SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLIES (SMPS)

Until 1980, regulated power supplies using series pass trnsistor were used.

These suffered from the following disadvantages.

1) There is wastage of power equal to (vi – vo) IL in the series pass transistor.
2) Heat is produced due to this wastage of power.so large heat sink has to be
used. Some times cooling fan has also to be used.
3) Bulky and costly step down transformer is needed.
4) Efficiency is reduced.

Against this, the SMPS has the following advantages.

1) Power loss in the series pass element is reduced.
2) Since heat producedis reduced, bulky heat sinks are elimminted.
3) Step down transfomer used operats at 20 kHz to 50KHz. So ferrite
transfomer of reduce Size and weight is employed
4) Efficienc y is increased.

Priciple of smps
In the switching device,which is usually atrnsistor is driven by square wave.
It is fully turned ON when marks comes.so potential difference across it is zero.
so power dissipation is zero.And when spaces comes, bthe trnsistor is turned
OFF. so current passing through the transistor is zero. So the
power disspition is zero.

Ratio Ton/T is called the duty D.

IF,

Vi = input voltage and

Vo = output voltage,
then

Vo = Vi*D - - - - - - - - - - 1
for example if Vi = 50 V and D = 0.4.then

Vo = 50*0.4 = 20v
And if D=0.8, then

Vo = 50*0.8=40V
Thus by changing the mark and space time, the output voltage can be changed.
Block schematic of SMPS :
Block diagram, of SMPS is shown in figure.

Function of various blocks are as below.

1) H.v. rectifere : It is a bridge rectifier comprising of high voltage

diodes D1 through D4. Mains a.c. voltage is converted in to d.c.
2) Filter : shunt capacitor filter C1 smoothes out the pulsating d.c.
3) CHOPPER : Chopper converts high voltage d.c. into high voltage high
frequency a.c . The magnitude of a.c. voltage is
incresed or decrease depending upon the output voltage.
4) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER : It is a ferrite cored step down transformer.It
steps down the high voltage high frequency a.c. into low voltage a.c. at the
same frequency. Since the frequency is high ( 20 khz to 50 khz ),the size of the
transformer is very much reduced compared to mains step down
transformerwhich is used in the conventional power supplies.
5) LV RECTIFER : It is full wave type rectifer comprising of diodes D5 and
D6.It converts low voltage a.c. to d.c.
6) FILTER : It is a pie type filter comprasing of capacitor C2, C3 and choke L, it
smoothes out d.c.output from LV rectifer.
7) SAMPLAING NETWORK : It comprises of resistor R1 and R2 connected in
series across the output voltage. The voltage available across R2 is
proportional to the output voltage Vo.This voltage is applied to the comparator.
8) REFERENCE : It gentrates the stedy reference voltage . Normaly it is obtained
by using zener diode.
9) COMPARATOR AND ERROR AMPLIFIER : It recives two signals. One is
the reference signal and other is proportional to the output voltage.The
difference of this two signals is the error signal.
10) VOLTAGE CONTROLLED MULTIVIBRATER : It is a square wave
generator. Its mark to space ratio or duty is controlled by the error signal.