ENGR 20400: Electrical Circuits

Lecture 3: Methods of Analysis

Nodal Analysis

Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variable. That reduces the number of equations one must solve simultaneously. First we assume that the circuit does not contain voltage sources. Later we will consider circuits with voltage sources.

Nodal Analysis

Select a node as a reference node. Assign voltages v1 , v2 ,..., vn 1 to the remaining n1 nodes in respect to the reference node. Apply KCL to each of n-1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch currents in terms of branch voltages. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain unknown node voltages. The number of non-reference nodes is equal to the number of independent equations that we will derive.

Nodal Analysis

The first step is selecting a node as a reference node. The reference node is commonly called ground since it is assumed to have zero potential

Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a resistor.

i=

vhigher vlower R

Steps to determine node voltage:

Node1 : I1 = I 2 + i1 + i2 eqt1 Node2 : I 2 + i2 = i3 eqt2 i1 = i2 = i3 = v1 0 or i1 = G1v1 R1 v1 v2 or i2 = G2 (v1 v2 ) R2 v2 0 or i3 = G3v2 R3

Sub. into eqt1 and eqt2 v v v I1 = I 2 + 1 + 1 2 eqt3 or I1 = I 2 + G1v1 + G2 (v1 v2 ) R1 R2 I2 + v1 v2 v2 = eqt4 or I 2 + G2 (v1 v2 ) = G3v2 R2 R3 G2 v1 I1 I 2 = G2 + G3 v2 I 2

rearrange G1 + G2 G 2

Example 3.1
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit

Steps to determine node voltage:

Node 1 : i1 = i2 + i3 eqt1 Node2 : i2 + i4 = i1 + i5 eqt2 v1 v2 v1 0 + 5= 20 = v1 v2 + 2v1 4 2 3v1 v2 = 20 eqt3 v1 v2 v2 0 + 10 = 5 + 3v1 3v2 + 120 = 60 + 2v2 6 4 3v1 + 5v2 = 60 eqt4 Method 1 (elimination) Add eqt (3) and (4) 4v2 = 80 v2 = 20V From eqt1 3v1 20 = 20 v1 = 13.33V

Method 2 (Cramers rule)

3 v1 v 2 = 20 eqt3 3 v1 + 5 v 2 = 60 eqt4 Eqt (3) and (4) in the matrix form : 3 1 v1 3 5 v = 2 The determinan 20 60 t of the matrix is

3 1 = = 15 3 = 12 3 5 20 1 60 5 = 100 + 60 = 13 . 33V v1 and v 2 are obtained as v1 = 12 3 20 3 60 = 180 + 60 = 20 V v2 = 12 v v2 v Currents are calculated as i1 = 5 A i 2 = 1 = 1 . 67 A , i3 = 1 = 6 . 67 A , 4 2 v i3 = 10 A , i5 = 2 = 3 . 33 A 6

Example 3.2: (a) original circuit

(b) circuit for analysis

How to use nodal analysis to solve this problem?



We make sure that there are 3 nodes, v1, v2, and v3 We need 3 simultaneous equations to solve 3 unknowns. At each node, currents in must equal to currents out. At node1, i1 + ix = 3 (v1-v3)/4 + (v1-v2)/2 = 3; after rearrange, we have 3v1 2v2 v3 = 12 ---------(eqt1) At node2, ix = i2 + i3 (v1 v2)/2 = (v2 v3)/8 + v2/4 after rearrange, we have 4v1 + 7v2 v3 = 0 --------(eqt2) At node3, i1 + i2 = 2 ix (v1 v3)/4 +(v2 v3)/8 =2(v1-v2)/2 after rearrange, we have 2v1 -3v2 +v3 = 0 ------------(eqt3)

Method 1: Elimination Technique

3v1 2v2 v3 = 12 ---------(eqt1) 4v1 + 7v2 v3 = 0 --------(eqt2) 2v1 -3v2 +v3 = 0 ------------(eqt3)

Add eqt1 and eqt3 5v1 5v2 = 12 v1 v2 = 12 = 2.4 - - - -eqt4 5 Add eqt2 and eqt3 2v1 + 4v2 = 0

v1 = 2v2 - - - - - eqt5 Substitute eqt5 into eqt4 2v2 v2 = 2.4 v2 = 2.4V v1 = 2v2 = 4.8V v3 = 3v2 2v1 = 2.4V

Method 2: Cramers rule

3 2 4 7 2 3 3 4 = 2 3 4 12 0 1 = 0 12 0 3 4 2 = 2 3 4 3 4 3 = 2 3 4 1 v1 12 1 v 2 = 0 1 v3 0 v1 = 1 , v 2 = 2 , v3 = 3

2 1 7 1 3 1 = 21 12 + 4 + 14 9 8 = 10 2 1 7 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 = 84 + 0 + 0 0 36 0 = 48 2 1 7 1 12 1 0 1 0 1 = 0 + 0 24 0 0 + 48 = 24 12 1 0 1 2 12 7 0 3 0 = 0 + 144 + 0 168 0 0 = 24 2 12 7 0

1 48 = = 4.8V 10 24 v2 = 2 = = 2.4V 10 24 v3 = 3 = = 2.4V 10 v1 =

Method 3: Use MATLAB to solve the matrix

3 2 1 v1 12 4 7 1 v 2 = 0 2 3 1 v3 0 AV = B V = A B
1

A = [3 - 2 - 1; - 4 7 - 1; 2 - 3 1]; B = [12 0 0]' ; V = inv(A) * B

Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Case 1: A voltage source is connected between the reference node and a non-reference node we simply set the voltage at the reference node equal to the voltage of the voltage source. Case 2: The voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two non-reference nodes. A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected between two non-reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it. Both KCL and KVL are applied to determine the node voltage.

Applying KVL to a supernode

i1 + i4 = i2 + i3 eqt1a or v1 v2 v1 v3 v2 0 v3 0 + = + eqt1b 2 4 8 6 v2 + 5 + v3 = 0 v2 v3 = 5 eqt2 v1 = 10 eqt3
From eqt (1b) - (3) v2 = 9.2

and v3 = 4.2

Properties of a supernode:

The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint equation needed to solve for the node voltages. A supernode has no voltage of its own. A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.

Example 3.3
Applying KCL to the supernode 2 = i1 + i2 + 7 For node voltages v1 0 v2 0 2= + + 7 2v1 + v2 = 20 2 4 Applying KVL to the loop v1 2 + v2 = 0 v2 = v1 + 2 v1 = 7.33V v2 = 5.33V

Find the node voltages

The 10 resistor does not make any difference because it is connected across the supernode

Practice problem 3.3: Find v and i in the circuit

Mesh/Loop Analysis

Mesh analysis only applicable to a circuit that is planar. A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing one another. Nonplanar circuits can be handled using nodal analysis. A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it. Used to determine mesh currents

Steps to determine mesh currents

Assign mesh currents to the n meshes. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

I1

I2 I3

- Assign mesh currents to the n meshes. - Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages - Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

+ -

Loop1 : V1 + R1 i1 + R3 (i1 i2 ) = 0 Loop2 : R2i2 + V2 + R3 (i2 i1 ) = 0 or R3i1 + ( R2 + R3 )i2 = V2 R3 i1 V1 R1 + R3 = R + R R i V 3 2 3 2 2 I1 = i1 I 2 = i2 I 3 = i1 i2 or ( R1 + R3 )i1 R3i2 = V1

Example:
Find the branch currents I1, I2 and I3.

Example:
-

I1 +

I2 + I3 +

- Assign mesh currents to the n meshes. - Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages - Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

15 + 5i1 + 10(i1 i2 ) + 10 = 0 or 3i1 2i2 = 1 eqt1 6i2 + 4i2 + 10(i2 i1 ) 10 = 0 or i1 = 2i2 1 eqt2
Method 1: Substitution Method

Put eqt2 into eqt1 6i2 3 2i2 = 1 I1 = i1 = 2i2 1 = 1A

i2 = 1A I 2 = i2 = 1A I 3 = i1 i2 = 0

Method 2: Cramers rule

3 2 i1 1 1 2 i = 1 2 3 2 = 62 = 4 = 1 2 1 2 1 = = 2+2 = 4 1 2 2 = 3 1 1 1 = 3 +1 = 4

2 1 = 1A = 1A i2 = i1 = I1 = i1 = 2i2 1 = 1A I 2 = i2 = 1A

I 3 = i1 i2 = 0

Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

Case 1: when a current source exists only in one mesh.

Set i2 = -5 A -10 + 4i1 + 6(i1-i2 ) = 0 i1 = -2 A

Case 2: When a current source exists between two meshes: A supermesh is created by excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it. A supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent) current source in common. Properties of supermesh:

The current source in the supermesh provides the constraint equation necessary to solve for the mesh current. A supermesh has no current of its own. A supermesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.

Apply KVL : 20 + 6i1 + 10i2 + 4i2 = 0 or 6i1 + 14i2 = 20 eqt1 Apply KCL at node0 : i2 = i1 + 6 eqt 2 Put eqt2 into eqt1 and solve it : i1 = 3.2 A i2 = 2 .8 A

Example: Mesh 1 and 2 form a supermesh; so do mesh 2 and 3

Apply KVL to the larger supermesh : 2i1 + 4i3 + 8(i3 i4 ) + 6i2 = 0 or i1 + 3i2 + 6i3 4i4 = 0 eqt1 Apply KCL to nodeP : i2 = i1 + 5 eqt 2 Apply KCL to nodeQ : i2 = i3 + 3I o but I o = i4 so i2 = i3 3i4 eqt 3 Apply KVL in mesh4 : 2i4 + 8(i4 -i3 ) + 10 = 0 or 5i4 -4i3 = -5 eqt 4

Apply KVL to the larger supermesh : 2i1 + 4i3 + 8(i3 i4 ) + 6i2 = 0 or i1 + 3i2 + 6i3 4i4 = 0 eqt1 Apply KCL to nodeP : i2 = i1 + 5 eqt 2 Apply KCL to nodeQ : i2 = i3 + 3I o but I o = i4 so i2 = i3 3i4 eqt 3 Apply KVL in mesh4 : 2i4 + 8(i4 -i3 ) + 10 = 0 or 5i4 -4i3 = -5 eqt 4 Solution 4i3 5 eqt 5 i4 = 5 4i 5 7i3 + 15 Put eqt5 into eqt3 : i2 = i3 3 3 eqt 6 = 5 5 5i1 10 eqt 7 Equate eqt6 & eqt 2 : i3 = 7 - 20i1 - 75 Put eqt7 into eqt5 : i 4 = eqt8 35 Put eqt2, eqt7, eqt8 into eqt 1. Solve it : i1 = 7.5 A i2 = 2.5 A i3 = 3.93 A i4 = 2.143 A

Nodal & Mesh Analysis by Inspection

When all sources in a circuit are independent sources, we can obtain the equations by inspection. Nodal analysis

G1 + G2 G 2

G2 v1 I1 I 2 = G2 + G3 v2 I 2

Each diagonal term is the sum of the conductances connected directly to node 1 or 2, off-diagonal terms are the negatives of the conductances connected between the nodes. Each term on the right-hand side is the algebraic sum of the currents entering the node.

In general if a circuit with independent current sources has N nonreference nodes, the node-voltage equations can be written in terms of the conductances as
G11 G12 ... G1N v1 i1 v i G G G ... N 21 22 2 2 = 2 M M M M M M G G G ... N2 NN v N iN N1 Gv = i G is the conductance matrix, v is the output vector and i is the input vector. where Gkk = Sum of the conductances connected to node k Gkj = G jk = Negative of the sum of the conductances directly connecting nodes k and j, k j vk = Unknown voltage at node k ik = Sum of all independent current sources directly connected to node k, with currents entering the node treated as positive

Mesh analysis We can obtain mesh-current equations by inspection when a linear resistive circuit has only independent voltage sources

R1 + R3 R 3

R3 i1 v1 = R2 + R3 i2 v2

Each of diagonal terms is the sum of the resistances in the related mesh and each of the off-diagonal terms is the negative of the resistance common to meshes 1 and 2. Each term on the right-hand side is the algebraic sum taken clockwise of all independent voltage sources in the related mesh.

In general, if a circuit has N meshes, the mesh - current equations can be expressed in terms of the resistances as R11 R12 ... R1N i1 v1 i v R ... R R N 21 22 2 2 = 2 M M M M M M ... R R R N2 NN i N v N N1 Ri = v R is the resistance matrix, i is the output vector and v is the input vector. where R kk = Sum of the resistances connected to mesh k R kj = R jk = Negative of the sum of the resistances in common with meshes k and j, k j i k = Unknown mesh current for mesh k in the clockwise direction v k = Sum taken clockwise of all independent voltage sources in mesh k, with voltage rise treated as positive

Example:
Write the node-voltage matrix equations for the circuit by inspection
1 1 1 G11 = + + = 1.3 1 5 10 1 G22 = = 0.2 5 1 1 G33 = + = 1.25 1 4 1 1 G44 = + = 0.75 2 4 1 G12 = = 0.2 G13 = 1 5 G21 = 0.2 G23 = 0 G31 = 1 G41 = 0 i1 = 0 G32 = 0 G42 = 0 i2 = 1 + 2 = 3

G14 = 0 G24 = 0 1 = 0.25 4 G43 = 0.25 G34 = i3 = 1 i4 = 3

0 v1 0 1 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 v 2 3 0 0 = 1 0 1.25 0.25 v3 1 0 0.25 0.75 v 4 3 0

Example: Write the mesh-current equations for the circuit by inspection

The diagonal terms : R11 = 5 + 2 + 2 = 9 R 22 = 2 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 10 R 33 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 R 44 = 1 + 3 + 4 = 8 R 55 = 1 + 3 = 4 The off - diagonal terms : R12 = 2 R 13 = 2 R 21 = 2 R 31 = 2 R 41 = 0 R 51 = 0 v1 = 4 9 2 2 0 0 R 23 = 4 R 32 = 4 R 14 = 0 = R 15 R 24 = 1 R 25 = 1 R 45 = 3 R 54 = 3 v5 = 6 R 34 = 0 = R 35 R 43 = 0 R 53 = 0

R 42 = 1 R 52 = 1

The input volt age vector : v 2 = 10 4 = 6 v 3 = 12 + 6 = 6 are : 2 10 4 1 1 2 4 9 0 0 0 1 0 8 3 0 i1 4 1 i2 6 0 i3 = 6 3 i4 0 6 i 4 5 v4 = 0 The mesh - current equations

Nodal or Mesh Analysis

Mesh analysis is applied only to planar networks Networks that contain many series-connected elements, voltage sources are more suitable for mesh analysis Networks with parallel-connected elements and current sources are more suitable for nodal analysis Fewer nodes than meshes nodal analysis and vice versa If node voltages are required nodal analysis, if branch currents are necessary mesh analysis