US History Unit 5

Chapter 13
A T e c h n o l o g i c a l R e v o l u t i o n
Technological Revolution
Samuel Morse rst telegraphy message sent in 1844 revolutionized the world His simple device kicked off the Second Industrial Revolution It was the rst of an explosion of inventions that would forever change Americans lives It has been said that in the future, this period of time will be remembered as the Second Renaissance
In 1865, indoor lighting did not exist At the setting of the sun, people went to bed If they were wealthy, they could afford an oil lamp or candle Refrigeration had not been invented Most people used huge ice blocks which came at high prices
Absolute Zero
Absolute Zero
Absolute Zero
Absolute Zero
In 1860, long distance communication was agonizingly slow Mail took 3 weeks to travel across the country Immigrants had to wait months to hear from home in Europe or Asia As with any war, 1000s of innovations took place that would change the world
Between 1790 and 1860, only 36,000 patents were issued Between 1860 and 1890 500,000 were issued European and American business owners invested large amounts of money into new ideas It helped create new industries and expand on old ones American standards of living soared among the highest in the world
A reason for this explosion was alternative energy Most of America ran on coal and whale oil Whale oil was difcult to harvest, limited and expensive Crude oil was extracted by digging pits and allowing it to seep into pools Edwin L. Drake would change that
Drake decided to drill underground for oil He spent years raising the money and purchasing the necessary equipment In 1859, Drake struck oil and the modern oil industry was born Oil reneries sprang up to convert oil into kerosene used in lamps Gasoline was a byproduct and was simply cast away
Thomas A. Edison also pioneered the use of a new form of energy Born in 1847, Edison grew up tinkering with electricity He worked in New York repairing stock tickers He was awarded 40,000 dollars as a bonus, quit, and began a new career as an inventor Edison set to work on inventing an electric light
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday
Edisons goal was to create an affordable lightning system to replace gas lights and lamps In 1879, he began working to produce light within a sealed glass bulb The trick was nding a material that would not burn up The rst known effective element was bamboo The light worked off a hand cranked generator
Edison realized that in order to make his invention practicable he would need a central power source Edison built a power plant in New York city and set several building alight This attracted investors and Edisons idea spread Soon there were electric lamps, fans, printing presses and appliances
Others came along and improved upon Edisons technology Lewis Latimer designed a new and improved lighting lament Nicola Tesla, a Serbian inventor came and worked with Edison It has been said that many of Edisons inventions began with Tesla Tesla pioneered the use of alternating current rather than direct
This led to several public demonstrations about the dangers of each Alternating current could be carried further than direct which could only travel 3 miles Tesla later went to work for George Westinghouse Together they led the country in alternating current Two rival companies formed, Edisons General Electric and Westinghouse Electric
By the turn of the century, 3,000 power stations were lighting 2 million lightbulbs across America Tesla set out on his own to create a form of wireless energy He sought to build a massive electrical tower to charge the atmosphere The design is within the realm of possibility but he ran out of money Edison eventually bankrupted Tesla who died penniless as a mad scientist
The impact of electricity on America was incredible Water and steam powered factories turned to electricity Sewing machines became electric sewing machines Clothing now came easier, cheaper and was ready-made The electric refrigerator made food more accessible
Despite all these breakthroughs, they most benetted the wealthy It would take decades before these technologies found their way to the masses One of the major deterrents from heading west was communication Heading into the west meant you might never communicate with loved ones again This changed in the late 1800s
Many inventions were conceived long before they were made to work Many people worked on the telegraph before Morse as they did the lightbulb before Edison The primary means of communication was the telegraph Following the Civil War Western Union Telegraph had 100,000 miles of telegraph wire By 1900, that number surpassed 900,000
In 1871, Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland migrated to the US He arrived to assist people with hearing difculties He worked with electrical equipment to produce sounds for the deaf This led him to realize that sound, other than beeps, could be sent over an electrical line In 1876, he invented the talking telegraph
This invention quickly led to the telephone In 1878, the rst telephone exchange took place in New Haven, Connecticut Soon thereafter, President Rutherford B. Hayes set up a telephone in the White House By 1900, 1.5 million telephones were in use
Chapter 13
A T e c h n o l o g i c a l R e v o l u t i o n
Before the Civil War, most railroad lines were short lines They connected large cities together There was not a universal track width or gauge so tracks in many regions could not connect Many people had to switch trains in route which made the process time consuming and unpractical To make matters worse, there were no signal standards and train brakes were unreliable
The key event in terms of transportation occurred directly after the Civil War The Transcontinental Railroad was completed connecting east to west From there, other railways from north to south tapped in Most of the railroad was funded by the US Government The government believed it would improve commerce and the economy
The Federal Government awarded massive loans to private investors Most of the workers on the railroad were immigrants Irish workers on the Union Pacic used pickaxes to level land to lay 6 miles of track per day Chinese workers were used to chisel and dynamite paths through the Sierra Nevada Workers took pride in their jobs, often holding competitions for the amount of track laid per day
Finally, after 7 years of labor, the transcontinental railway was joined together May 10, 1869 the two lines met at Promontory Point in Utah A gold spike was driven to signify the area where east met west The nation was transformed due to the railroad
With completion of the railway across the country, improvements were made on railways A standardized rail system, better brakes, and steel replace iron Many small towns were transformed into cities as they became railway stations Railroads also led to the creation of time zones to put everyone on the same schedule
Railroads created a faster and more practical means for transporting goods They lowered the cost of production They created national markets They created a model for big businesses Last of all they stimulated other industries such as iron
The US emerged as the king of steel in the mid 1800s Transforming Iron to Steel was a process known since the Middle Ages The problem was it was very costly and dangerous That changed in 1856 with Englishman Henry Bessemer
Bessemer had a new idea for creating steel The Bessemer steel process used compressed air to purify iron The process never caught on in England but was adopted in the US Huge iron deposits in Pittsburg Pennsylvania coupled with the Bessemer process propelled the US into the age of steel Soon the US was outproducing the world in steel and made effective use of it
Following the Civil War, New York grew in size and population Many workers in Manhattan came from Brooklyn by ship each day An idea to build a bridge to connect the two locations was born German immigrant and Engineer John A. Roebling would show the way Roebling designed the worlds largest suspension bridge
The bridge would be supported by massive steel cables and high steel towers It would arch 1,595 feet above the East River Shortly after construction began, Roebling died His son Washington took up the task Huge caissons were built to dig out the earth for the massive towers
Many died digging in the caissons, even Washington himself was disabled from decompression sickness Despite the problems and death toll, the bridge was completed in May of 1883 The bridge served as a landmark of American Ingenuity As darkness fell on the day of its dedication, 100s of lights ickered on showing forth the nations greatest achievement
It is not he work of any one man or any one age. It is the result of study, of the experience, and of the knowledge of many men in many ages. It is not merely creation; it is growth. It stands before us today as the sum and epitome of human knowledge; as the very heir of the ages; as the latest glory of centuries of patient observation, profound study and accumulated skill.
-Abraham Stevens Hewitt
Following the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge new achievements were made In 1871, Chicago experienced a major setback as re ravished the city In the ashes of ruin arose a landmark structure Architects Burhham and Root designed the rst Steel Construction high rise The Rand and McNally building rose to 10 stories using steel construction techniques
Another building, the Chicago Reliance, rose 16 stories and became the rst modern world skyscraper rimmed with windows In 1902 the Flatiron building went 22 stories A competition emerged between New York and Chicago for the tallest building The Chrysler Building rose to 77 oors The Empire State to 102 Steel and business building replaced Medieval Cathedrals heralding in a new age
1902
1931
1931
Flatiron, New York 22 st.
Chrysler, Chicago 77 st.
Empire State New York 102 st
Chapter 13
T h e G r o w t h o f B u s i n e s s B i g
Big Business
One of the most successful business leaders of the late 1800s was Andrew Carnegie Carnegie was born in Scotland His parents worked in the cottage industry making clothing The immigrated to the US where his father had a hard time nding work The young Andrew went to work for his family, starting out as a bobin boy at age 13
Big Business
Three years later he found himself carrying telegraph messages around town His work ethic caused him to become the telegraph secretary for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company While traveling by train he met Theodore Woodruff, making of the illustrious sleeping car He asked if Andrew wanted to invest in his company Andrew took out a loan, invested and made a fortune He found the goose that laid the golden egg
Big Business
Andrew made wise investments his entire life In 1870, with the wealth made from investments, he built his rst steel mill He imported the Bessemer Process to his mill and made millions He was living the American Dream Nearing the end of his life, he committed himself to giving back his wealth He created the rst free public libraries
Big Business
Andrew Carnegie was not the only shrewd businessman that made a fortune after the War It was an age of growth, prosperity and most of all, Big Business John D. Rockefeller was another who, like Carnegie, made a fortune from nothing His father was a traveling salesman, selling various elixirs and cures Rockefeller was very studious, he received a job as a nancial bookkeeper
Big Business
From that job he learned a great deal about business and money management Rockefeller went into the produce business, made enough prot to build an oil renery This business expanded rapidly His success led him to create the Standard Oil Company in 1870 Rockefeller slowly began to dominate the oil industry His company grew to such an extent that he was able to offer oil far below the price of competitors
Big Business
As he undersold them, they would go broke Rockefeller would then swoop in and buy their business Soon, Rockefeller had created a monopoly He owned all oil businesses in America and could therefore set whatever price he wished He was not alone, Carnegie had done the same with steel though the concept differed
Vertical Consolidation Carnegie Purchases

Coke elds Iron Ore Steel Mills Ships Railroads
Horizontal Consolidation Rockefeller
Independent oil reneries
Big Business
Two market styles emerge under the Industrialists like Carnegie and Rockefeller Oligopoly = A market dominated by a few large companies Example: Cell Phone Providers, Health Care, Movie Companies, Beverage Companies, Automobiles Monopolies = A market is completely owned and controlled by one business Examples: US Steel, Standard Oil, NFL, MLB, Microsoft
Big Business
A third type of market structure was formed called a Cartel Cartels were loose associations of business that worked together They all made the same product They worked together to limit supply in order to keep demand high This would jack up the price of goods to incredible levels
Big Business
None of these systems were fool proof Monopolies suffered from government intervention Samuel Dodd, Rockefellers lawyer found a way to skirt government restriction laws He conceived of an idea to form a trust In 1882, Owners of Standard Oil and companies allied with it combined their operations
Big Business
They all joined together on a mutual agreement of a share of the funds made by the business They created a board of trustees which Rockefeller controlled and managed as a single unit called a trust In time, 40 companies joined the trust Because the companies did not ofcially merge, they did not violate legal laws This new kind of monopoly proved almost impossible to stop
Big Business
Historians have adopted the term, Robber Barons to dene these big business owners In the Middle Ages, Barons would build forts on rivers and charge incredible fees for passage The term implies that Rockefeller and Carnegie made their fortunes from stealing from the less privileged The took advantage of small businesses, used the nations resources, consolidated money into the hands of the few To make matters worse, they did nothing to help those who worked for them
Big Business
They are also sometimes referred to as Captains of Industry Not everything they did was bad They supplied goods that led to the construction of skyscrapers and bridges They helped the transcontinental railroad reach coast to coast They created jobs, raised standards of living They also used money to create libraries, universities, museums and grants of money to students
Big Business
Many Americans grew skeptical of big business They pushed governments to respond and restrict their power Government ofcials however were sympathetic to big businesses They saw how they stimulated the economy, created jobs and rose the level of wealth By the end of the century, American Telephone, General Electric, Westinghouse, Dupont were great American success stories American business topped all others in the world
Big Business
Congress did pass a law in 1890 Its purpose was to limit the amount of control a given business could have on industry The law was called the Sherman Antitrust Act It outlawed any combination of companies that restrained trade or commerce The Anittrust Act was vague in wording, open to interpretation and did little to limit business growth
Chapter 13
T h e W o r k i n g C l a s s
The Working Class

Andrew Carnegie lived the American Dream He started out poor and worked his way to the top Many immigrants came from Europe with the same dreams and ambitions Most however did not achieve those lofty goals America, in many ways, was a far cry from what immigrants heard about in stories
The Working Class

Around 14 million people migrated to the US between 1860 and 1890 During the Civil War, work in America was scarce The US Government passed the Contract Labor Act in 1864 This Law allowed employers to enter contracts with immigrants Employers would pay the cost of travel to immigrants in turn for a years labor Employers soon began to actively recruit labor from abroad Many were Irish due to the 1879 potato famine
The Working Class

In addition to immigration to America, many Americans began moving into cities An estimated 8 to 9 million Americans ocked to urban centers for work In 1860, most workers in factories worked 12 hour workdays 6 days a week There were labor laws that mandated 10 hour workdays but most factories failed to abide by them Most factories paid people in the amount of work they produced, not by the hour
The Working Class

Workers would received a xed price for a piece of clothing produced, a cigar, or part This type of labor was called piecework labor It benetted those who worked the hardest, the fastest and produced the best quality Most piecework was performed in what came to be known as a sweatshop Employees would work long hours for low wages in terrible working conditions
The Working Class

Factory owners always wanted to increase productivity They would work their employes harder and harder In the past, artisans would produce an item from start to nish In order to increase productivity, factory owners conceived a better model The idea was to divide labor into several jobs
The Working Class

Instead of building an item from start to nish, a person would only be responsible for a small portion or task This increased productivity but it also took the joy out of work There began to be a huge disparity between workers and owners In the past, owners cared for their workers, now they saw them as parts of a machine One factory owner declared I regard my people as I regard machinery. So long as they do my work for what I chose to pay for them, I keep them, getting out of them all I can
The Working Class

In order to make a prot, factories would need high quality work produced in a short amount of time They became cruel taskmasters People were ned for minor infractions such as being late, talking, reading or refusing to do a task Workplaces were not safe There were no safety regulations Many people went deaf, lost limbs, ngers, contracted deadly maladies such as black lung
The Working Class

Despite the horrendous conditions, people worked hard It gave them money like never before In addition, there were no labor laws for age Many children worked rather than go to school Children helped their families pay the bills and enjoy nancial freedom Like their parents though, most were physically scarred from the intense labor conditions
The Working Class

By the end of 1800, 1 in 5 children between the age of 10 and 16 worked in the factories and coal mines Conditions were tolerable at rst but as the century came to a close revolution was in the air Robert Owens in Scotland came up with a radical idea It was based on an Enlightenment Thinker, John Locke It held that if a person was placed in the correct environment, their character would improve
The Working Class

Robert Owen wondered, if workers were treated well and taken care of, would production increase? In Scotland, he purchased a factory and began a great experiment His employees worked fewer hours, were given holidays, sick leave and their children were educated His factory prospered and outproduced many sweat shops He called his idea, Socialism
The Working Class

Robert Owen decided to take his experiment to the next level He purchased land in New Harmony, Indiana He would attempt to take his social experiment to new heights and create an entire society based on its precepts The experiment turned into an total failure There were many intellectuals but not enough people willing to do the work The idea still held ground in the workplace and it would storm across Europe and the US
Chapter 13
S o c i a l i s m a n d U n i o n s L a b o r
The Working Class

In 1890, 9% of Americans held 75% of the nations wealth Under the horrible conditions present in factories, many clamored for change Socialism, popular in Europe at the time, came to America in force Socialists sought to spread the economic wealth amongst everyone In 1848, German philosopher Karl Marx, with the help of Frederick Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto
The Working Class

This small tract would turn the world on its head and kill countless people in the coming century It was an economic principal based on a scientic truth To understand Marx, we must look at another great thinker of the age, Charles Darwin For 5 years, Charles Darwin completed a vast scientic study of animals and insects across the world Darwin observed that life is a constant struggle for survival
The Working Class

He then theorized that small biological differences is what helps a species win out and survive This theory created a whirlwind of controversy and interest While Darwins study mainly spoke of the animal world, many could not help but tie it to the human race Another philosopher, Herbert Spencer gured evolution held the key to creating a better society He coined the term, Survival of the Fittest
The Working Class

From Herbert Spencer, came the idea of Social Darwinism Social Darwinists speculated on who was the greatest human race They also sought to purify the weak out from the human race eugenics This they did through racial violence and sexism It was an idea that became deeply imbedded It gave hope to the old royal blood lines of Europe, that they might somehow be special again
The Working Class

In the turmoil and excitement that Darwin produced, came another theory that linked Darwinism to Economics Karl Marx took Darwins principals, and Social Darwinist theories and applied them to economic systems He looked at the structure of economies and political orders He saw that mankind began as hunters and gatherers, evolved into monarchies, then democracies He looked hard at the state of the working class
The Working Class

Marx gured that working conditions would lead to an end of capitalist and democratic societies The end would come in revolution, working class citizens would rise up and seize control Together they would usher in a nal social economic order called Communism It would be a society where all worked together There would be no rich, no poor, it would be a utopia
The Working Class

Many eagerly awaited the revolution With working conditions across Europe and America in a horrible state, it appeared it could occur at any time In America, workers began to band together to form unions These labor unions sought better pay, shorter workdays, and better working conditions In 1866, the National Labor Union was formed, 60,000 members joined In 1872, they nominated a presidential candidate
The Working Class

Another massive labor union formed in 1869 called the Knights of Labor They sought the same reforms but attempted to make gains without strikes In 1885, the power of the Knights forced railroad owner Jay Gould to abandon designs on a wage cut This lead membership to soar to over 700,000 Many new members participated in strikes that became violent which tarnished the name Membership plummeted
The Working Class

A third labor union formed in 1886 called the American Federation of Labor This union differed from all others in that only craftsman were allowed to join It was led by London-Born cigar maker Samuel Gompers Technically, all craftsman were welcome to join but women and African Americans were often excluded The AFL focused on wages and labor conditions, where the Knights of Labor were not united in their desires
The Working Class

The AFL used strikes and boycotts to be heard They forced owners into collective bargaining in which they all met together to decide on wages The AFL did not meet the needs of all workers In 1905, 43 groups opposed to the AFL created the Workers of the World Union or Wobblies Many were strong socialists and their strikes were often violent in nature
The Working Class

In 1877 a massive railroad strike occurred There was an economic depression that year and amidst that it was announced there would be a 10% wage cut Workers responded by striking They tried to prevent others from working which created a clash with the local militia Rioters then began to burn and destroy railroad property in Pittsburg, Chicago and St Louis
The Working Class

President Hayes mobilized the federal army to put down the riots Soldiers red on a crowd of 20,000 rioters They responded by destroying 5 million dollars of railroad equipment This strike set precedence for others that spread across America Not all unions were in favor of violent strikes as witnessed in the Great Railway Strike
The Working Class

Eugene V. Debs advocated against violent confrontation He felt that violence erupted due to lack of organization amongst laborers He began a new type of union called an Industrial Union It organized union workers into specic groups under their craft Together, they sought to receive better wages and organize strikes in a manner that was non-violent
The Working Class

From 1881 to 1900 the US faced 24,000 strikes Some were increasingly violent In May of 1886, a group of workers mounted a national demonstration for an 8 hour workday In Chicago, the McCormik reaper factory hired alternate workers to replace strikers Workers called these replacements Scabs
The Working Class

The strike quickly escalated days later as anarchists joined the rallies They threw a bomb at police ofcers which provoked the police to open re Dozens were killed on both sides Four anarchists were captured and hanged for throwing the bomb The press blamed the Knights of Labor for the Haymarket Riot Most Americans thereafter associated violence with strikes
The Working Class

In 1892, while Andrew Carnegie was in Europe, his partner Henry Frick cut wages Carnegie knew about the wage cut and left Frick to handle it The workers at the steel mill called a strike Frick had a plan to defeat strikers He called upon the Pinkertons, a private police force to put down the rebellion
The Working Class

300 Pinktertons moved up the Monongahela River under darkness When they came upon the gathered crowd os strikers they opened re Americans sided with the strikers Then, anarchist Alexander Berkman tried and failed to assassinate Frick Although Berkman was not associated with the strikers, he ended up tied to it The Union called off the labor strike and returned to work The Homestead Strike ended in November
The Working Class

The last great riot involved George Pullman, inventor of the Pullman Sleeping Car Pullman enjoyed great success with his train sleeping cars So much so that he founded an entire town to build and manufacture them Pullman Chicago was a neat business town where workers had parks, lakes, a church, paved sidewalks and shade trees He was very strict on his workers though and banned alcohol consumption
The Working Class

In 1893, during the economic downturn, Pullman cut wages by 25% while keeping food and rent prices the same A delegation of workers went to him in protest In response, Pullman red three of them causing the workers to go on strike Pullman refused to negotiate and shut down the plant Workers turned to the American Railway Union for help
The Working Class

The ARU supported the strike and called all delegates to strike in protest 260,000 railroad workers joined the strike across the country It completely disrupted the railroad industry, trade and mail services Railroad owners convened and argued that the strike was a form of a monopoly that was breaking the Antitrust Act The US government sided with the owners and commanded all workers to return to work
The Working Class

President Grover Cleveland sent 2,500 soldiers to enforce the return to work A week later the strike was over This sent a precedent and time and time again, court orders were issued on strikers The US government supported Union appeals Labor Unions remained powerless for the next 30 years
Chapter 14
M o v i n g W e s t
Moving West
Many American began moving west in the late 1800s There were many motivations for this mass migration Some of the factors were forced upon people [push] Other factors were due to strong attraction and personal motivation [pull] Regardless of the motivation, many ventured into a land of adventure and even death
Moving West
The Civil War displaced thousands of farmers, slaves, workers and people seeking a new start The Mormons ed to escape religious persecution Europeans came to America in search of land and freedom not available in Europe Some were even outlaws, escaping justice Not everyone was forced
Moving West
Before the Civil War, many owed west to become rich off of the great gold rush After that, migration slowed due to the issue of slavery Following the Civil War, there was no reason not to move west In 1862, the US Government issued the Pacic Railway Acts The government gave large tracts of land to the Union and Central Pacic Railroads to open the west
Moving West
After the railroads were built, the railroad industry sold land for cheap prices Cities grew up along railroads, farmers moved to build crops and take advantage of shipment lines The government further encouraged settlers to move west In 1862, the Morrill Land Grant was passed It gave state government millions of acres to sell
Moving West
Many moved west and bought up lands to sell later to settlers Nothing pushed people west more than the Homestead Act For a very small fee, settlers could have 160 acres of land They had to be at least 21 years old, build a house and live there for 6 months out of the year They also had to farm the land The act created 372,000 farms and claimed 80 million acres
Moving West
Not only white Americans ooded west but immigrants and African American followed Ownership of land was a near impossibility in Europe Many came from Europe for free land German immigrants settled along the great plains Irish, Italians, Jews and Chinese immigrants settled along the west coast They took jobs in mining, building railroads
Moving West
Mexican Americans became ranchers and led to the growth of the American Cowboy After the Civil War, many African Americans sought new beginnings in the west In 1879, Benjamin pap Singleton led groups of African Americans westward He tied it to the bible and the ancient exodus of the Israelites to the promised land They called themselves the exodusters and over 50,000 headed west
Moving West
America expand westward at an unprecedented rate It presented Americans and immigrants with adventure, hope, land and wealth However, many of the lands that were being sold and settled belonged to Native Americans Like the century before it, clashes with Native Americans would distinguish westward settlement The treatment of Native Americans would forever leave a scar on American history
Chapter 14
C o n f l i c t w i t h N a t i v e A m e r i c a n s
Conflict with Native Americans

Easterners called it, The Indian Problem As settlers pushed west, how could Indian lands be used productively for ranching and farming To Native Americans, the Problem was a life or death struggle They would resist westward advances in any way they could When their time ran out, they faced resignation, fatigue, and heartbreak

Native American hardship began with the buffalo Millions of buffalo ranged the Great Plains Plains Indians used them for their meat, hides for shelters and clothing No part of the buffalo went unused They traded furs for guns The also traded for horses, sometimes stealing, other times capturing them from the wild

Settlers viewed land as a resource to be used and proted from They felt they were justied in taking Native lands because they could make them more productive To Native Americans, settlers were invaders and thieves Settlers had no regard for sacred lands and especially the buffalo As the transcontinental railroad connected East to West, settlers and adventurers killing of the great buffalo hoards rendered them nearly extinct

Native Americans made their living as hunters and gatherers They would travel from place to place in search of food With horses and guns, they traveled at greater distances and lived alongside the buffalo War intensied between tribes with arrival of guns and horses Feuds were fought frequently over land and hunting rights It gave rise to a warrior culture amongst many tribes

An example of this intensied warfare can be seen in Shoshone history From the 1750s on frequent warfare between the Shoshone, Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho pushed the Shoshone south and west Many of the Shoshones original lands were Montana and Idaho Some were pushed as far South as Texas to become the Comanche As settlers arrived, the government attempted to tie them to territories through the use of treaties and reservations

Most Natives did not understand the concept of a reservation and left them only to be arrested or shot The Federal Bureau of Indian Affairs {BIA} was created to deliver supplies to reservations Widespread corruption within the BIA lead many supplies to be stolen The government did attempt to protect reservations but many hungry settlers overwhelmed them Settlers would often kill their buffalo divert water supplies and even attack camps

In 1873, Kicking Bird of the Kiowa declared, have taken the white man by the hand, thinking him to be a friend, but he is not a friend; government has deceived us... Native Americans lashed out The broke their treaties and fought back with increasing violence By 1871, treaties were worthless The government would cease to make them and recognize any chiefs

In the beginning, the US Army struggled to contain Native resistance The majority of their forces were in the South with the Reconstruction effort They struggled to put out conicts over such a vast amount of land On many occasions, the US Army tried to turn Native tribe against another Many white proteers made matters worse by selling arms illegally

Another problem for the US Army was recruitment Who would join the army for $13 dollars a month, wear leftover Civil War Uniforms, and eat rotten food Many were forced into building forts, driving settlers from reservations, escorting the mail, protecting farmers and railroad workers from raids Many US Soldiers did not see any action and over 1/3 deserted

Many battles did occur, most were violent, heartless, and brutal The Apache and Navajo Wars started over land disputed with Mexico Mexican soldiers killed Geronimos mother, wife, and 3 children It lead to a series of wars against Mexico Following the Mexican American War, the US inherited the conict Fighting did not fully subside until 1906
Other conicts arose in the region of Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming between settlers and the Shoshone
Settlers over ran the land to such an extent that many Natives faced starvation
Frequent attacks broke out
Atrocities nally escalated to complete war
In 1862, the Shoshone fought the US Army at the Battle of Bear River in Southern Idaho
The battle quickly turned to massacre
Over 400 Shoshone were butchered in terrible and cruel ways

Native Americans and the US Army met in several battles Here are some of the biggest engagements 1864: Sand Creek Massacre The Southern Cheyenne occupied the central plains, including parts of Colorado They carried out a series of raids on western settlers traveling along the many wagon roads to the West

After several skirmishes, The Cheyenne and Denver Colorados governor reached a peace agreement Chief Black Kettle of the Cheyenne set up camp at Sand Creek Colonel John Chivington, who had failed to deal a crushing military defeat on the Cheyenne, saw a chance for retribution In 1864, he took his 700 man army and descended on the Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment Chief Black Kettle tried to replace an American Flag with a White Flag of surrender

Chivington didnt care He and 700 US Soldiers began the slaughter Between 150 to 500 Native Americans were killed in the Sand Creek Massacre Most of them were women and children The next year, many Cheyenne agreed to move to reservations The ow of blood was just beginning
Chapter 14

The Sioux of the northern plains [Dakota, Wyoming and Montana] ercely opposed white expansion In 1865 the US government infuriated the Sioux by building the Bozeman Trail through their hunting lands Sioux chief Red Cloud launched a 2 year war against the project The attacks consisted of a coalition of Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho Plagued by attacks, the US army began building forts along the Bozeman Trail

Fort Kearny [near Buffalo Wyoming] was being constructed as a headquarters to the area The Sioux carried out over 50 small attacks to prevent the fort from being built Colonel Henry Carrington advanced from Fort Laramie to assist Carrington received under his command Captain William J. Fetterman, a distinguished Civil War hero He boasted, Give me 80 men and I ride through the whole Sioux nation

Upon Fettermans arrival, Carrington was criticized for taking a defensive stance Fetterman wanted action, yet he had no experience ghting Indians His rst night almost ended in disaster A loan Indian nearly lured his men to their destruction by carrying out a hit and run mission The Sioux continued their raids, in one they almost surrounded and destroyed Carringtons forces Jim Bridger remarked, soldiers Dont know anything about ghting Indians

Bridgers comments were prophetic Encouraged by their success of using decoys, Red Cloud planned a greater attack On December 21, 1866 a small band of Sioux, led by Crazy Horse, attacked a Wagon Train along the Bozeman Trail A larger contingent of Arapaho and Cheyenne took positions on either side of the road further north Fetterman saw the wagons in distress and sent his men into battle

As he arrived, Crazy Horse and his men took ight north Fetterman and his men took the bait and gave chase They were soon surrounded, overwhelmed and slaughtered 81 men in all were killed in the Fetterman Massacre The incident led the US to abandon the Bozeman Trail and assign the Sioux a reservation in South Dakota

The reservation gave the Sioux that Black Hills, a land held sacred Rumors spread of gold in the region and before long, settlers and gold diggers appeared in Sioux lands Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer was sent to investigate the gold rumor He reported that the hills cradled gold from the grass roots down This announcement was a starting gun in a massive gold race that enveloped the region

The US Government attempted to buy the region from Red Cloud Sioux Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were disgusted at the idea and left negotiations They abandoned the reservations assigned and resumed attacks on settlers They gained two improbable victories in 1875 and were emboldened to wipe out the US Armies inuence from the area The US Army sent three columns of men out to round up the Sioux and return them to their reservation

One of the three columns was led by General Custer and the 7th Calvary On June 25, 1876 Custer spotted a small Sioux village near the Rosebud River He assumed it was a small contingent [over 2000], that he could overwhelm them with a swift attack He severely underestimated the size of the Sioux force He also failed to take into account the terrain he would be ghting in

Custer divided his forces into three groups Major Marcus Reno was to charge headlong into the village Major Frederick Benteen was sent to the upper valley of the Big Horn River to prevent the Indians from escaping Custer, he would attack the village from the opposite side from Reno Renos men, number 175, found themselves ghting for their lives They took off in retreat heading high into the bluffs near the village

As Renos men started their retreat Custer force of 210 men slammed into the village from the opposite side Crazy Horse led his army in a sweeping arc and cut off Custers rear preventing retreat as Reno had done Custer was quickly overwhelmed He ordered his men to shoot their horses and form and from a carcass wall to hide behind The defense did not hold, Custer and all his men were killed

Reno and Benteen continued ghting for another day and eventually regrouped The Sioux and their allies meanwhile mutilated the corpses of Custers men Their believed that the soul of a mutilated body would be trapped and forced to wander earth for eternity Inexplicably, Custers body was stripped, cleaned and left Some believe the Sioux thought he was a civilian because he was wearing buckskin, or possibly his short hair was not worth scalping

The victory was the pinnacle of Native American resistance The US would act swiftly to avenge the defeat that occurred on the centennial celebration They area was quickly ooded with US soldiers, forcing the Sioux to return to their reservations Crazy Horse surrendered in 1877 He was later killed by a US soldier as he resisted arrest

Reservation life was difcult Many longed for a return to their original life before the reservations In 1890, an Indian prophet, Wavoka, promised a return to the traditional life if people performed purication ceremonies These included the Ghost Dance, a ritual in which people join hands and whirl in a circle The Ghost Dance caught on and spread wildly

Seeing the Ghost Dance performed, many soldiers worried an attack was coming They plead for reinforcements from the US Government Custers 7th Calvary was sent Hoping to end the Ghost Dances taking place, Sitting Bull was arrested As they attempted to take him into custody ghting broke out Sitting Bull was shot and killed

Following Sitting Bulls death, 120 men and 230 women and children surrendered They were rounded up near a creek called Wounded Knee in South Dakota
As they were being disarmed, a shot was red
Soldiers opened re on the crowd
They mercilessly massacred over 200 Sioux
The bodies were left to freeze in a 3 day storm before being buried
It was a brutal end to Native American life
Chapter 14

I am the last Indian Sitting Bull said Indeed he was, he was one of the last to live a life on the plains hunting the buffalo
While many American called for the destruction of Native Americans, others were horried
Regardless, both sides of the debate agreed Natives had to be civilized
They wanted Natives to give up their traditions, speak English and become Christians

Christian missionaries ran the reservations Tribal Elders were forced to abandon their religious beliefs and rituals
In 1879, Army Captain Richard H. Pratt opened the rst Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania
Children as young as 5, were taken from reservations to be Americanized
This policy was dubbed, Assimilation

In 1887, the Federal Government changed its idea on shared land on the reservations The Dawes Act sought to divide Indian lands into individual plots
Each Native received 160 acres of land
The Dawes Act would also give Native Americans citizenship and make them subject to local and state laws
The idea of farming however offended most Native Americans
A Native responded, You want me to cut grass and make hay and sell it and be rich like a white man. But how dare I cut off my mothers hair.

Many Native Americans had little interest in farming Between 1887 and 1932, many sold their plots to speculators or were swindled out of it
2/3rds of the 138 million acres given to Native Americans as reservation land was sold back to whites
During the 1880s things got even worse
Settlers began to squat on Native Lands and take them
Congress even agreed to buy back many original Native Lands

Vast lands remained unclaimed, many taken from Natives by the government The government in turn sold these lands to settlers
The most famous, the Oklahoma Territory
In 1890, thousands lined up awaiting the sound of a gun to stake a claim on land
They were called Boomers
Those who took off before the sound of the gun were called Sooners
It took half a century, thousands of Native deaths to 950 white Soldiers, to tame the West
Oklahoma Territory
Oklahoma Territory
Chapter 14
M i n i n g , R a n c h i n g , F a r m i n g a n d
Chapter 14
P o p u l i s m
Populism
American farmers have always struggled between two forces: Nature and the Economy
Natural disasters ushered in an era of struggles for American Farmers near the turn of the century
Locusts and boll weevils destroyed vast quantities of crops
Following the Civil War, farmers had borrowed heavily
Now many farms were failing and the political cry at the turn of the century focused on xing farms
The farmers...are the bone and sinew of the nation; they produce the largest share of its wealth; but they are getting, they say, the smallest share for themselves. The American farmer is steadily losing ground. His burdens are heavier every year and his gains more meager
-Washington Gladden
Populism
From 1873 to 1893, the US railroad industry failed twice
This had a cascading affect that hurt business, farmers and the economy
Both sides looked to the Federal Government for help
Traditionally, the US Government had stayed out of economic affairs
Their pleas would however cause the government to take action
Populism
One federal policy that was of concern to farmers was tariffs
In order to discourage people from buying products made outside of the US, a tariff was instituted
Tariffs raised the cost of foreign goods and encouraged people to buy from home
Americans were divided on the benets of tariffs
Businesses claimed that tariffs were good
Populism
They said that it protected American jobs and their prots
Because it reduced foreign competition, they could raise their prices and turn a greater prot
Farmers however were against tariffs
They raised the prices of manufactured goods such as farm equipment
They also caused foreign nations to tariff American goods which reduced the amount of money farmers could make
Populism
Whenever the government proposed a new tariff, farmers protested Farmers viewed tariffs as proof that the government preferred eastern manufacturers to western farmers
Tariffs were not the only concern farmers had in the late 1800s
The value of money is linked to the supply of money
If there is a lot of money in circulation, the value of the dollar decreases
If there is a limited supply, then the value of money increases
Populism
During an economic crisis, the government often counters by printing more money This, again, causes a drop in value and it also causes ination
When there is more money in circulation, the price of goods also increases
Overtime, bread which cost .5 cents a loaf ends up costing 3 dollars a loaf
People who take out loans enjoy ination because the money they pay back is less than they borrowed
Ination benets farmers because it raises the price of the goods they sell
Populism
In contrast to ination, there can also be deation If the government chooses to limit the supply of money by taking cash out of circulation it creates deation
The value of the dollar rises, products and goods cost less
People who lend money, such as banks, enjoy the benets of deation
Those who take out loans often pay more when they pay it back
Deation favors owners, not sellers
Populism
The issue over deation vs ination climaxed when the US government decided to do away with the Greenback
In 1873, the US experienced an economic crisis
Until that point in time, the US had been on the Bimetallic standard
Currency consisted of either gold or silver coins
In order to stabilize the economy, the government put the nation on a gold standard
Populism
This move reduced the amount of money in circulation, thus creating a deation based economy Conservatives, buyers, gold bugs were pleased
Opposing them were farmers and western miners who became known as Silverites
They wanted ination and more money in circulation
Silverites called for free silver, the unlimited coining of silver dollars
The Greenbacks, who wanted paper money joined the Silverites
Populism
The Bland-Allison Act of 1878 required the US government to coin more silver It was vetoed by President Hayes but passed by congress
The Act accomplished little because the US Treasury refused to comply
In 1890 the Sherman Silver Purchase Act caused the government to coin even more silver
In 1893, the US gold reserves were depleted and foreign investors withdrew their gold
It caused congress to repeal the act
Populism
While the currency debate raged on, farmers across America joined together Farmers created the Patrons of Husbandry, or, the Grange
It helped farmers form co-operatives
It worked a little like Costco or Sams Club
Farmers bought large quantities of goods for low prices
The Grange also pushed to improve farming and reduce costs
Populism
In addition to the Grange, many other famers alliances were formed They had great power together to enforce better prices and cheaper operating costs
Many farmers alliances allowed women as spokespersons
It was another beginning for women seeking more rights as citizens
In the 1890s various political parties began to form out of the farmers alliances
In 1891, the Peoples Party [Populist] emerged that demanded radical change in the government
Populism
Their platform included the following policies: 1) An increase in the circulation of money
2) Unlimited minting of silver
3) A progressive income tax which would benet farmers and hurt industrialists
4) Government ownership of transportation and communication
They were in favor of an 8 hour workday
They also joined African American farmers in their cause
Populism
In 1892 the Populist Party generated great interest They nominated a presidential candidate, James B. Weaver
He lost in a landslide to Grover Cleveland
The coming years saw more economic disparity
In 1896, the issue was again focused on gold vs silver/ deation vs ination
Republicans nominated William McKinley on a gold standard
Populism
Democrats and Populists nominated William Jennings Bryan after his powerful Cross of Gold speech Using images from the Bible, he stood with head bowed and arms outstretched and cried out
You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify man upon a cross of gold
Bryan revolutionized the presidential campaign
He traveled all across American, giving speeches wherever he went
McKinley gave his speeches from his front porch
Despite all his efforts, Bryan failed to win the election against McKinley
Populism
Like the Civil War before it, Bryan failed to move American to an agrarian society
Big business and industry would reign supreme
In 1900, huge amounts of gold were discovered in Alaska, South Africa and the Canadian Yukon
This greatly increased the worlds gold reserves
As the nation adopted a gold standard, prices began a slow rise much to farmers enjoyment
Populism died out
Chapter 15
T h e G i l d e d A g e I m m i g r a t i o n &
The Gilded Age

The late 1800s has come to be referred to as the Gilded Age The term was coined by Mark Twain
It means, covered with thin layer of gold
American society at the turn of the century was lightly covered with wealth and prosperity
The problem was, that covering pertained to a small group of wealthy industrialists and not the general public
There was a widespread abuse of power in business and government
The Gilded Age

Most Americans accepted a Laissez-faire allow to be economic system American businesses favored this model when it benetted them
They also liked government interventions
In order to stimulate growth, the government would often give out subsidies
Sometimes a subsidy was land, in other times it was money in order to stimulate growth
To ensure government aid, many Big Businesses bribed politicians by giving them money in return for subsidies
The Gilded Age

Sometimes these bribes were legal, other times they were not One of the major scandals was that of the railroad
Congress gave land and money to the Union Pacic Railroad company to build the transcontinental railroad
Credit Mobilier was the company hired to build the railway
They charged far more than the actual costs involved in making the railroad and pocketed government money
President Grant made money off of the scheme as well as the vice president
The Gilded Age

A political spoils system began to develop Congressman and presidential candidates were supported by wealthy businessman Often these candidates were corrupt and had few qualications
They rode to ofce on money and bribes
Once in power, they would pay back the business owners by giving them subsidies
Political parties began to form on different lines
Republicans supported big business while democrats favored the under privileged such as farmers
The Gilded Age

President Rutherford B. Hayes attacked the spoils system When elected into ofce he turned his back on Republicans
He red employees who came to ofce through bribes, including the VP
He did not seek a second term in ofce and with the enemies he made, he likely would have lost
James A Gareld won the presidency
He was a republican who desired to reform the spoils system
The Gilded Age

His term in ofce however was cut short A jaded employee, whom Gareld had not hired into a government ofce, Charles Guiteau shot and killed Gareld
The murder created a public outcry for the spoils system
Vice President Chester Arthur became the next president
He helped pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act which tested a government ofcials background before being appointed
It also stopped federal employes from contributing campaign funds
The Gilded Age

In 1884, a Democrat was voted into ofce for the rst time since 1856 Grover Cleveland rode to ofce promising to clean up corrupt practices
Cleveland second term in ofce was not nearly as successful
A worldwide economic slump left many Americans with poor pay or without work
Cleveland did little to help suffering Americans
He fought against unions, repealed the Sherman Silver Act
The Gilded Age

In 1896, William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency
He favored gold over silver for the nations monetary system
He instituted tariffs and the economy began a slow but steady incline
In 1901, McKinley visited Buffalo, New York for an exposition
Leon Czolgosz, a mentally unstable man, an anarchists, shot and killed the president as he greeted the public
Immigration
In the late 1800s, America experienced a new wave of immigrants Many came eeing religious persecution, others seeking better jobs and land
In the 1880s a violent streak of pogroms, Jewish killings, swept across Russia
Many came to America seeking a new beginning
In 1860, the population of the US was 31.5 million
Between 1865 and 1920 an additional 30 million people came to America from all over the world
Immigration
From 1865 to 1890, most immigrants came from Germany, Britain and Ireland Between 1890 and 1920, Greeks, Italians, Slavs, Jews and Armenians arrived
Until the 1880s the US allowed the individual states to decide who could settle and who could not
That changed in 1891 when the federal government took over
They began to segregate people into who was worthy to enter and who was not
Ellis Island, off of New York became the Golden Door where most Europeans were allowed to pass freely
Immigration
On the west coast, Asians arrived at Angel Island Chinese immigrants helped build the railroad, then settled and began farmers
Asians were highly discriminated against and many were turned away
Those who were granted passage often had to work for lower wages than their European counterparts
In 1882, the US Government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act
Most people of Chinese ancestry were turned away at Angel Island
It was not repealed until 1943
Immigration
Many Japanese immigrants also came to America At rst, they moved to Hawaii after the US annexed it in 1898
They worked on sugar plantations and as farmers
From Hawaii a steady stream of Japanese immigrants came to California
There they became great farmers and helped the agricultural industry
In 1913, California passed the Alien Webb Act which banned Asians, mainly Japanese, from the right of owning land
Immigration
In 1902, congress began an initiative to bring farming into desolate New Mexico, Arizona Southern Texas and California Canals and waterways were built turning desert into lush farmland
Many Mexicans immigrated, especially during the Mexican Civil War in 1910
They earned better pay and built railroads, mines and farms
When the immigration act of 1921 restricted Europeans from coming to America, many more Mexicans came
By 1925, Los Angeles had the largest Spanish speaking population outside of Mexico
Chapter 15
C i t i e s a n d r e f o r m
Growth of Cities
As settlers poured into Americas large cities, it became difcult to accommodate them all Many early colonial homes had been swallowed by the city and became dens of lth
240,000 people lived per square mile in New York in deplorable conditions
Prior to the Civil War, cities in America were quite small
They only extended, at most, 3 to 4 miles in any direction
That was rapidly changing
Growth of Cities
In the late 1800s new forms of transportation transformed cities Where it was popular to once live by your workplace, now people commuted
Elevated trains began to appear in New York in 1868
Cable cars appeared in San Francisco in 1873
Electric trolleys appeared in Richmond Virginia in 1888
Subway systems in Boston in 1897
Finally, automobiles replaced horses beginning in 1910
Growth of Cities
Cities, rather than growing out, began to grow up with skyscraper housing units The rst housing units were made from old factories
Business owners converted old industrial buildings into dank apartments called tenements
Dozens of people were crammed into small rooms
This gave rise to the term, slums
Crime and disease was frequent in tenements
Growth of Cities
Major cities at the turn of the century were incredibly lthy Horses still pranced through the streets dropping waste that no one cleaned up
Many factories ran on coal and the air was lled with lth and smog
Factories pumped toxic waste into major rivers, many animals in the Great Lakes went extinct
Cities had open sewers and rats were everywhere, spreading disease
Fire was also a constant threat, in 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed over 18,000 buildings
Growth of Cities
Cholera, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria and Typhoid Fever ravished cities
Thousands of people died of multiform diseases
In the tenements of New York, 6 in 10 babies died before their rst birthday
In 1896, over 400 people in New York died of heat stroke in tenements
Chicago, the department of health estimated that 80% of the diseases were preventable
Growth of Cities
Slowly, changes began to be implemented that helped clean up the lth and stop disease The greatest change came after Jacob Ris reported, lectured and showed pictures in a tour around the nation called, How the other Half Lives in 1890
Dumbbell tenements were built that forced all apartments to have at least one window
Reservoirs, were built and water ltration implemented
In 1901, water was treated with chlorine
Ideas for Reform

During the Gilded Age, many became pro-active for reform The Middle Class were shocked by the poverty and lth of their cities
Many Americans grouped together in order to improve city conditions
In New York, women formed the New York Charity Organization
They helped the destitute and taught immigrants child raising, cooking and cleaning
On many occasions they encouraged immigrants to take upon them American values
Ideas for Reform

Another movement began to grow out of the horrible living conditions
It was called the Social Gospel Movement and it attempted to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society
Instead of blaming immigrants for crime, lth and alcoholism, they decided to treat the problems that drove people to habits
They sought to improve working conditions and improve wages
Reformers Entering a Salon The tall, stately lady who led us placed her Bible on the bar and read a Psalm...and then one of the older women whispered to me softly that the leader wished to know if I would pray. It was strange, perhaps, but I felt not the least reluctance and kneeling on the sawdust oor, with a group of earnest hearts around me, and behind them...a crowd of unwashed, unkempt, hard looking drinking men, I was conscious that perhaps never in my life, save beside my sister Marys dying bed, had I prayed as truly as I did then. -Frances Willard
Ideas for Reform

Thousands of men and women gathered in other groups to help the poor Some determined that simply giving money to the poor did not help
Instead, they took residence in a house in a poverty stricken area
There they sought to learn the source of the problem by living among the poor
These Settlement Houses became places for people to share their heritages, learn new crafts and seek help for problems
Many evolved into clubs for children to keep them off the streets and away from crime
Ideas for Reform

Those who worked in settlement houses did so as volunteers
They earned little to no pay
By 1910 there were over 400 of them, lled with college graduates and women
Many later moved on to careers in education, nursing and social work
While it did not necessarily change opinions it did create a greater awareness and open mindedness
Ideas for Reform

The establishment of settlement houses and reformer initiatives led to Sociology Sociology is the study of people and behaviors
Despite the gains, many Americans once again adopted a policy of nativism
Immigrants, Asians in particular, found themselves discriminated against
School began teaching only the English language
People took oaths to only vote for and support protestants
Ideas for Reform

Near the turn of the century, there was a growing initiative to end the consumption of alcohol It was called the Temperance Movement
The Prohibition Party, The Womens Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League all sought to end the consumption of alcohol
They all viewed that alcohol was at the center of all of the problems in cities
Progress was slow at rst
Three states agreed to go completely dry Maine, Kansas and North Dakota
Ideas for Reform

In 1873, Anthony Comstock founded the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice
Its purpose was to clean up prostitution, drugs, gambling and alcoholism
They saw that passage of a law that prohibited the sending of obscene descriptions and depictions
Those included information about contraceptives
Many addictive medicines also were attacked by reformers and outlawed
Ingredients: Alcohol and Morphine
Bayer Heroin Cough Suppressant: Cured cough and Morphine addiction

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Chapter 13

Flatiron, New York 22 st.

Chrysler, Chicago 77 st.

Empire State New York 102 st

Vertical Consolidation Carnegie Purchases

Horizontal Consolidation Rockefeller

Independent oil reneries

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

The Working Class

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Frequent attacks broke out

Atrocities nally escalated to complete war

The battle quickly turned to massacre

Over 400 Shoshone were butchered in terrible and cruel ways

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans

Conflict with Native Americans