CE6180:EIA- Lecture 2

LIST OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Climate Change and Global Warming

Increase in the average temperature of the Earth. 0.74 0.18 C during the last century Expected to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 C during the twenty-first century. 2005 was the warmest year. Movie- "the day after tomorrow", Documentary- Nobel Laureate Al Gore's " An Inconvenient truth

The Causes
Principle- Greenhouse effect Concentrations of CO2 and CH4 have increased by 36% and 148% since Industrial revolution Fossil fuel burning has produced about 3/4 of the increase in CO2 from human activity Land-use change, in particular deforestation, reduces CO2 intake by photosynthesis. Archaic methods of waste disposal Incineration.

The Causes (contd.)

Rapid Industrialization w/o proper increase in tree cover to offset it Wars and Terrorism - Explosions generate lot of heat and NOx gases Traffic jams -mass emission of GGs Over-reliance on thermal power Uneconomical and Inefficient use of power Mass sprayal of pesticides floats up Aerosols and CFCs Natural causes like Forest Fires, Volcanic eruptions

The Consequences
Climate change - Runaway climate change is a situation in which the climate system passes a tipping point i.e Climate forcing (greenhouse gas amount) reaches a point such that no additional forcing is required for large climate change and impacts. By 2100- sea level rise of 9 to 88 cm Changes in crop yields changes in rainfall and climate pattern will change the type of crop grown or the duration for which it is grown during a particular crop season. Unpredictability due to the above can have disastrous effects on countries dependent on agriculture like India, Cuba etc. Climate change may also affect the resistance of crops and lead to faster spread of crop diseases.

The Consequences ( contd.)

Projection in 2010 14,500 deaths due to climate change and 29,000 in 2050 if trends continue. Extinction and damage of unique terrestrial and Marine species in the Polar caps, and also in other rain-based ecosystems like the Amazon rainforests. Marine Industries which thrive on the patterns of ocean currents such as Newfoundland in Canada will be destroyed due to the disappearance and changes in the varieties of fish and marine life

The world is getting hotter

Polar Bear - under protection for habitat loss that is linked to global warming Natural springtime -occurring earlier by 2.3 days per decade Temperatures are driving the alpine zones farther up toward the summits China is first in coal consumption and the number two nation in carbon dioxide emissions behind the United States

.and hotter
Low lying lands are running high risk of submergence e.g The Netherlands Tuvalu's ( a pacific island) highest elevation is 4.6 meters but most of it is no more than a meter above the sea. Tuvaluans face the possibility of being among the first climate refugees. US-only country to not ratify Kyoto. A global warming convention slated for Dec 2009 at Copenhagen.

Situation in India
India ratified Kyoto on 26th Aug 2002 About 76% of the electricity consumed in India is generated by thermal power plants In India emissions unaccounted due to reasonable-scale power theft N-deal/ IAEA exemptions expected to lower dependence on thermal plants by 30% by 2025 India's roadways are irregular with frequent jams in metros, IC engines keep running and polluting

Situation in India (contd.)

Inclination for private vehicles adds to emissions Ongoing sea level rises have submerged several low-lying islands in the Sundarbans Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat India in 2000 146 rank in list of top greenhouse gas emitters per capita. It has slipped to 120 in 2005 with a per capita of 1.7t of co2 annually

Bio-Fuels
It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle petroleum and coal. The equivalent of 19 million tons of oil is available from biomass by 2020

Food vs. fuel - dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production in detriment of the food supply

Bio-Fuels (contd.)
Large-scale deforestation of mature trees (which help remove CO2 through photosynthesis much better than does sugar cane or most other biofuel feedstock crops do) contributes to un-sustainable global warming atmospheric greenhouse gas levels, loss of habitat, and a reduction of valuable biodiversity. Increased use of biofuels puts increasing pressure on water resources in at least two ways: water use for the irrigation of crops used as feedstocks for biodiesel production; and water use in the production of biofuels in refineries

Remedies
Mass afforestation - more or less equal to the forest cover cleared for development Phasing out vehicles with faulty or environmentally hostile exhaust systems and enforcing strict laws in that respect. Proper planning and Design for free-flow of traffic in crowded highways. Measures for producing bio-gas and bio-fuels from daily wastes, without bringing in Food v Fuel debate.

Remedies (contd.)
Tapping and harnessing the wide potential for cleaner sources of energy such as Hydel and Wind power. Following more modern ways of waste disposal instead of burning e.g composting, recycling etc.. Strict imposition of regulations on licenses of Industries to adhere to permissible levels of pollutant discharge, and installing devices such as ES precipitators to adhere to it Most importantly, energy conservation to reduce demand on power and subsequently Fossil fuel burning.....

Current Environmental Issues in India There are many environmental issues in India.
Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation

discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India

Indian cities alone generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Definition of solid waste Solid wastes can be broadly defined as those wastes that have been rejected for further use and which can neither be transported by water into streams nor can readily escape into the atmosphere. What are solid wastes? They include all the discarded solid materials from municipal, agricultural and industrial activities.

Classification of Solid wastes

Solid wastes can be classified into the following five categories: Domestic waste Municipal waste Industrial waste Agricultural waste Special waste

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES (CONT.,)

Domestic Waste Wastes from household preparation, cooking and serving of food, waste paper and plastics, clothes, etc.

Municipal Waste Garbage and rubbish from offices, hotels, markets, etc. and also the street refuse such as street sweepings, dirt, leaves, etc. The term garbage is generally used to putrescible or biodegradable food wastes. The term rubbish is used to denote nonputrescible or nonbiodegradable solid wastes which include combustible materials such as paper, cloth, etc. as well as noncombustible materials such as glass, metals, used metal cans, etc. Apart from these the following types of wastes are also encountered: ashes, cinders, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, septic tank sledges, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTES (CONT.,)

Industrial Waste Non-process wastes such as office and cafeteria wastes, packing wastes, etc. which are common to all industries. Process wastes which depend upon the type of the products being manufactured such as tannery wastes, weaving and dying wastes, rubber wastes, etc. from the respective industrial establishments.

Agricultural Waste These wastes result from farms, feed lots and livestock yards. The agricultural wastes include paddy husk, bagasse from sugarcane, tobacco and corn residues, etc.

Special Waste These include hazardous wastes from different sources Radioactive wastes: nuclear power plants, hospitals, etc. Toxic wastes: heavy metal sludges, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc. Biological products: enzymes, antibiotics, pathological wastes, etc. Miscellaneous products: inflammable substances, explosives, etc.

CONSEQUENCES OF SOLID WASTES

Public health threats Environmental issues

Public Health Threats

Public Health threats and outbreak of diseases primarily due to: Poor sanitation condition Improper Waste handling Poor Disposal facilities

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
AIR POLLUTION Green house effect Ozone depletion Acid Rain WATER POLLUTION Eutrophication Due to Heavy Metals SOIL POLLUTION Due to Heavy Metals

SHORT TERM
Aesthetic Odour Birds Fires

LONG TERM
Leachate Landfill Gas

These consequences are due to :-

Inadequate infrastructure Inadequate finance Lack of clear roles and Responsibilities Uncontrolled disposal of solid waste (dumped in suburb and city boundaries)

CORRELATION OF PERCAPITA INCOME WITH WASTE GENERATION

Waste collection in India

Primarily by the city municipality -No gradation of waste product eg bio-degradable, glass polybags,paper shreds etc -Dumps these wastes to the city outskirts -Unskilled labours used to sweep streets and collect gar Local raddiwala / kabadiwala (Rag pickers) -Collecting small iron pieces by magnets -Collecting glass bottles -Collecting paper for recycling

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

LANDFILLING Dumping in low lying areas. Surface water contamination increases. COMPOSTING Helps to recycle the nutrients back to the land RDF Refuse derived fuel. Views waste as a resource. INCINERATION Volume reduction step. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION For high moisture and organic content. RECYCLING Processing of a waste item into usable forms.

Disposal of the waste

India is ill-equipped for the collection, storage, treatment and proper disposal of MSW. The MSW grows in heaps in the poorly maintained collectoin centers.

Problems due to solid waste

The poorly maintained landfill sites are prone to ground water contamination due to leachate production. Open dumping of garbage facilitates the breeding for disease vectors. Open burning: Urban air pollution Decomposition of organic wastes: release of methane which contributes to greenhouse effect.

How solid waste affected us in recent years

Cloudburst in Mumbai (2005) clogged the sewage line due to large no. of plastic bags Blast in the Bhusan Steel factory at Noida, caused due to imported scrap from Iran Reduction in the number of migratory birds due to consumption of contaminated foods Stray animals dying on streets and farmland due to consumption of plastic bags, which blocks the food movement in their stomach

TERI projections of waste generation in India

The most polluted Indian city-Mumbai

10.55%

15%

0.75% 0.80% 0.40%

Paper and cardboard Plastics Metals (ferrous) Glass Sand & fine earth Compostable matter Others

37.50% 35%

Composition of Municipal solid waste in Mumbai

Improving India

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN AMERICA

The Solid Waste Association of North America, (SWANA) has been the leading professional association in the solid waste management field. SWANA's mission is "to advance the practice of environmentally and economically sound management of municipal solid waste." There are 7 technical divisions which moniter the activities of SWANA: Collection & TransferCommunication, Education & MarketingLandfill GasLandfill ManagementSpecial waste managementPlanning & ManagementWaste Reduction, Recycling & Composting-

SWM IN THAILAND
Most of the solid waste in Thailand was openly dumped in the past. This caused several environmental problems which led to the revision of the Environmental laws there. Now the scenario has changed and a better way of disposal and recycling are being done. Recent trend of changes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Application of inappropriate technologies like open dumping Many environmental problems The Environmental act was revised and enacted in 1992 A national MSW Management plan was developed in 1997 Solid waste management has improved considerably

REMEDIES
The solid waste management hierarchy concept can be viewed as a straightforward set of management plans for solid waste. It has been adopted by many Western Governments, including Australia, as a means of achieving sustainability. The Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. Most preferred Avoid Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover Least preferred Treat Dispose

REMEDIES

(cont)

Recycling not a solution to all problems! For many items recycling technologies are unavailable or unsafe In some cases, cost of recycling is too high. Solution: More Profit With Zero Waste
1. 2. 3. Exchanging output that are considered waste Waste of one could be input or raw material for others Evolving a closed system- matter & energy circulate within

REMEDIES

(Cont..)

An approach to design a sustainable waste management system and operating guide lines are outlined below:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quantity and characteristics Collection and Transportation of waste Disposal of waste Recycling of waste Financial structure and Community participation.

CONCLUSION
SWM is a vital, ongoing and large public service system which needs to be efficiently provided to maintain aesthetic and public health standards. Municipal agencies will have to plan and execute the system keeping in view the increasing urban population. Systematic effort in the improvement of various factors like financial provisions, appropriate technologies, operation management, human resource development etc is required for an integrated SWM system. Public co-operation is essential for successful operation of such a system.

ECO TIPS
SIMPLIFY YOUR LIFE STYLE. SWITCH FROM DISPOSABLE TO REUSABLE PRODUCTS. WASH AND REUSE PLASTIC BAGS REDUCE THE USAGE OF PLASTIC TO THE MAXIMUM POSSIBLE EXTENT USE PAPER ECONOMICALLY.USE RECLYCED PAPER AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE. PURCHASE RECHARGABLE BATTERIES INCULCATE A HABIT OF SWITCHING OFF THE LIGHTS WHEN LEAVING THE ROOM.WHENEVER POSSIBLE,KEEP LIGHTS OFF DURING DAY TIME ECONOMIZE THE USAGE OF WATER ENCOURAGE TREE PLANTING

REDUCE THE WASTAGE OF ELECTRICITY,FUEL AND FOOD. SUPPORT FAMILY PLANNING TO LIMIT HUMAN POPULATION ELECT LEADERS WHO WORK FOR THE ENVIRONMENT ENCOURAGE THE USAGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY AND RENEWABLE SORCES OF ENERGY HIGHLIGHT THE BENEFITS OF CYCLING AND WALKING TO HELP IN CREATING A GREENER ENVIRONMENT.

CE6180:EIA- Lecture 2

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development means meeting the needs of today (food, shelter, employment, etc.) without compromising the ability of future generations from also meeting those same needs.

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
What do you mean by a environmental system? Environmental system is a collection of component arranged and inter connected in such a way that when a changes occurs with respect to on component the effect of the change is felt by the other component as well. The components may be subsystems; physical, chemical and biological or combination of all three.
Air Surface water Soil and groundwater Noise Biological Cultural Visual impacts Socioeconomic

Environmental systems

developed by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation

QUESTIONS?

SAVE ENVIRONMENT

STOP POLLUTION