WORLD HISTORY

China

CHINA
In China, its people refer to the land as Zhong-guo [Middle Kingdom] Many believed they were the worlds only inhabitants They had good reason, China is very isolated North=Gobi Desert, West=Himalayas, East=Pacic Ocean, South=Dense rain forest

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China is currently home to over 1.3 billion people The massive nation covers over 3.7 million miles Yet most the entire population lives along the eastern 1/3 of the country Reason = farming, only 20% of the land is level Only 10% is good for farming

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The climate of China varies greatly North=Warm to Hot summers, Cold Winters South=Humid, Rainy, Tropical China has 3 major rivers, populations swell around them Areas surrounding the rivers offer excellent trade, water, good farming

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The three major rivers of China are: Huang He = Yellow River, 1000s of miles long in northern China Silty, loamy water is yellow in color Also referred to as the River of Sorrow Floods often, many have been killed 1931, 4 million died in a ood

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Chang/Yangtze River = Near modern city of Shanghai. 3rd longest river in the world Massive river, very controversial due to construction of Three Gorges Dam Largest dam in the world Will power many great Chinese cities Will also leave millions homeless and ruin many natural habitats

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Yi River = Great river in the south Hub of trading with the world Also a great river for farmers

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2/3 thirds of China is mountain/ semi desert The most prominently deserts are the Gobi and Taklimakan The Gobi is one of the most inhospitable places on Earth Temperatures can vary from -45 degrees to 100

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China is home to many great mountain ranges The Himalayas to the west are dominated by Mt. Everest In the south exists the Guilin Mountains, mainly made of limestone they pose unique shapes The Hengduan Mountains are considered the birthplace of owers

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) What core values were established in China through the story of Yu? 2) How did the Chinese writing system create Chinas social class order?

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Chinese history began with a great ood After 7 long years, ood waters would not abate Young hero, Yu, decided it was time to master the ood For 13 years, worked day and night planting trees, digging canals

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Due to Yus efforts, the ood waters subsided Huang He River or Yellow River did not ood again for 1,600 years People celebrated the great leadership and work ethic of Yu Made him king, rst Chinese Ruling Dynasty, Xia, was established

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Many are unsure if the story is accurate The rst Dynasties left few artifacts Story does however set the foundation for core Chinese beliefs The Chinese to this day believe strongly in the value of hard work, good leadership and ghting back the great rivers of China

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What we do know, is that Chinas early civilizations used wooden hoes, sticks to plant crops along the Huang He River They worshiped a God named Shang Di They believed that if they did not appease the Gods, they would have hardship Not pleasing the Gods meant, famine, poor government, oods

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The second great Chinese Dynasty was the Shang This dynasty began around 1600 BC We know much more about the Shang because they developed a written language This language is found today in ancient carvings

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The Shang kings life revolved around pleasing the Gods He began a tradition of consulting advisors If a problem persisted, the king would turn to his dead ancestors Ancestors would be called by making offerings Questions would be asked using divination bones

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On the bones, questions would be written The bones were then subject to great heat, causing cracks Cracks were interpreted as answers The king would then take the answers and ancestral advice Pleasing the ancestors, Chinese gods would bring the King good fortune

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The early civilizations of China also established the Chinese writing system It is made up of ideographs, that represent words or thoughts They also used pictographs to represent objects through pictures The Shang Dynasty used over 3,000 ideographs Later Dynasties would require scholars to know over 10,000 With so many ideographs, many, such as farmers, had no time to study, became illiterate Established class structure; only the brightest and most wealthy could become scholars

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1027 BC, Zhou invaded from the north west, replaced the Shang Dynasty They began a new tradition called The Mandate of Heaven This asserted that heaven gave certain people a right to rule If heaven did not like the ruler, the mandate would be withdrawn, chaos would ensue Began the Dynastic Cycle

THE DYNASTIC CYCLE

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) What is the goal of Confucianism? 2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of legalism?

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=People

CHINA
The Zhou Dynasty put in place many traditions that would inuence later Chinese dynasties By 700 BC, the Zhou Dynasty fell into decay Many powerful lords separated themselves from the empire and formed their own states These states continued to war against one another Warring States Period It was during this time that Chinas greatest thinkers emerged

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551 BC, Chinas greatest philosopher, Confucius was born Confucius lived during a time of disorder and war Sought to restore peace and harmony Went out and attempted to teach his beliefs to high courts Teachings were rejected, Confucius was not popular during his lifetime

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However, a small group of followers collected and passed on his writings, The Analects These would become very popular and are part of Chinese culture to this day Teachings taught rulers that they should provide good government Also taught that the kings subjects should always be loyal The overriding goal of his teachings were peace and respect

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Teachings of Confucius are based around the 5 Relationships 1) Ruler and the Ruled 2) Father and the Son 3) Old Brother and the Young Brother 4) Husband and Wife 5) Friend to Friend

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According to Confucius, the superior individual should set an example to the inferior If a ruler himself is upright, all will go well without orders. But if he himself is not upright, even though he gives orders, they will not be obeyed. Likewise the father is the most important individual in the family Confucius set in motion lial piety, duty and respect of children In time, Confucian teachings became the core of Chinese society

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After Confucius came another great teacher called Lao Tzu Like Confucius, Lao looked to establish order and peace Teachings became knows as Taoism Tao means the way

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Taoists conicted with Confucius in terms of government, and rules They saw these things as articial, man made Taoists seek to follow the natural way They believe in small government, few, but simple rules Simplicity in all things is key Ying/Yang Tao symbol of harmony White = Yang represents female, soft, slow and tranquil Black = Yin and represents males, fast, tough and aggressive

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Confucians thought that order was based on relationships and behavior Taoists saw that order was based upon people and nature Taoists thought it best to live a natural way, following nature Anything else was man made and caused war and chaos

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Taoists believed that the best form of government was one that had the fewest rules The wise man keeps to the deed that consists of taking no action and practices using no words Taoists then were peaceful and natural They sought simplicity and this philosophy heavily inuenced the arts

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Taoists inuenced the arts and sciences in many ways It is believed by many that the inventors of Gun Powder were Taoist They used it to frighten off ghosts They also made technological breakthroughs in science and astronomy

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Another great thinker that would revolutionize Chinese culture was Han Feizi He, like Lao, refuted the teachings of Confucius He argued that people respond to rewards and punishments, not example Invented a new system of government called legalism

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) In what ways does Sun Tzus military philosophy differ from western ways of war?

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=People

CHINA
From 476BC to 221BC, China was in a constant state of war 7 Great states fought for control of all of China Great military minds and strategists were in high demand It was at this time that one of the greatest military minds emerged His name was Sun Tzu

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The King of Wu worried he would lose against the State of Chu which was much larger Sun Tzu did not believe victory was predetermined based on army size Sun Tzu was challenged by the King of the State of Wu to demonstrate his skill before giving him charge of his army He was told to train a harem of 180 women to become soldiers

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Sun Tzu took the challenge He appointed two of the kings concubines as commanders He then divided the women into two companies He gave the order for the women to turn right at the sound of the drums The drums sounded and the women laughed

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According to Sun Tzu If the orders are not clear, it is the fault of the general Sun Tzu took the time to give the instructions again, this time to ensure that all understood The command was given to turn following the drums The drums sounded and yet again the women laughed

CHINA

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According to Sun Tzu If the orders are clear and the command is not followed, it is the fault of the subordinates

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According to Sun Tzu If the orders are clear and the command is not followed, it is the fault of the subordinates Following the second failure, Sun Tzu had the two women beheaded

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According to Sun Tzu If the orders are clear and the command is not followed, it is the fault of the subordinates Following the second failure, Sun Tzu had the two women beheaded He then gave the order a third time

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According to Sun Tzu If the orders are clear and the command is not followed, it is the fault of the subordinates Following the second failure, Sun Tzu had the two women beheaded He then gave the order a third time This time they all obeyed with total obedience

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The demonstration was enough, Sun Tzu was given command over the Wu army Against the larger Chu force he engaged them in a series of Guerrilla tactics The smaller Wu force was able to prevail Sun Tzu wrote down his methods of War in a book called The Art of War

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The Art of War is a very simplistic book of strategy It was heavily guarded in China for centuries Eventually it spread across Asia Napoleon was the rst westerner to receive a copy The book still sees wide use and is most known as the way by which the US failed in Vietnam

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Western philosophy of War is similar to the game of chess Chess employs strategy, a single direct objective, and decimating your enemies top pieces In China, their philosophy is similar to the game Go Battles in Go are about small advantages Winner wins by a narrow margin It is more holistic, winning a single battle does not determine victory

THE ART OF WAR

THE ART OF WAR

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Why do the Chinese consider Shi Huangdis reign as the beginning of Chinese history?

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=People

CHINA
By 200 BC, one power began to dominate all of China Slowly the Warring States Period was drawing to a close China was about to unify under one man This person was Emperor Shi Huangdi It is with him that Chinas history ofcially began

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Emperor Shi Huangdi united his people under Han Feizis legalism This was a very strict way of life with heavy consequences for misbehavior The Emperor created a powerfully obedient military and used it to slowly conquer the other states They invented cast iron and used it to outproduce their enemies The other states were: Yan, Chu, Han, Zhou and Wei

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After defeating all other states, a new Dynasty emerged, the Qin Dynasty The Qin Dynasty gave modern China its name Shi Huangdi means rst emperor and that is how he is addressed in modern China This Dynasty however would be short lived

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The rst emperor lived a life in constant fear of assassination Rival states continually sent assassins to kill him As a result, the king lived a life of seclusion, allowing almost no one to come near him He was constantly in fear of being poisoned as well

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Under the legalist rule, people lived in constant fear The rst emperor did however take care if his people [those who were obedient] It was the rst emperor who began construction on the Great Wall It was built to keep foreign invaders from attacking from the north Little of this rst wall still exists

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In the south, the rst emperor began construction on the Lingqu Canal It linked the Yangtze river in the north to a smaller river in the south It was a marvel of engineering in its time These two things were only the beginning however of the rst emperors constructions

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In the later years of his life, the rst emperor became obsessed with discovering an elixir of immortality He sent 1000s out on expeditions to discover a secret potion Many failed to return in fear their failure would bring about death According to legend, some of these explorers colonized Japan

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The rst emperor died on september 10th of 210 BC He died from taking mercury pills thinking they would grant him immortality Prior to his death however, he embarked on a spectacular construction spree These accomplishments are still considered marvels of the world

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At the age of 13, the rst emperor began construction on a terra-cotta army to take with him in the afterlife It took 700,000 men, decades to create That number of workers exceeded the populations of any world city at the time An army of hardened earth or clay was created and buried near his tomb

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Each of his soldiers, his height and physical features, were taken into account No two soldiers are alike It was not until the 1974 that it was discovered by farmers trying to dig a well The army was not the only construction built for the rst emperors death

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In 215 BC, 5 years before the emperors death, construction on a pyramid began It was designed to be the emperors burial tomb 300,000 men were put to the task He would have valuables and artifacts placed in it 1000s of booby traps were designed to keep looters away

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The pyramid also featured rivers of owing mercury Surprisingly, the tomb remains intact and un-opened Probes have conrmed an open space within the pyramid and high traces of mercury The Chinese government will not open it until they are 100% certain they can do so and maintain what is within

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Why did the Chinese eventually adopt Confucianism?

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=People

CHINA
Only four years after Emperor Shi Huangdis death, his empire fell apart Generals and other states began to war with one another in the power wake A young prince named Liu Bang of the Han defeated the Qin army in 206 BC He started a new dynasty that became known as the Han

CHINA
Many were open to new leadership after enduring the harsh legalism The Han switched from legalism to confucianism Han China rivaled the Roman Empire in power and achievement China experianced some of its greatest growth during the Han era

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Han China expanded China into Korea, Manchuria, Southwest Asia and even India The Han sent out an expedition lead by Zhang Qian to see what lie west of China Qian traveled far, across Uzbekistan to the Middle East and perhaps to parts of Europe He sent a convoy that met with Augustus Caesar

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Qian brought back amazing tales that inspired travelers to venture west These travelers eventually set up trade hubs and trailblazed a path to the west known as the Silk Road Due to the Silk Road, the Han dynasty experienced great nancial wealth They created a vast food storage This assisted in the growth of Chinas vast population

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The Han Dynasty reached its peak in 87 BC under the reign of Wudi Many people were upset at the aristocracy of China Emperor Wudi instituted a national exam called the Civil Service Exam Anyone could take it Those who passed the test were appointed to government positions These people became scholars and represented the nobility of China

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Despite these successes, the peasants grew unhappy Only the wealthy could dedicate time to pass the Civil Service Exam Soon peasant revolts rose up across the empire Political turmoil fractured the empire A series of powerful warlords ruled the land

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In 581 AD, a new leader by the name of Sui Yangdi consolidated power Sui was a ruthless leader who ruled with an iron st Legalism was reinstituted China was unied and peace restored He initiated the Sui [Sway] Dynasty

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The greatest accomplishment of the Sui Dynasty was the completion of The Grand Canal The Canal connected the Yellow River to the Yangtze River It greatly improved shipping and increased food transportation and population growth The Canal was built upon slave labor

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Sui Yangdi was much alike to Shi Huangdi Both united China under harsh rule Soon, people were rebelling against Suis harsh methods Sui began issuing taxes in order to build opulent palaces for his court In 618 AD, mass rebellions broke out and the Sui Dynasty fell

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The Dynasty that replaced the Sui was the Tang [Tong] The Tang Dynasty returned to more lenient rule They incorporated Confucianism to the Civil Service Exam Confucianism prevented conict and was a more agreeable form of government Land was taken from the rich and given to the poor and needy The Tang Dynasty also expanded Chinas borders into the Himalayas, Tibet and Korea

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In the Dynastys later years, it fell into political corruption In one example, it was said that an emperor entertained his young daughter each day with 100s of dancers He also sent 1000s to remote locations to procure rare and ripe fruit for his spoiled daughter It did not take the people long to rebel against such abuses of power

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A bizarre practice emerged during the Tang Dynasty One story holds that a Tang Emperor was infatuated with the small feet of a acrobat It became popular by Tang dancing girls who courted scholars of the high courts Foot binding was practiced over the centuries by lower classes as a means to political power It was not abolished until the 1950s

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Why did Buddhism spread across China so rapidly?

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=People

CHINA
In the 1st century AD, during the Han Dynasty, Buddhism arrived in China Most foreign beliefs and practices in China were rejected, not Buddhism Buddhism t perfectly into China, it lled a critical void Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism all dealt with life on earth Buddhism dealt with the afterlife

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Buddhism gave hope to those who did good in life Especially popular for the peasants Buddhism in China however took on a new approach It combined Taoist and Confucian beliefs into one

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Buddhism was founded in Nepal by Siddhartha Gautama When born, a wise man pronounced that the child would either be a great ruler or religious leader Siddharthas father, desiring the rst, never let Gautama out of his sight Gautama one day escaped to see the world. Saw 4 things

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The rst thing he saw was an old man Then he saw a sick man Then a dead man And last of all, a beggar This caused Gautama to realize life was full of sorrow

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The images continued to haunt Siddhartha He left his family, his life of luxury to nd answers Siddhartha desired to know the cause and cure to the worlds sorrow He traveled the world, greatly troubled at the suffering of mankind

BUDDHISM
After six years of searching, he sat one day under a sacred tree to meditate While meditating, he was swept away in a vision He received his answer and came to an understanding of the purpose of life From this point on he became known as the enlightened one or Buddha

BUDDHISM
Siddhartha spent the remainder of his life teaching others how to attain happiness His teachings are called the 4 noble truths 1st is that suffering is universal 2nd the cause of suffering is desire 3rd the only way to end suffering is to crush desire If people give up desire, they achieve Nirvana, freedom from the cycle of death

BUDDHISM
4th the way to end desire is to follow the 8 fold path The 8 fold path stresses understanding sorrow, compassion and truth Buddhism spread across India Asoka, and Indian ruler, converted and sent missionaries to preach buddhism They arrived in China in the rst century Buddhism spread like wildre amongst the lower classes, giving them hope

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Later, two divisions of Buddhism emerged Theravada, Buddha is viewed as a great teacher, monastic life is the way to Nirvana Mahayana, Buddha is worshiped as a God 1st is worshipped in SE Asia 2nd in China, Japan, Korea

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) How did Genghis Khan create the worlds second largest empire?

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CHINA
Beginning in about 500 BC, a new enemy began to threaten China During the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, a group of northern herdsman named the Xiongnu began to carry out attacks They rode horses and carried out lightning raids The Chinese war chariots were no match for the speed of the single horseman with bows

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What started in the 500 BC as a mere molestation became a serious threat by 200 BC The constant Xiongnu raids provoked Shi Huangdi to begin construction on the Great Wall This slowed but did not stop the attacks Raids became more frequent and more ferocious during the subsequent dynasties

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It is believed the Hun came from the Xiongnu No one however is certain of the Hun origins The people of Mongolia or the Steppes of Russia did not keep histories By the 400 AD, the Hun began to migrate possibly out of China and moved westward towards Europe

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The Hun showed up at the Black Sea in 370 AD They soon began attacking the Alans, a Germanic Barbarian tribe After that, the Hun moved on the Visigoths and pushed them into Roman territory This had a chain reaction effect that ultimately brought down the Roman Empire

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Around 600 AD, the horsemen of the north were back A new Dynasty was on the rise, the Song The Dynasty started off with great promise but proved to be short lived A new power in the north had formed, they were called the Mongols China did all it could to repel the invaders but they failed

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Northern China, or Mongolia, has a fascinating history Around 1160 AD, Temujin was born At this time, Mongolia consisted of 30 warring tribes They, like the Hun, were a group of nomadic people who lived on their horses At the age of nine, a rival clan poisoned Temujins father

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Temujin was raised an orphan and quickly began to display great leadership skills Vengeance led him to unit several Mongolian tribes In time, Temujin destroyed the clan that killed his father It is unknown if Temujin continued to seek revenge or if he wanted to gain more lands, but he embarked on one of the worlds greatest conquests

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At the age of 40, Temujin had crushed all of his enemies He united the rest under his rule and was crowned by his people as Genghis Khan [Great Ruler] Genghis Khans army never exceeded 110,000 people but he used it to create one of the worlds greatest empires First, Genghis Khan attacked China He incorporated its technology, gunpowder, and government into his Mongol culture

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Then Genghis moved westward and took parts of the Middle East The Middle Eastern Shah of the city Samarkand rejected Genghis pleas for peace The Shah attacked and killed 450 Mongolian merchants who passed through his country Genghis reaction was swift and brutal He attacked and eradicated the city of Samarkand and the surrounding areas

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Genghis left no one alive Sources recall that a Muslim worker and friends spent 13 days counting the dead In all, over 1.3 million people were killed by Genghis Khan The region attacked by Genghis remains desolate to this very day There was little time for Genghis Khan to relish his victory Rebellion was spreading back home in China

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On the journey back to China, Genghis Khan died Sources are sketchy Some claim he fell from his horse and was wounded Others claim he caught Typhus His last request was to make China pay for its rebellion His grandson would see the wish fullled

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Following Genghis Khans death, his empire was divided into Khanates All regions were ruled separately Had Genghis Khan not died, it is likely the Mongols would have attempted to take Europe After Genghis death, the empire continued to grow in size Timur attacked and destroyed India Others poured into Europe

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In China, Genghis Khans grandson Kublai succeeded in destroying China He established the Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan relocated the city to the north He built lavish palaces and wide streets He named the city Khanbaliq, it is modern day Beijing It became the jewel of the east

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1) Why did the Chinese emperor destroy Zheng Hes eet? 2) How was this Chinas only opportunity to dominate the world?

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Kublai was known as a great leader Many people, even Chinese, enjoyed and respected his rule He expanded the empire into Vietnam and Thailand Then, he made the mistake of planning invasion of Japan The Japanese were terried, but decided they would ght to the bitter end

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As Kublai Khans eet sailed for Japan, a miracle occurred A typhoon arose and destroyed the entire eet Japan was preserved They came to refer to the typhoon as as Kamikaze [divine winds] The Japanese would believe that the gods would always protect them from invasion

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The era of Mongol control over China came to be known as the Yuan Dynasty It prospered greatly under Kublai but faltered after his death We know much of this time from the writings of Marco Polo Marco Polo was a merchant/ explorer who traveled to China He wrote of what he saw in his book

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Eventually the Mongol Dynasty declined Foreign wars proved costly Later leaders were corrupt and did not rule as the predecessors had In 1368, the Chinese revolted and expelled the Mongols back to Mongolia A new Chinese Dynasty began that would rival all dynasties before it

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The founder of this new Dynasty came to be known as Ming Hong Wu The Dynasty then has come to be called the Ming Dynasty The Ming expanded Chinese power to its greatest extent They fortied and built the Great Wall we see in China today They also improved the Grand Canal and re-instituted the Civil Service Exam

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The Ming built a luxurious palace complex for nobility and the emperor It was called the Imperial City or today, the Forbidden City One of the marvels of the Ming Dynasty was the great naval eet of Zheng He The Ming Emperor commanded it be built to explore what lay beyond Chinas borders

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The eet consisted of 62 ships, 28,000 men, and made 7 great voyages The ships were known as Junks, they exceeded lengths of 400 They were big enough to house entire armies, and even elds were grown on them They traveled to the far reaches of the world and brought what they found back to China

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Some have speculated that it is possible the Chinese arrived in the Americas before Columbus After the emperors death, the subsequent emperor ordered the entire eet to be destroyed China had all it needed and did not need foreign inuence Great speculation exists that the Chinese could have ruled the seas and been more powerful than Europeans had this not have occurred

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It was also during the Ming Dynasty that Europeans made their way into China In 1514, a Portuguese eet arrived in China China was not impressed with Europeans and prohibited them from China Many were amazed however with European clocks, eyeglasses and some embraced Christianity

WORLD HISTORY
China

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) What did Europeans do to earn disdain from the Chinese that would last for centuries?

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=Questions

=People

CHINA
In the late 16th century, the Ming Dynasty fell into decline High taxes, weak government, and peasant revolts helped bring the Dynasty down Also, China underwent a widespread famine and epidemic that killed thousands Many said the cause of the famine was the loss of the Mandate of Heaven This proved the nal straw for a dying dynasty

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In the north, a powerful clan targeted China They were known as the Manchu They had admired China, but now they saw a chance to seize control Due to inner problems, the Ming were unable to repel the foreigners The Manchu took control of China and started a new and nal Dynasty It was known as the Qing

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During the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Europeans started to arrive Christian missionaries and traders were allowed inland Many converted to Christianity Emperors soon viewed westerners as a threat to Chinese culture They began policies of isolation

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With harmony at home, there will be order in the nation. With order in the nation, there will be peace in the world Confucianism dominated the Chinese way of life Beginning with the Han, the family lived and worked together Everyone had a role and duties and those were abided with respect and honor

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Family affairs were dominated by males The husband, then the oldest son, commanded the house Fathers assigned their children's careers and who they married They managed family nances and gave out rewards and punishments Honor did not stop at death, part of the families responsibility was honoring the deceased

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Husbands and wives honored boys more than girls They needed hard labor to survive and when a girl was married she left her family Married girls fell to the control of their husbands mother Many of these mothers were abusive and forced a hard system of home labor It was a vicious cycle that continued for centuries

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Chinese society was built upon three classes Landowners, peasants and merchants Education was highly valued When the father died, his land and possessions were divided amongst all his sons This meant that over time, people gradually owned less which led to revolutions

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China is perhaps the most innovative society in history By 300 BC astronomers estimated the length of the solar year They kept valuable records of eclipses and were among the rst to document Halleys Comet in 240 BC The Chinese realized the importance of medicine and diet They prescribed certain foods to the sick for deciencies

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They devised a method of curing pain through acupuncture The used advanced fertilizers and had animal clinics They invented paper in 100 BC, Iron drill bits, the wheel barrow and gunpowder They also invented the seismometer, noodles, the suspension bridge, compass, rudder, sail and blast furnace Their society has had a long lasting impact on humanity

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In recent years, trade with the west has propelled China into a modern age Production has boomed and many nations are exporting business to China due to cheap labor These businesses have created a middle class and caused China to modernize The outlook for China looks bright but problems still remain

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Current problems surrounding China are; poverty, pollution, birth restrictions and possibly the restrictions of democracy China has also recently been in an economic downturn as worldwide economies are struggling However, despite all these problems. China appears poised to take lead as one of the worlds greatest economic and military powers

CHINA NATIONAL TELEVISION

BEIJING INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCE CENTER

NATIONAL SWIMMING CENTER WATER CUBE

DONGTAN ECO CITY

BEIJING GRAND NATIONAL THEATER

BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM BIRDS NEST

WORLD HISTORY
Asia

CHINA
Chinas last Dynasty was ushered in by foreigners The Manchu Dynasty brought various changes to China For one, all males were required to shave their foreheads and wear a long braided topknot China would never again be the same

CHINA
Politically, the Manchu assumed control of all top ofces They did allow the Chinese to take the lower ofces The Manchu Emperor, Kangxi [Kong-see] was perhaps Chinas greatest ruler He worked very hard, day and night to keep the peace and to help China to prosper

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Kangxi was open to western inuence Christian missionaries and traders were allowed inland Many converted to Christianity Kangxis successor however was not so lenient He saw westerners as a threat to Chinese culture He began a policy of isolation

CHINA
Timing for inner problems could not be worse Poor leadership would bring the Qing Dynasty to its knees At the same time, westerners were growing in power Many began to see China as a possible lucrative addition It looked easy to conquer due to inner struggles

CHINA
France and Britain especially wanted China The Chinese began even stronger to push westerners out China began to prohibit any foreigners inland They also stopped importing from western powers The only thing they wanted was silver and traded a great deal of goods in return

CHINA
Great Britain sought to break this unbalanced trade They created a devious plan In India, the British had discovered opium and knew of its addictive qualities They began shipping opium into China at low costs The objective was to get the Chinese addicted It worked amazingly well

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Soon, all across China opium dens popped up Millions of Chinese became addicted and sold everything to get opiates The economy crashed and the trade deal was broken The only option for the Chinese, was to go to war against Britain It would be a huge mistake

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In the late 1800s the Opium Wars began China tried to break free of British control and end the sale of opium China was ill prepared for war The British easily won and caused China to open its door to them 1000s of British poured into China seizing lands and possessions There was little China could do

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Near the turn of the century, the Empress Dowager Cixi began to plot to rid China of foreign control She promised a group of warriors immortality if they fought against the British The warriors became known as the Boxers The Boxer rebellion began Warriors thought they were impervious to gunre

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At the onset, the British lost ground Soon however, European nations as well as the US united and sent armies to put down the rebellion It time, the western armies won out They removed the last leader, the Qing Dynasty fell In the vacuum created by the fall, two leaders fought for control of China

CHINA
Chaing Kai Shek led a democratic/ republic cause His rival, Mao Zedhong led a communist cause The two of them fought for decades for control and neither could win out In behalf of Chiang Kai Shek was the US In the case of Mao it was the USSR

CHINA
As the two rivals battled, Japan saw an opportunity Japan was growing in strength and desired to take Chinas resources Japan invaded and swiftly took control of Manchuria, upper China Soon, Chiang and Mao united their forces to expel the Japanese Neither could prevail

CHINA
The Japanese were extremely brutal during their occupation of China The tortured and executed millions of Chinese They held competitions to see who could be-head the most Chinese They also did biological weapon tests The worst case however was the city of Nanking

CHINA
During WWII, the US and USSR both supported China against Japan The US sent the Flying Tigers Squadron to protect Chinese citizens The Chinese have never forgotten American kindness With Japanese defeat in WWII, ghting between Mao and Chiang resumed

CHINA
The US stopped supporting Chiang due to his corrupt policies This allowed Mao to gain the upper hand Soon, Mao prevailed over Chiang and China turned to Communism China would move down an entirely new path in the coming years Modern China was about to be born

WORLD HISTORY
Asia

CHINA
We recently covered the end of Chinas last Dynasty the Qing We spoke about the struggle between communism and democracy The rise of Mao Zedong to power Now let us go back and look at the culture, people and traditions of China

CHINA
In the 1st century AD, Buddhism arrived in China Most foreign beliefs and practices in China were rejected, not Buddhism Buddhism t perfectly into China, lled a void Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism all dealt with life on earth Buddhism dealt with the afterlife

CHINA
Buddhism gave hope to those who did good in life Especially popular for the peasants Buddhism in China however took on a new approach It combined Taoist and Confucian beliefs into one

CHINA
Buddhism was founded in Nepal by Siddhartha Gautama When born, a wise man pronounced that the child would either be a great ruler or religious leader Father, desiring the rst, never let Gautama out of his sight Gautama one day escaped to see the world. Saw 4 things

CHINA
The rst thing he saw was an old man Then he saw a sick man Then a dead man And lastly a beggar Caused Gautama to realize life was full of sorrow He set out to discover the cause of the worlds sorrows

CHINA
Teachings of Buddha are contained in the 4 Nobel Truths 1) Suffering is universal, everyone suffers in life 2) The cause of suffering is desire. All people desire wealth, long life. 3) The only way to end suffering is to crush desire, to achieve Nirvana or having no desire 4) The way to end desire is to follow the 8 fold path

CHINA
Later, two divisions of Buddhism emerge Theravada, Buddha seen as a great teacher, monastic life is the way to Nirvana Mahayana, Buddha is worshiped as a God 1st is worshipped in SE Asia 2nd in China, Japan, Korea

CHINA
Through Confucianism, China developed a rigid class system At the top were the scholars Middle were the farmers Bottom were the merchants You could move up in society by passing the Civil Service Exam

CHINA
In society, it was proper to respect your elders Women obeyed men, seen as inferior, valued for child bearing and work When a woman married, she became part of her husbands family Women had to be obedient to their mother in law, sometimes abused Men could do little to stop abuse, parental respect was very important

CHINA
950 AD, China embraced a new practice called foot binding Women would break the arch of their feet, tightly wrap them in small shoes Very painful Seen as sexy by men Practice lasted almost 1000 years, done away with by communists

CHINA
A practice that came of the more recent and modern era was the restriction on child birth In 1979, the government instituted the One-Child-Policy Its purpose was to control population problems, poverty and starvation Today the policy is still in effect in urban areas but not so much in rural communities Negative side effects are an increase in infanticide, abortion and unbalanced population

CHINA
Turning back to history and Maos communist regime After gaining power in China, Mao began a program of land reform Large lots of land were taken from the wealthy and redistributed to the poor It was Maos hope that this would increase Chinas economic abilities Also that it would create more food

CHINA
The land reform program did not produce as much as intended Therefore, Mao set into motion another more radical program called the Great Leap Forward The purpose was to unite the nation in a cause to surpass the US and European nations in economic production The true goal was to produce more iron and food than anyone else

CHINA
To produce more iron, back yard furnaces were encouraged All valuable metals owned by the people were to be smelted and sent to the government to sell Millions created backyard ovens to reach this objective The other reform regarded land All farms were to unite into communes and all were to work together in a united cause

CHINA
Communes produced ridiculous goals of food production Each year government ofcials would come to see if goals were met If attained, the commune would create a more lofty goal for the next year Soon, in order to reach such goals, people stopped eating The result was mass starvation It is estimated that 30 to 70 million people starved to death

CHINA
The back yard furnace experiment was also a failure The iron made was impure and weak The result was people worked hard, destroyed all valuables and wealth for nothing The Great Leap Forward proved to be and Great Step Backwards

CHINA
In the 60s Mao started to lose favor Many in his own ofce began to question his methods Mao put forth a new plan to gain favor and to save China His new initiative was called the Cultural Revolution It was a design to due away with old traditions and all things foreign

CHINA
The Cultural Revolution called upon the youth to lay the foundation of a new China They were called the Red Guard Mao sent forth a red book containing his communist teachings Everyone was required to read it and memorize its passages It was almost all that was studied in school

CHINA
The book essentially deied Mao Under Maos orders, all old customs, religions and artifacts were destroyed Anyone not aligned with the revolution was beaten, killed or imprisoned The most terrifying aspect was the Red Guard The youth were used as spies against parents, teachers and political leaders

CHINA
Many parents and families were destroyed Youth were brainwashed and essentially ran the country Soon, Maos advisors began to fear him and moved to remove him from power Slowly his control diminished In 1976 Mao died and his successor was Deng Xiaoping

CHINA
Deng was a different leader than Mao He decided to open China to the ways of the west He allowed into China technology and business from abroad Despite all of his open minded efforts, China would remain communist This became no more apparent than in the 1980s

CHINA
As China experimented with openness to the west, many in China began to desire democracy In particular, students who had left China and studied abroad In May of 1989 students began to gather and demand that the communist government step down Many were determined to have democracy The government was not going to go down easily

CHINA
In April of 1989 a large crown had gathered in Tiananmen Square to protest Deng decided to put down the protest by calling in the military Foreign news anchors and cameramen were banned from lming what would occur After the shutdown, troops stormed into Tiananmen Square and opened re

CHINA
It is unknown exactly how many died but estimates believe between 2000 to 3000 were killed The democratic movement was crushed China would remain communist In the years since, China has adopted an even more democratic form of government It is still communist, no voting exists and the government has great control

WORLD HISTORY
Korea

KOREA
Korea is a peninsula located between China and Japan Today it is divided into a democratic south and a communist north For generations, it has served as a cultural bridge between China and Japan

KOREA
70% of Korea is covered in mountains Most people live along the coastline, and in the major cities Food is comprised of sh, kimchee and rice The climate is temperate, with hot summers and cold winters

KOREA
North Korea has a lot of mineral wealth Coal, Iron, Lead, Copper and Zinc are all plentiful in its many mountains 95% of both North and South Korea is educated Both divisions of Korea share the same identity, just differ over politics

KOREA
From 100 to 668 AD, nomadic hunters and gatherers migrated into Korea from China These people eventually formed Koreas rst 3 kingdoms 1st was the Koguryo [koh-guh-reeoh] 2nd was the Paekche [pehk-chay] 3rd was the Silla [shillah]

KOREA
During the 3 kingdom period, Chinese culture made its way into Korea Koreans adopted language, Confucianism and Buddhism In 668, the Silla kingdom unied all of Korea The Silla would usher in 3 great dynasties The Silla, Koryo and Choson

KOREA
The Silla Dynasty was Koreas golden age Many people from all over Asia ocked into Korea Some from as far off as the Middle East Palaces, Pagodas and temples reect the prominence of Buddhism in Silla culture The Silla Dynasty was replaced by the Koryo

KOREA
The Koryo Dynasty is where modern Korea received its name The rst ruler, Wang Kon, built a new capital and encouraged the arts The Koryo also adopted from China the Civil Service Exam Only the aristocracy could take it They also invented metal movable type They also protected China from several Japanese invasions

KOREA
Koreas last Dynasty was known as the Choson It came into power after the Mongols left It began in 1392 and lasted until 1910 Again the capital was moved, this time to Seoul Buddhism was replaced by Confucianism It was during the Choson Dynasty that Korea turned inward Korea became known as the Hermit Kingdom because it traded with no one but China

KOREA
In 1592 AD, Japan attempted to invade China through Korea The brutal war lasted 6 long years Japan was ultimately defeated by the Korean Turtle ships While Korea won the war, it devastated the country 2 years later, the Manchu invaded and destroyed both China and Korea For the next following centuries, Korea would pay tribute to China

KOREA
In 1905, Japan invaded Korea and annexed it The Japanese essentially used the Koreans as slaves They forced them to work and all resources were exported to Japan In the 1930s and 40s Koreans were forced to speak only Japanese and were given new names Worst was Japans concubine army 1000s of Korean women were forced to serve as Japans service group for Japanese soldiers

KOREA
In 1945, Koreans celebrate the allied victory over Japan Victory was thought to bring home rule Korea however fell subject to another war Half the nation aligned itself with the US and democracy The other with the USSR and China as communist The dispute was mediated with a division of the nation along the 38th parallel

KOREA
In 1950, under the leadership of Kim Il Song, the south was invaded by the north The idea was to unite all of Korea as a communist nation South Korea and its US ally resisted the takeover Caught by surprise however, the US/Korean army was nearly pushed off the mainland Small contingent fought to stay alive on the southern city of Pusan

KOREA
The US however wanted to hold Korea and not let it fall as it had China President Harry S. Truman sent WWII naval hero Douglas MacArthur in to Korea MacArthur developed one of the most brilliant military strategies of all time Instead of invading and helping in Pusan, he used the Marines to attack the northern city of Inchon

KOREA
The idea was to crush the North Korean Army between the Marines and the US Army It worked, then MacArthur led the army above the 38th parallel in attempt to unify all Korea under democracy China however warned the US against war near its border The US moved on unworried On November 25, 1950 the impossible occurred, China joined the war in behalf of North Korea

KOREA
The US Army was once again reeling The North Koreans and Chinese pushed the US back below the 38th parallel Fighting soon stalemated and both sides began peace-talks The result was a ceasere and the creation of a massive DMZ The border remains to this day

KOREA
Kim Il Song, the leader of the north, was treated as if a god When he died, his son, Kim Jung Il resumed his fathers lead Today, Kim Il Un leads the nation Stand in direct opposition to the US, though recently a thaw has taken place Very strong sense of communism exists Many in N. Korea remain poor and enjoy little freedom The South however has continued to prosper

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Explain the mythical founding of Japan. 2) Why have the Japanese felt racially superior to other Asians?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

JAPAN
Japanese legend says that the nation was formed when male and female gods threw a jeweled spear into the sea The salt water that dripped off its end hardened, creating the islands of Japan Only after the creation of Japan, did the gods create the rest of the world

JAPAN
The two gods also created Amaterasu Because they loved her the most, they sent her to heaven to rule over the earth Their son, Tsuki-yumi became the moon and Susanowo the storm god Amaterasu gave life to everything around her while Susanowo destroyed it

JAPAN
Susanowo frightened Amaterasu and she hid in a cave While she hid, the world began to die To coerce her out, the gods placed mirror and a jewel on a nearby tree The gods banished Susanowo to earth and his descendants became the rst humans Amaterasu sent her grandson, Ninigi to earth with her mirror, the jewel and a sword so all would remember her By tradition, each emperor today is presented with a jewel, a mirror and a sword

JAPAN
Japan is an Archipelago, or a string of islands It is located off the coast of China It consists of 4 main islands and over 3000 small islands The four main islands are; Kyushu = southernmost, Shikoku = just north of Kyushu, Honshu = large mainland, Hokkaido = northernmost

JAPAN
The sea has always served as a protection to Japan, much like England The Japanese traveled to the mainland when they chose They did not allow any to come to them unless they chose This gave the Japanese the best of all surrounding cultures

JAPAN
Japan, in size, is smaller than the state of Montana Population is vast, over 125 million Majority of the population is crammed into cities Reason, the country is very mountainous Honshu is the most fertile and densely populated 20,000 people per square mile, state of New York 360

JAPAN
The agriculture of Japan is based around rice and sh Terrace farming provides 3/4 of Japans food Only 8% of the population are farmers, yet the nation imports very little food Farming techniques produce very high yields, nothing wasted

JAPAN
Economically, Japan has little mineral resources This caused many problems for Japan as it industrialized Today, Japan imports resources form Malaysia, Philippines and North America Oil for Japan, like the US, comes from the Middle East

JAPAN
Japan has a special cultural identity It is a mix of Chinese/Korean and white Ainu from Russia This has caused them to feel culturally unique It also has lead to ethnocentrism Japan today still enjoys few minority groups

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Why did Japan only have one dynasty?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

JAPAN
Japan has one of the worlds most ancient civilizations Archaeologists believe people began to inhabit the islands as far back as 14,000 BC Earliest artifacts have been found from as far back as 10,000 BC DNA suggests that the Ainu are modern descendants of these ancient peoples

JAPAN
These early civilizations began a religious practice that still endures today It is called Shinto or Shintoism Shintoism [early origins] had no set of rules no book or even a name When Buddhists arrived from China, they named the religion Shinto Means: The Way of the Gods

JAPAN
In Shinto, the Japanese believed in spirits or Kami Kami live in everything, rocks, rivers, lakes, mountains, even people They believed these Kami controlled nature Through offerings and purication, the Japanese could appease the Kami

JAPAN
Shinto shrines are built anywhere they see a great spirit Such as Mount Fuji or in the ocean Here people pray to the spirits and appease them In return they will get good fortune, crops, no harm Shinto does not provide anything on afterlife Buddhism lled this void, the two beliefs converged

JAPAN
An early legend that has tied Japanese religion into government is the legacy of Jimmu In 711 BC, great white leader named Jimmu united Japan Son of the sun goddess Amaterasu He defeated his enemies by battling with the sun at his back The modern Emperor of Japan claims to be the descendent of Jimmu and Amaterasu, thus claiming divine decadency

JAPAN
Shinto linked religion to government A national shrine was later established at Ise [ee-say] There the Emperor would pay tribute to the sun goddess Amaterasu The Emperor came to be held as a god on earth and was revered by all

JAPAN
The Ainu people did not have bronze or iron weapons When the Chinese and Koreans arrived in 200 BC, they easily overran the island They introduced iron and rice to Japan In 200 AD, a new wave of warriors arrived from the mainland, breaking Japan into clans

JAPAN
Early Japanese society was dominated by several tribes By 400AD, many tribes united, formed the Yamato Clan The Yamato Clan claimed to be descendants of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu The Yamato Clan also set up rst and only Japanese Dynasty Present Emperor claims descent to Yamato Clan This Dynasty has never been overthrown

JAPAN
Other clans continued to rule various part of Japan All however owed loyalty to the Yamato chief He was the only chief who was descended from Amaterasu At rst, the emperor held tremendous power Over time he developed into more of a gurehead

JAPAN
By 500 AD, missionaries from China brought Buddhism to Japan They also brought written language From 550 to 850 AD, Japan borrowed technology from China They also borrowed Taoism, Confucianism, Philosophy and government They were selective however, did not borrow the mandate of heaven

JAPAN
A powerful family began to wrench control away from the emperor They were the Fujiwara Family They promoted themselves by marrying their daughters to the emperor In 646 AD, the Fujiwara claimed all land was under the control of the emperor

JAPAN
Clan leaders could oversee peasants but total control fell to the emperor Government ofcials would collect taxes from the people for the emperor In 710 AD, the Japanese built their rst capital city at Nara Nara had broad streets, government buildings and buddhist temples

JAPAN
A massive Buddhist Temple called Todajii was built in Nara It was the peak of Japanese buddhism The Nara Period was very productive from Japan It produced great works in architecture and literature Japan appeared however, very Chinese

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Be able to explain the characteristics of Heian Japan.

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

JAPAN
In 794 AD, the Emperor moved the royal court to Heian [hey-un], modern Kyoto This ended the Nara Period and commenced the Heian Period During this time, the power of the Emperor declined The emperor was reduced to a symbolic gurehead Court families and wealthy lords, mainly the Fujiwara, took control of Japan

JAPAN
Japan during the early centuries AD was mostly comprised of farmers Nobles took control of the land and became wealthy off of taxes These nobles came to view themselves as even more important than the emperor Near 1000 AD, Japan began to import many things from the mainland A new high court life emerged

JAPAN
During the Nara Period, Japan mimicked China The Heian Period marked the birth of Japans own culture and traditions The focus of the Heian Court was the pursuit of beauty This ideal pervaded all of Japanese culture It stemmed from lavish tea parties to wrapping gifts, mixing perfumes and writing poetry

JAPAN
Calligraphy became the mark of character Many spent countless hours perfecting the artistic style of writing Women were said to fall in love with men just by looking at their handwriting This time period saw an incredible amount of art and beauty It is similar in many ways to the art that came out during the renaissance in Europe

JAPAN
During the Nara Period, Japanese women hardly appeared in history That changed during the Heian Period Many women became aristocrats and achieved great power The Heian Period produced many books of female poetry

JAPAN
From the 9th to 12th centuries females learned to read and to write While the Japanese spoke a different language for much of their early history they wrote in Chinese That began to change when the Japanese developed their own system of writing called Kana This new writing system was used by Murasaki Shikibu

JAPAN
Shikibu wrote one of the worlds oldest ctional novels called The Tale of Genji The novel follows the life of a young prince [Genji] as he tried to remain in favor with powerful lords in Japan It is a book of wonderful adventures, heroics, love and sadness It has reveled much of what Life in Japan was like at this time

JAPAN
Another prominent Japanese woman, Sei Shonagon, wrote her thoughts in a journal This journal comes to us today as The Pillow Book It contains random thoughts about life in Heian Japan It shows forth a simplistic poetic beauty that was highly praised in Heian times It, like the Tale of Genji, gives insight into Japan during the Heian Period

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

1) Why did Japan switch from being ruled by the emperor to being ruled by the military?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

JAPAN
During the Heian Period, the Japanese Emperor grew very weak He was regarded as a god but had little say in political affairs True power resided in the hands of wealthy nobles These nobles spent most of their time with the arts and cared little for rural Japan Neglect led the empire towards collapse

JAPAN
By the 1100s AD, two royal families vied for the control of Japan One was the Tiara and the other the Minamoto The families clashed in a massive battle in 1185 AD Minamoto Yoritomo emerged as the strongest He would institute a new form of militaristic rule in Japan

JAPAN
After defeating his rivals, Yoritomo marched on Kyoto The emperor saved himself by naming him Shogun The Shogun became the real political and military commander of Japan The emperor remained in Kyoto and carried on his ritual life Yoritomo relocated the military government, called the shogunate, to Kamakura [Tokyo] This period is referred to as the Kamakura Period

JAPAN
The shogunate proved capable at rst They repelled the Mongols in 1274 This legitimized their rule over Japan However, the shoguns power waned over the next 60 years By 1336, Japan fell into a state of turmoil The shogun was overrun by powerful warlords called Daimyo

JAPAN
Daimyo held all power because it was they who controlled local warriors In order to govern their lands, the Shogun appointed Daimyo These Daimyo trained soldiers, known as Samurai, to keep control When the Daimyo rebelled against the shogun, he was left powerless Japan fell into its own warring states period

JAPAN
The Samurai swore oaths to protect their Daimyo Peasants rented a Daimyos land which he farmed and paid a portion back Samurai protected them and raided other local Daimyo It was very similar to the feudal system of Europe

JAPAN
The Samurai followed the Bushido Code It was The Way of the Warrior The code emphasized strict discipline, honor and bravery on the battle eld They fought on horseback, using the bow At their hip was the legendary samurai sword, a weapon without equal Many samurai were in fact women

JAPAN
If a Samurai brought dishonor to his ruler, he was expected to observe the law of Seppuku [harikari] This was ritual suicide Death was better than dishonor In one tragic event, 47 Samurai committed suicide after mistakenly killing a court ofcial This tradition resurfaced during World War II

JAPAN
The Samurai were not only warriors While they prized the art of war most, the also performed other arts and achievements Samurai wrote poetry and practiced calligraphy This warrior class society would dominate Japan until the arrival of Europeans in the 19th century

T H E J A PA N E S E S A M U R A I T H E H O R O

T H E J A PA N E S E S A M U R A I T H E H O R O

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1) How did the west ruin their reputation in Japan? 2) What was life like under the 3 great commanders?

=Terms/Events

=Questions

=People

JAPAN
During the 1400 and 1500s powerful Daimyos controlled Japan War was frequent, the shogun was powerless and the emperor only carried out religious ceremonies The Samurai became ruthless mercenaries They raided lands, and slaughtered the weak

JAPAN
A powerful Daimyo by the name of Oda Nobunaga, began uniting Japan He sought to bring all of Japan under his control He seized control of most of the island of Honshu He deposed the shogun and marched on Kyoto After a 10 year siege, the emperors city fell

JAPAN
Under Nobunaga, Japan began to have centralized power and harmony In 1582, one of his soldiers murdered him Nobunagas top general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi assumed control Hideyoshi took a strong stance against conspiring Daimyos He disarmed the peasants and prevented warrior training

JAPAN
He limited the sizes of a Daimyos samurai He watched the Daimyo closely to assure they remained loyal Hideyoshi planned to expand his control beyond Japan He invaded Korea, in part to kill off Japanese warriors that threatened his control He died in 1598

JAPAN
Power then fell to Tokugawa Leyasu Leyasu completed Japans unication He eliminated all opposition and forced the emperor to declare him Shogun The Tokugawa family retained the shogunate of Japan for 265 years

JAPAN
During the rule of the 3 great commanders, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Leyasu Europeans began arriving The Europeans were greeted warmly by the Japanese The rst were the Portuguese Europeans introduced to Japan: tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses and rearms

JAPAN
Christianity also made its way into Japan via the Jesuits Many converted, including Daimyo Soon however, the Jesuits began destroying Shinto Shrines This was seen as a great trespass Toyotomi Hideyoshi issued and edict in 1587 that banned Christianity Those who had converted were persecuted

JAPAN
Soon, under Tokugawa Leyasu, not only was Christianity prohibited but also all foreigners All were pushed out and trade with the west was no longer permitted Only one small colony on near Nagasaki [Deshima], inhabited by the Dutch was allowed Many who lived there went mad, as only two ships per year were allowed to the dock

JAPAN
Under Tokugawa rule, Japan was organized into 250 states Over each state was placed a new Daimyo These Daimyo were made to live in the capital for a time to ensure they remained true to the Shogun During this time of peace, the Samurai decreased in number Many became farmers and their unique skills were no longer needed

JAPAN
Japan experimented with many other changes during the Tokugawa Era Some forms of industry ourished as Japan began to learn of the west Edo grew to be one of the worlds largest cities at over 1 million people Many new forms of entertainment grew in Edo

JAPAN
Social life in the cities surrounded bathhouses and theaters Japanese merchants and Samurai relaxed in the company of Geishas Geishas were professionally trained entertainers The sang, danced and engaged tired workers and warriors in conversations Kabuki, a type of dance drama, also became very popular

JAPAN
The class system of Japan was based in the following manner At the top were the warriors, then peasants followed by artisans and merchants last Movement and marriage between classes was prohibited This class structure led to many rebellions and disagreements It would not be from within that Japan would fall however, it would be from abroad

JAPAN
In the 1600s Japan was nearly totally isolated from the world Only trade was conducted through the Dutch and a little by the Portuguese China enjoyed a similar policy of isolation The British pushed their way into China in the 1700s The US was the rst nation to trade with Japan

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

JAPAN
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the US arrived in Japan He brought a letter from the US President It demanded better treatment for US sailors and also desired the US and Japan to enter trade negotiations It gave Japan a timeline to respond When Japan could not decide, the US decided for them

JAPAN
Matthew Perry returned with a large eet and began to re upon Japanese docks Japan decided to open their doors to the west They signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened trade with the US and Europeans Still, many in Japan resisted foreign inuence

JAPAN
Chief amongst those who did not want trade with the west were the Samurai The Samurai organized and began assaulting western ships The west retaliated and the Samurai were defeated Japan realized how far behind the west they were

JAPAN
The Samurai who had attacked the west sought a return of the Emperor In 1868, Kyoto was attacked and the Shogun was deposed The Emperor was restored as the leader of Japan His name was Mutsuhito His ascension to power has become known as the Meiji Restoration

JAPAN
With the return of the Emperor the Japanese capital Tokyo was born [out of Edo] Diplomats were sent abroad to study western lifestyles, war, and technology O the next 50 years, Japan changed immensely Land was seized by the emperor and the Daimyo were adopted as politicians

JAPAN
Of all the places in the west, Japan chose to pattern its government after Imperial Germany The majority of power went not to parliament but to the Emperor himself In 1889 a constitution was created just like Germanys Japan remained a strong trade partner with the US and adopted the US system of education

JAPAN
Industry boomed and Japan rose to become a world power The military was reformed and a national army was created All males were required to serve in the military Western ways and weapons were incorporated into the army Japan became a major power at sea

JAPAN
There was growing unrest between the emperor and the samurai The samurai restored his power The emperor seemed to no longer need them as he adopted western ways of war The samurai rebelled and the emperor used the new national army to put down the rebellion In one nal battle, 1000s of samurai warriors were cut down

JAPAN
Japan in the late 1800s and early 1900s began to expand outward Main reason? Small island nation needed raw materials for its industry Japan patterned itself after Europeans and desired colonies First area taken, 1874 the Ryukyu Islands from China

JAPAN
Later, both Japan and China fought for control over Korea In 1894, the Sino-Chinese war began and Japan won Japan acquired Taiwan Japan and Russia came to odds over Manchuria, China

JAPAN
In 1904, Japan attacked a Russian naval base [Port Arthur] Result was a war between Russia and Japan It was fought both on land and on sea The Japanese defeated the land army then defeated the Russian Navy Not to be outdone, Russia sent the Baltic Fleet Japan defeated it too

JAPAN
When Japan defeated Russia, the world was in awe at this new power Japan had arrived on the world stage In 1905, US/Japanese relations began to sour Japan decided to take Korea, the US condemned the act Japan was angered at the US for instituting immigration laws

JAPAN
In 1931, Japan decided to capitalize on a weakened war torn China That year they invaded and took Manchuria The US warned but did not commit an army From Manchuria, the Japanese began pushing deeper into China They extracted resources and sent them back home to Japan

JAPAN
Japan then made plans to invade Russia In the late 1930s Japan began negotiations with Germany Both agreed to take Russia Plans were thwarted however when Russia and Germany signed a non-aggression pact With the lost hope of invading Russia, Japan set its sights to the south

JAPAN
Japan began to move against French Indonesia, modern Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Malaysia The US warned of attacks there and began an oil embargo in August of 1941 Japan had to decide 1) Attack the US or 2) Stop expanding They decided to attack the US eet at Pearl Harbor They felt it would cripple the US leaving them to sue for peace

JAPAN
Japan thought, by destroying the US eet at Pearl Harbor in one swoop it would eliminate all opposition in the pacic They believed the US would not act but allow Japan to do as it desired On Sunday December 7, 1941 Japan attacked the US at Pearl Caught the US Navy by complete surprise Caused the US to enter WWII

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

Pearl Harbor
! US had moved its Navy to Pearl in anticipation of problems ! Pearl seen as a safe harbor, water too shallow for torpedoes ! US intercepted a coded message and knew an attack was coming, not knowing where ! Sunday, December 7, 1941, while sailors slumbered, over 350 Japanese planes struck ! US caught completely o" guard

Attack on Pearl Harbor

! US was not prepared ! Most soldiers, on Sunday, were sleeping in ! Ammo lockers were locked ! Radar warning mistaken as US bombers ! Ships packed tightly together, Japanese had new torpedoes ! Recipe for destruction

Attack on Pearl Harbor

! The worst destruction was sustained by the USS Arizona ! High range bomber hit a luck shot, piercing the ammo deck ! Almost 1,200 sailors killed in blast ! USS Oklahoma also su"ered severely ! High torpedo caused it to capsize, many drown within

Attack on Pearl Harbor

! When smoke cleared, 2,400 American lives were lost ! 5 battleships and 2 destroyers sunk ! 188 planes destroyed ! Japanese losses were minimal ! Attack was heralded as a success but it did have its share of problems

Mistakes
! Supposed to be a 3rd strike ! It was called o", could have delivered a death blow ! No aircraft carriers in the harbor ! Most were raised, xed and sent back into action ! Japan did not expect how quickly the US would recover ! With the attack US declared war on Japan and Germany

Niihau Incident
! Something else occurred during the Pearl Harbor Attack ! It is a lesser known story but very important ! A Japanese pilot, Shigenori Nishikaichi crash landed on the island of Niihau ! The remote Hawaiian Island was to be used as a refuge for damaged Japanese planes ! It was though to be uninhabited but was home to over 130 Hawaiians ! A sub was to pick up survivors

Niihau Incident
! The Japanese pilot was quickly taken captive by a native by Hawila Kaleohano ! That night a faction occurred as the some Japanese Hawaiians sprung the pilot in the night ! The incident ended in bloodshed and was later reported to President Roosevelt ! FDR feared other possible uprisings amongst Japanese Americas ! Therefor he issued Executive Order 9066, internment of all Japanese Americans

Niihau Incident
! During the course of the war, over 110,000 Japanese Americans were interned ! They created 10 camps where Japanese Americans were forced to live and work ! Those who lived in them felt betrayed by their country, others sought to prove themselves in war ! 10 camps were constructed, most in the midwest including one in Utah Topaz and one in Idaho Minidoka in Jerome

Japanese Offensive
! The Attack on Pearl Harbor was only one part of a coordinated attack on the US ! On the same day and for days afterward the Japanese attacked various islands in South East Asia ! Most important to the US was the Philippines a US territory ! Soldiers were caught o" guard but fought and prolonged full Japanese victory until April of 1942

Japanese Offensive
! By that same month of that year, Japan had captured nearly every island in the Pacic ! They were even making plans to invade and capture Australia ! The US soldiers who were captured during this assault were heavily mistreated by Japanese soldiers ! Many were worked to death ! US Navy Hero Douglas MacArthur was forced to leave the Philippines where he was stationed

Japanese Offensive
! MacArthur knew his soldiers were ghting a losing battle but FDR did not want him captured ! He was rescued and own out, but MacArthur replied to his men, Whence I came, I shall return ! After his departure, the Japanese captured the Bataan Peninsula ! Over 1000 US and 5000 Philippine soldiers died as they were marched over 90 miles without water

Japanese Offensive
! The situation in April of 1942 for the US in the Pacic was bleak ! They had lost a good deal of their eet at Pearl Harbor ! They had lost many islands of the Pacic including the Philippines ! Japan was quickly making moves to attack and capture Australia ! The US however was about to rebound

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

JAPAN WWII
In the beginning of 1942, the situation for the US was bleak They had entered a war on two fronts In the Pacic, Japan was expanding, critical blow at Pearl, losing Philippines and an attack on Australia seemed eminent The US needed to do something quick First attack would come on Tokyo itself

JAPAN WWII
On April 18, 1942, 16 B-25 bombers led by Colonel James Doolittle took off from the US aircraft carrier Hornet The US eagerly wanted to strike at Japan This small raid was meant to strike at the capital city and put doubt in peoples hearts Of the 80 airman, 11 were captured and executed Japanese killed over 250,000 Chinese for helping Americans

JAPAN WWII
In May, 1942, the Japanese had amassed a formidable force intent on capturing Australia The US learned of the plans and sent its navy and 2 aircraft carriers, Lexington and Yorktown The subsequent ght was called the Battle of the Coral Sea and was fought off the Solomon Islands Neither side saw one another, but both sides heavily attacked with aircraft The US lost the Lexington and almost the Yorktown A tactical victory went to Japan but the US did successfully stop the invasion of Australia due to the amount of fuel used by Japan

JAPAN WWII
In June of 1942 one of the most critical battles of the war was fought US Admiral Chester Nimitz learned that the Japanese, with a force of over 110 ships were sailing on Midway Island From there the Japanese planed to strike again at Hawaii and nish what it had started Due to breaking Japanese radio code, the US Navy found the Japanese eet rst

JAPAN WWII
Even though the US had achieved surprise they faced a daunting task The Japanese had not lost in over 300 years Their planes and aircraft carriers were far better than that of the US It was unknown if our torpedoes and bombs could even damage the Japanese ships

JAPAN WWII
Upon arriving, all Japanese planes were found bombing Midway Admiral Nimitz took advantage and ordered all planes to the air 15 TBD Devastators won the battle In the end, the US destroyed 4 irreplaceable aircraft carriers and 322 planes First defeat for Japan in centuries, best pilots and aircraft carriers were lost US would go on the offensive for the rst time, taking Guadalcanal by land later that year

JAPAN WWII
War in the Pacic was a war of distances It was comprised of 100s of islands spread over 1000s of miles General Douglas MacArthur argued it would be too costly to storm each He advocated a theory of island hopping They would take weaker islands, starve out the strong, and proceed slowly to striking distance of Japan

JAPAN WWII
Next great land attack came at Tarawa in 1943 Fighting on Tarawa was some of the worst ever witnessed in history The Japanese had heavily fortied the island and fought to the death Of 35,000 US soldiers, nearly 2000 died Of the 5000 Japanese, only 17 surrendered

JAPAN WWII
After Tarawa, the US was moved to the next island, Saipan Saipan experienced even more ferocious ghting conditions that Tarawa 71,000 US soldiers fought 31,000 Japanese Fighting was rough due to caves, cliffs and volcanic structure of the island US losses neared 3,000 while Japan lost 24,000 over 5000 suicides Suicides were unexpected

JAPAN WWII
After Saipan, the US was within striking distance of the Philippines In October of 1944, the US launched an attack at Leyte Gulf in the Philippines The US Navy utilized 738 ships and 178,000 men to retake the Philippines McArthur returned, just as he had promised

JAPAN WWII
While battling for the Philippines, Japan, desperate to hold the island, started a new tactic For the rst time in the war, the Japanese began suicide plane attacks called Kamikaze They believed the gods had demanded it on order to preserve the Japanese mainland In 3 days they sunk 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers and 3 battleships

JAPAN WWII
After securing the Philippines, the US sought to end the war by bombing Japan into submission In order to achieve this, they needed to get close enough to bomb Therefore, the next islands they targeted were Iwo Jima and Okinawa Iwo Jima was the most highly defended spot on the planet

JAPAN WWII
Iwo Jima was assaulted by US Marines After days of constant softening of the island, the Marines landed Fighting was erce as the Japanese fought from caves After 35 days of ghting, the Marines raised the ag atop mount Suribachi They thought they had secured victory, but the Japanese retook the mountain

JAPAN WWII
After two months of ghting, the US proved the victors It came at a heavy cost of 7,000 US dead and over 20,000 wounded The Japanese lost 21,700 Fighting grew continually worse the closer the US came to the Japanese mainland Okinawa would prove the worse yet

JAPAN WWII
Okinawa was absolutely brutal Again the Japanese had determined to ght to the last man The ghting lasted nearly 3 months When the dust settled, over 12,000 US soldiers had lost their lives Japan lost over 110,000, many died by suicide and that number included civilians With the seizure of these islands, the US could now begin bombing Japan

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

JAPAN WWII
With the seizure of Okinawa and Iwo Jima, the US was now within striking distance of Japan Tragedy was to strike rst however President Franklin Roosevelt while posing for a picture in Georgia died of a stroke Harry S. Truman became the next US President Shortly after coming into ofce, Truman received a top secrete memo that would change the war

JAPAN WWII
The memo read: Within four months we shall in all probability have completed the most terrible weapon ever known in human history, one bomb of which could destroy an entire city. In the hours that followed, President Truman was briefed on the top secret Manhattan Project Started in 1942, the projects purpose was to create the rst atomic bomb In all the project involved the work of over 600 Americans

JAPAN WWII
The chief architect of the bomb was Robert J. Oppenheimer On July 16, 1945 scientists gathered to detonate the rst atomic bomb It was done in the deserts of Alamogordo New Mexico It was even more powerful than expected It was the most powerful weapon ever created by mankind

JAPAN WWII
Almost as important as the creation of the atomic bomb, was the creation of the B-29 Superfortress The bomber was legendary because it could y into the stratosphere At that altitude it could not be seen, heard or shot down The US used it to bomb Japan and its altitude kept it from being opposed The US bombed at will without concern

JAPAN WWII
Among one of the rst cities bombed was that of Tokyo On March 9-10 of 1945, 335 B-29 bombers dropped 1,700 tons of incendiary bombs on Tokyo Being built mainly of wood, the entire city was a blaze in a matter of hours That night, bombing killed over 100,000 Japanese This number exceeded even that of the Atomic Bombs which were yet to come

JAPAN WWII
Plans were drawn up to use the rst atomic bombs on Japan Scientists, creators of the bomb argued against its use Many saw it as inhuman and worried about the death toll Japan was warned of the bombs but did not take it seriously Harry S. Truman did not hesitate from using them He argued that the Atomic Bombs would actually save more lives

JAPAN WWII
On August 6, 1945 the rst atomic bomb, the fat man, was loaded onto the B-29 Enola Gay It was dropped and detonated over the city of Hiroshima Death tolls numbered near 140,000 people After Japan failed to surrender, a second bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki It killed over 80,000 people

JAPAN WWII
The US threatened to drop more if Japan did not surrender On September 2, 1945 the US accepted the unconditional surrender of Japan This moment brought an end to WWII It also ushered in a new era for Japan In the coming years Japan would rebuild and once again become a great Eastern power

WORLD HISTORY
Japan

JAPAN MODERN ERA

From 1945-52 Japan was occupied by the United States The nation was governed by Douglas MacArthur During this time, Japan was stripped of its military power Only allowed a small army for defense War criminals from the treatment of US POWS and Chinese civilians were tried and hanged

JAPAN MODERN ERA

Japans government and economy was rebuilt on that of Americas A new constitution was made and the Emperor was forced to go on the radio and tell Japan he was not a god People were given better rights, freedom to vote and elect ofcials Women were given better status in society The US vowed to protect Japan with its military

JAPAN MODERN ERA

In 1951, Japan ofcially declared its independence In the coming years it would transform immensely The US destroyed all Japans Zaibatsus or monopolys allowing better trade and a more robust economy Land was taken and redistributed to the peasants The overall effect was amazing

JAPAN MODERN ERA

Japan, in the coming decades, would undergo the Japanese Miracle Japans quick recovery to become a world power was truly a miracle In 1952, the Japanese economy was roughly 1/3 that of Britain and France By 2001 the economy was larger than both France and Britain combined, roughly 40% of that of the US Japan is the worlds greatest exporting nation

JAPAN MODERN ERA

How is it that Japan was able to rise up so quickly after the war? There are many reason and possibilities For one, the Japanese people are group oriented and have always found it easy to work together Japanese people are very hard working and more inclined to save earnings than spend them Another reason, Japan built a brand new industrial base after its own was destroyed in the war

JAPAN MODERN ERA

Factories and technologies that came into Japan were top of the line Another reason is Japans military In the US, the most expensive cost of the nation, next to medicare, is military spending Japan has no military, this has allowed them more money to use on education, businesses and technology Japan would again change in the 1970s which is the last reason for its current success

JAPAN MODERN ERA

1973 [OPEC] quadrupled the price of oil The result was a worldwide fuel panic It greatly hurt Japanese industry Japan began to reduce its reliance on oil Began to develop other technologies, high tech industries less reliant on oil

JAPAN MODERN ERA

Japan in the 1970s and early 80s started to create new industrys They looked to the US and brought in automobiles, TVs, VCRs and other high tech devices They then improved upon them, made them better and thus created reliable products Still today, Japanese products are renowned for their reliability and ingenuity

JAPAN MODERN ERA

Today, Japans economy is one of the best in the world Future looks bright and promising One problem is lack of children, Japanese youth have no to little interest in having children Farming becoming difcult with lack of land Population and overcrowding Tensions also exist between Japan and North Korea

SOUTH EAST ASIA

SOUTH EAST ASIA

SE Asia consists of a mass of islands spread out over 1000s of miles Major nations include: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines and Laos Most of SE Asia lies in the tropics Climate consists of dense hot jungles

SOUTH EAST ASIA

From June-September, the area is very wet due to monsoon rains These rains are depended upon for agriculture For centuries, Europeans have been in contact with this lost world It has been an area of rare spices and goods that became highly sought after by Europeans

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Because the area is so vast, no single ruler was able to unite the region Instead, many small kingdoms emerged In Burma, the Pagan Empire emerged Maintained links with India, Buddhism 1287, Mongols conquered the region

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Vietnam was founded by Chinese refugees, at the time of Shi Huangde In latter years, it was invaded and taken over by China Among its most powerful kingdoms was the Khmer in Cambodia They lived near the Mekong Delta

SOUTH EAST ASIA

In the 1100s the massive Angkor was built Huge Empire whose size has only recently been realized from satellite photos Possibly declined from deforestation 1177, it was defeated by the Cham Empire

SOUTH EAST ASIA

In the 1200s the Thai Kingdom reigned supreme They encompassed the modern region of Thailand and Laos 1287, they too were conquered by the Mongols By 1782, the Thai had rebuilt under the Chakkri Dynasty They established Bangkok as their capital Current Thai are descendants of this kingdom

SOUTH EAST ASIA

In the south sea, many kingdoms also grew up Srivijaya [shree-vah-ji-yah] on the island of Sumatra controlled the Malaca spice trade At rst they worshiped the Hindu gods Then they became Buddhists In the 1200s Islam became the chief religion

SOUTH EAST ASIA

The southern islands loads of money off Europeans and Arabic traders It all came to an end when Constantinople fell and Europeans started to take the region over. Portugal and the Netherdlands rst. In the 1500s the region was conquered by Spain In the 1900s it fell under the control of Japan

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Many of SE Asias islands were in control by various European nations in the mid 1900s Following WWII, control was returned to the native inhabitants The Philippines were given their own rule by the US The British then returned Burma and later Malaya The Dutch and French lost their lands in Java and Vietnam by force

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Following WWII, France sought to retain its colony of Vietnam Vietnam, under the leadership of Ho Chi Mihn resisted France lost the war, as the country turned to communism, the US got involved The US entered as early as 1964 The Vietnam war lasted over 10 years, 1000s of Americans and Vietnamese lost their lives The US lost public support, withdrew leaving Vietnam a communist state

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Key Points: Vietnam War French colony. Defeat = division along 17th parallel US supported Diem in South against Mihn in the North Kennedy assassinated. Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson decided to escalate Difcult enemy to root out and destroy Public opinion turns. Mass protests War ends due to overwhelming lack of US support. Veterans treated poorly.

SOUTH EAST ASIA

In 1970s Cambodia had its own communist revolution Khmer Rouge took control of the nation overnight New labor, land reform imposed All who opposed were put to death Torture chambers built, 1000s died by torture or death by pick axe under Pol Pot Vietnamese forces put down regime due to extremism

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Today the area of SE Asia is making gains economically Thailand is home to one of the worlds greatest hospitals Java and Sumatra have become luxurious travel destinations and still trade in unique items The area has been rocked a bit by Islamic terrorists and military takeovers

WORLD HISTORY
Russia

RUSSIA
Under the Soviet Union, Russia encompassed over 6,000 miles [17,080 square] One ruler governed a population of over 140 million people Still today it is the largest of all continents Raw material wealth is perhaps the greatest on the earth The region however has had difculty tapping in unlimited resources

RUSSIA
Climate in Russia also varies greatly from region to region The far east, in Siberia, it is extremely cold and harsh In the west, the climate is similar to that of Europe, except for piercing cold in the winter For this reason, most of the population is crammed into the western quarter

RUSSIA
In 800 AD, the 1st true Russian state emerged in Kiev, located in modern Ukraine The barbaric Vikings conquered Slavic tribes and settled These inhabitants merged with local populations and borrowed heavily from Greece and Constantinople In the 1200s like most of the Asian region, it too was conquered by the Mongols Mongol rule lasted over 250 years

RUSSIA
In the 1300s the city of Moscow was on the rise Attention began to shift away from Kiev and towards this new beacon Moscow grew rich from stealing a portion of the Mongol taxes The location was advantageous due to several rivers which promoted trade Moscow blossomed later when the Russian Orthodox Church moved their from Kiev

RUSSIA
In 1462-1505, Ivan the Great began uniting Russia By 1480, he had expelled the Mongols rulers He then took a Byzantine [Constantinople] princess as wife, giving him a royal bloodline Ivan also took the name Czar or Tzar, as in the ancient Roman Emperors He became an autocrat and ruler with complete authority

RUSSIA
After Ivan's death, his son Ivan the Terrible became the next heir He was known as the terrible for the harsh rule he enacted He often used secrete police to root out any opposition He was responsible however for helping unite Russia and extending its borders Despite both the Ivans accomplishments, neither could challenge European powers

RUSSIA
In an attempt to even the playing eld, Peter the Great sought to bring European technologies to Russia He disguised himself on many occasions and traveled throughout Europe working to learn the secretes of the west He learned how to build ships and better guns He returned and brought these new technologies to Russia Moved the capital to St. Petersburg, the eye on the west

RUSSIA
Many were not in favor of Peters changes but they did help even the led with western powers Later, his wife Catherine the Great continued to narrow the gap between Russia and Europe Despite all their efforts however, Russia could never quite take the lead from Europe and always lingered a few steps behind In fact, Russia did not totally do away with the feudal system until the 1900s

RUSSIA
Russia did make gains and achieve world attention when it defeated Napoleons armies It again achieved status against Germany In 1914, it tried to prove itself against the mighty European powers in WWI It was not equal to the task It fought and lost horrible against Germany on the Eastern Front The Czar Nicolas II tried desperately to hold Russia together

RUSSIA
The Czar went to the front to help his ailing armies When he left, chaos ensued at home, rising brea prices, revolts, incompetence in leadership During the middle of the war, a coup forced the Czar to abdicate Russia fell under the leadership of a provisional government This government too could not bring success in war or at home

RUSSIA
For this reason, a new political entity gained favor, the communists Lead by a bold and daring leader, the communists, under Vladimir Lenin seized control of Russia He executed the royal family plunging Russia into a erce Civil War At wars end, the communists emerged victorious Land reform, mass executions transform Russia into a new state

RUSSIA
Russia remained a dark and obscure area until all came to light in WWII Now lead by Josef Stalin, Russia was quickly becoming a world power Betrayed by Germany, Russia proved its might when it halted the German war machine at Stalingrad and Leningrad When the allied attack began on France, Russia counterattacked and succeeded in pushing Germany out of Russia

RUSSIA
At wars end, the US and Russia came at odds with one another both being victors over Germany The US attained supremacy with the Atomic Bomb but it was short lived When Russia tested its own bomb the Cold War began and would last almost until 1990 During the Cold War, the world stood in constant fear of nuclear annihilation

RUSSIA
IN the 1980s US President Ronald Reagan ended the struggle with renewed arms race that bankrupted the Soviet Union Mihail Gorbechevs reforms, perestroika and glasnost break the spine of the once powerful nation Russia then and now has been trying once again to compete with western powers, this time by using democracy Russias economy is quickly rising in rank It still however remains a rst world army but a third world nation