwide, not limited to U.S.

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Available classied sections: Positions Wanted, Positions Available, Used Equipment, Business Opportunities, Education, and Positions Vacant. Professional Services Section (3-1/2 x 2 in.): $280 (1); $250 (3); $230 (6); $210 (9); $190 (12). Classied Rates for Concrete International: $100 for rst 50 words and $2 for each additional word over 50. Print Classied ad deadlines: All ads need to be reserved 2 months ahead of issue in which ad will appear. Online Classied ad deadlines: Ads post on the 1st and 15th of every month and will run for one month. If you want your classied ad to appear on the rst of the month, contracts and text are due on the 25th of the month prior to appearance; if you want your ad to appear on the 15th of the month, contracts and text are due by the 10th of the month that your ad will appear. Contact Jeff Rhodes at (410) 584-8487 for deadlines and additional information.

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Jeff Rhodes, Sales Manager Network Media Partners (410) 584-8487 E-mail: concrete@networkmediapartners.com Burgess Pigment Company................................................................... 43 Chryso, Inc........................................................................................... 27 Computers & Structures, Inc.................................................. Back Cover Fall Line Testing & Inspection............................................................. 13 Hughes Brothers................................................................................... 34 The Euclid Chemical Company.................................... Inside Back Cover Headed Reinforcement Corp.................................................................. 2 Holcim (US) Inc..................................................................................... 6 ICC Evaluation Service......................................................................... 25 ITW-Redhead....................................................................................... 23 Simpson Strong-Tie.............................................................................. 17 StructurePoint............................................................. Inside Front Cover

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Concrete

Q&A
Q. A.

Removal of Rust Stains from Architectural Concrete

Do you have any recommendation on removal of rust streaks from architectural concrete without altering color and nish? ed solution of thioglycolic acid. For treatment of deeper rust stains, using a thick layer of a stiff poultice is recommended. Deep and intense rust stains can be treated with a solution comprising ammonium or sodium citrate and water, followed by an application of sodium hydrosulte crystals and a poultice made of powdered inert material and water.3 To determine which wet method is the most appropriate for your application, different chemicals should be evaluated on small inconspicuous areas. Prior to applying any chemicals to the stained area, concrete should be saturated with water to prevent chemicals from being absorbed too deeply. The effectiveness of the stain removal should not be judged until the sample area has dried for at least 1 week. Caution is recommended when dealing with stains on older concrete because removing stains will also remove other contaminants and produce a much lighter color than the surrounding concrete.3 For more detailed recommendations on removal of rust stains as well as other types of stains from concrete surfaces, refer to Removing Stains and Cleaning Concrete Surfaces, IS214, published by the Portland Cement Association.3 References
1. ACI Committee 303, Guide for Cast-in-Place Architectural Concrete Practice (ACI 303R-04), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2004, 32 pp. 2. ACI Committee 221, Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete (ACI 221R-96) (Reapproved 2001), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996, 29 pp. 3. Removing Stains and Cleaning Concrete Surfaces, IS214, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 1988, 16 pp. Note: Additional information on the ASTM standards discussed in this article can be found at www.astm.org.
Questions in this column were asked by users of ACI documents and have been answered by ACI staff or by a member or members of ACI technical committees. The answers do not represent the ofcial position of an ACI committee. Only a published committee document represents the formal consensus of the committee and the Institute. We invite comment on any of the questions and answers published in this column. Write to the Editor, Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331; contact us by fax at (248) 848-3701; or e-mail Rex.Donahey@concrete.org.

According to ACI 303R-04, rust stains are considered the most common stains on architectural concrete surfaces.1 Stains can appear as water erodes oxides from reinforcing bars or other ferrous objects left on the concrete surface (nails, formwork hardware, or other accessories). To prevent such stains, exposed reinforcing bars should be protected by coating them with a slurry of portland cement and water or other special coatings, and loose ferrous objects should not be left on the concrete surface for an extended period of time. Rust stains can also be caused by aggregates in concrete due to oxidation and hydration of ferrous compounds in clay ironstone and of iron suldes (such as pyrite and marcasite) in limestone and shales. 2 ASTM C294, Standard Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Concrete Aggregates, states: Marcasite and certain forms of pyrite and pyrrhotite are reactive in mortar and concrete, producing a brown stain accompanied by a volume increase that has been reported as one source of popouts in concrete. ASTM C294 also recognizes that contaminants such as metallic embedments present in recycled concrete processed for use as concrete aggregate may cause rust staining or blistering of surfaces if used in concrete. Lightweight aggregates should be tested for staining (iron content) in accordance with ASTM C641, Standard Test Method for Iron Staining Materials in Lightweight Concrete Aggregates, and checked for allowable limits per ASTM C330, Standard Specication for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete, or ASTM C331, Standard Specication for Lightweight Aggregates for Concrete Masonry Units. Once the source of staining and methods of preventing the future reappearance of stains have been established, an appropriate treatment for stain removal can be chosen. Either dry (mechanical) or wet (chemical or water) methods can be used. For architectural concrete, roughening of the surface with sandblasting or waterblasting could be unacceptable, so wet methods might be the only option. Mild rust stains can usually be completely removed by cleaning with a solution of oxalic acid and water or an ammoni68
MAY 2012 Concrete international