Detailed Contents

Preface v Features of the Book viii Brief Contents x

1. BASIC CONCEPTS
Introduction 2 Terminology 3 Moral and Morality 3 Ethics 3 Values 5 Spirituality 5 Stakeholders 5 Governing Edicts 6 Religious Edicts 7 Social Edicts 7 Constitutional Edicts 8 Universality 9 Contextual Aspects 9 Context 9 Changing Scenario 9 Personal Ethics 10 Professional Ethics 10 Ethical Dilemmas 11 Life Skills 12
Australian Framework 13 British Framework 17 Canadian Framework 17

Emotional Intelligence 21 Ability-based Model (SaloveyMayer Model) 22 Emotional Competencies (Golemans Model) 23 Thoughts on Ethics 24 Indian Thoughts 24 Global Thoughts on Ethics 27 Value Education 30 Current Scenario 30 Objectives of Value Education 32 Importance of Value Education 32 Acquiring Values 33 Dimensions of Ethics 33 Setting Goals in Life 34

2. PROFESSION AND PROFESSIONALISM

Introduction 42 Profession 42 Professional 43 Professionalism 44 Criteria 45 Characteristics 46 Responsibilities 48 Competencies 49 Expectations 49
Support 50 Professional Associations 50 Roles of a Professional 56 Professional Risks 58 Professional Accountability 59 Professional Success 61 Ambition and Satisfaction 62 Ethics and Profession 63 Image of a Profession 63

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3. ETHICAL THEORIES
Introduction 70 Basic Ethical Principles Moral Development 70 Theories 74 Piagets Theory 74 Kohlbergs Theory 77

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Elliot Turiels Domain Theory 81 Gilligans Theory 84 Comparison of Moral Development Theories 86 Learning Moral Values 86 Classification of Ethical Theories 87 History 87 Classification 88 Some Basic Theories 89 Deontology 89 Utilitarianism 90 Virtue Theory 91 Rights Theory 92 Casuist Theory 92 Moral Absolutism 93 Moral Relativism 94 Moral Pluralism 95

Ethical Egoism 96 Feminist Consequentialism 96 Comparison of Ethical Theories 97 Moral Issues 98 Variety of Moral Issues 98 Examples 99 Moral Dilemmas 100 Examples 100 Resolving Moral Dilemmas 101 Moral Autonomy 102 Religion and Ethics 104 Influence of Religion 104 Conflict with Ethics 105 Types of Enquiry 106 Descriptive or Factual Enquiry 106 Conceptual Enquiry 107 Normative Enquiry 107 Uses of Ethical Theories 108

4. ETHICS IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION

Introduction 116 Engineering Profession 118 Technology and Society 121 Engineering as Social Experimentation 125 Similarities between Engineering and Other Scientific Experiments 125 Differences 127 Engineering Professionals 130 Training 131 Skill Set 131 Life Skills 132 Innovation and Creativity 141 Professional Organizations 142
Professional Categories 143 Engineering Ethics 144 Making Sense of Engineering Ethics 145 Engineering Failures 146 Issues in Engineering Ethics 146 Ethical Obligations of Engineering Professionals 151 Concept of Safe Exit 152 Roles of Engineers 153 Engineers as Managers 154 Other Roles Played by Engineers 159 Balanced Outlook on Law 160

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5. ENGINEERS RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY

Introduction 167 Safety and Risk 167 Concept of Safety 168 Assessment of Risk 170 Risk Assessment Technique Safety in Engineering Products 176 Risk and Cost 177 Engineers Responsibility for Safety 177 Product Safety 178 Mandatory Product Standards (Australia) 178 Designing for Safety 181

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Product Costs 181 Probability of Safety and Risk 182 RiskBenefit Analysis 183 Risk Costs and Management 184 Principles of Risk Management 186 Context Establishment 187 Identification 187 Severity and Probability of Risk 188 Strategies for Risk Management 189

Case Studies 190 Space Shuttle Challenger 190 Three Mile Island Accident 198 Bhopal Gas Tragedy 203 Uphaar Cinema Tragedy 209 Other Tragedies 211 Chernobyl Disaster 213 Fukushima Nuclear Disaster 216 Disaster Management 218 Policy Framework for Disaster Management (Government of India) 220 Providing for Safe Exit 221 Major Ethical Issues 221

6. RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS OF PROFESSIONALS

Introduction 226 Rights and Responsibilities as Citizens 226 Responsibilities 227 Rights 229 Professional Responsibilities 243 Collegiality 244 Loyalty 246 Confidentiality 248 Respect for Authority 252 Accountability 254
Pride of Profession 254 Pride of Employer 255 Conflict of Interest 256 Gifts and Bribes 258 Collective Bargaining 261 Occupational Crimes 262 Professional Rights 267 Rights of an Employee 267 Rights of a Professional 268 Whistle-blowing 269 Discrimination 276

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7. GLOBAL ISSUES
Introduction 281 Current Scenario 281 Technology Revolution 282 Globalization and MNCs 282 International Trade 284 World Summits 285 Issues 286 Business Ethics 287 Corporate Governance 287 Finance and Accounting 288 Corporate Social Responsibility 290 Definitions 291 Concept 293 ISO and CSR 294

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Scenario 296 Case Studies 302 Kelloggs 302 Infosys Foundation 304 Tata Group of Companies 306 Environmental Ethics 308 Environment 309 Challenge of Environmental Ethics 310 Anthropocentrism 310 Sustainable Development 311 Ecosystem 312 Energy Concerns 316 Ozone Depletion 316 Pollution 316

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Ethical Issues 319 Computer Ethics 319 Manufacturing and Marketing of Computers 320 Software 321 Cybercrimes 321 Data Stealing 323 Embezzlement 323 Hacking 323 Media Ethics 325 Roles of Media 325 Positive Aspects of Media 327 Negative Aspects of Media 328 Classification of Media 329 Support to Media 330 Accountability of Media 331 Regulation of Media 332 Factors in Media Ethics 333 Advertising Ethics 334 War Ethics 335 Weapons Development 336 Terrorism 337 Ethical Issues 337 Bioethics 338 Abortion 339

Euthanasia 339 Surrogacy 340 Cloning 340 Genetics 342 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 344 Research Ethics 347 Features of Research 347 Research Skills 348 Ethical Aspects 349 ICMR Guidelines on Biomedical Research 350 Issues in Research Ethics 351 Intellectual Property Rights 351 Why Intellectual Property Rights? 352 Purpose and Advantages of IPR 352 Downside of IPR 353 International Agreements on IPR 353 Domains of IPR 353

Professionals and Ethics 356

8. ETHICAL CODES
Introduction 363 Need for Ethical Codes 363 Sample Codes 365 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 365 National Society for Professional Engineers (USA) 367 Board of Ethical Review 372 American Society of Civil Engineers 372 American Society for Mechanical Engineers 378
Computer Society of India 379 Codes from Other Professions 382 Medical Council of India 382 Bar Council of India 383 Advertising Standards Council of India 383 Corporate Codes 385 Tata Group of Companies 385 Development of Codes 387 Implementation of Codes 390 Limitations of Codes 391

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9. ETHICS AUDIT
Introduction 396 Need for Ethics Audit 398 Ethics Profile of Organizations 401

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Consideration for Ethics Audit 403 Manufacturing Unit 403 Educational Institution 405 Ethics Standards and Benchmarking 408 Objectives of Ethics Audit 408 Setting Ethics Standards 409 Ethics Assurance 411 Audit Brief 412 Ethics Auditors 413

Procedure for Ethics Audit 414 Ethics Audit Report 418 Examples 419 Drug Manufacturing Unit 419 Educational Institution 422 Ethics Indices 422 Ethisphere Institute 423 FTSE4Good Index 423 Good Corporation Standard 423 Starting an Ethics Audit Programme 429

10. HUMAN VALUES AND ATTITUDES

Introduction 434 Terminology 434 Domains of Learning 435 Affective Domain Taxonomy 435 Human Values 436 Classification of Values 438 Values and Ethics 442 Universality of Values 443 Value System 444 Degeneration of Values 447 Importance of Values 449 Acquiring Values 449 Attitudes 451 Components of Attitude 452 Types of Attitude 452 Attitude Formation 454 Attitude Change 454 Values, Attitudes, and Professionals

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11. ETHICAL LIVING

Introduction 463 Needs of Life 463 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs 463 Manfred Max-Neef Theory 466 ERG Theory 468 Tony Robbins Theory 470 McCellands Theory 471 Harmony in Life 471 Four Orders of Nature 471 Anthroposophical View 473 Indian Philosophical Thoughts 474 Bibliography 498 Index 501
Harmony with the Self 478 Harmony with Family 479 Harmony with Society 480 Harmony with Nature 480 Ethical Living 481 Why Ethical Living? 484 Setting Goals in Life 486 Areas 488 Achieving Goals 491 Ethical Living for Professionals 492

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