SMS BASED E-NOTICE BOARD

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Research analysts are predicting that the wireless technology will eventually

become more widespread than the various wired solution. The wireless communication is an ideal solution for the home network. This increase in demand of getting wireless can be seen not only in the field of communication but also in the transfer of information and data. The cell phones which are the best examples of wireless data and voice transfer can be used in many other purposes that can replace the traditional system. One simple way of using this wireless communication is to use a simple cell phone for sending messages. Here we use a simple GSM based module. The GSM module used to receive the messages and the LCD to display them. And the mobile phone is being used for sending messages .As it is a wireless transmission, the system has very less error and maintenance. With greater efficiency we can display the messages at various places like public transport, bank and colleges .we can use this displaying system at distant area where the wire or man power cannot go easily. The notices can be displayed on the digital display in any manner according to ones interest. The message is being sent through the mobile phone and it is received by the GSM module and displayed on the LCD. In this way we can save the work as required for regular notice board. It is a complete wireless setup. No distance barrier will be there and hence provides full flexibility from anywhere within seconds. Wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to control everything and without moving an inch. This remote control of appliances is possible through Embedded Systems. The use of to the user to operate the display board

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Embedded System in Communication has given rise to many interesting applications that ensures comfort and safety to human life. The main aim of this project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display board which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display. It is proposed to design receiver cum display board which can be programmed from an authorized mobile phone. The message to be displayed is sent through a SMS from an authorized transmitter. The microcontroller receives the SMS, validates the sending Mobile Identification Number (MIN) and displays the desired information. Started off as an instantaneous News display unit, we have improved upon it and tried to take advantage of the computing capabilities of microcontroller. Looking into current trend of information transfer in the campus, it is seen that important notice take time to be displayed in the notice boards. This latency is not expected in most of the cases and must be avoided. It is proposed to implement this project at the institute level. It is proposed to place display boards in major access points. The GSM based display board can be used as an add-on to these display boards and make it truly wireless. The display board programs itself with the help of the incoming SMS with proper validation. Such a system proves to be helpful for immediate information transfer. The system required for the purpose is nothing but a Microcontroller based SMS box. The main components of the kit include microcontroller, GSM modem. These components are integrated with the display board and thus incorporate the wireless features. The GSM modem receives the SMS. The AT commands are serially transferred to the modem through MAX232. In return the modem transmits the stored message through the COM port. The microcontroller validates the SMS and then displays the message in the LCD display board. Various time division multiplexing techniques have been suggested to make the display boards functionally efficient. In the prototype model, LCD display is used for simulation purpose. While implementation this can be replaced by actually display boards.

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The data will be displayed only after entering unique pass key .In addition to that address matching is done and data can be receive only by the dedicated receiver , and this data is displayed on LCD. The main focus of the thesis is on displaying information to a dedicated LCD by the any part of world using GSM network, which facilitate to control any message board globally from any location. The project mainly focuses on transmission of textual data through air interface by the use of GSM through asynchronous serial communication .The data will be processed by the microcontroller on both ends. The data will be displayed on LCD only after entering unique pass key. In addition to that address matching is done and data can be received only by the dedicated receiver.

1.2

EXISTING SYSTEM
The big shops and shopping centres are using the digital moving displays now.

In Railway station and bus stands everything that is ticket information, platform number etc is displaying in digital moving display. But in these displays if they wants to change the message or style they have to go there and connect the display to PC or laptop. These displays are programmable displays which need to be reprogrammed each time a new notice comes .The process of reprogramming includes burning the microcontroller again and again This makes it inefficient for immediate information transfer, and thus the display board loses its importance. Suppose the same message if the person wants to display in main centres of the cities means he have to go there with laptop and change the message by connecting into PC. From the past many years we have been observing that the notices in colleges, companies, offices, etc. is usually being displayed on a large board having number of notices clustered onto it and hence creates a lot of confusion.

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1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In 2012, Pawan Kumar, Vikas Bharadwaj, Kiran Pal, Narayan Singh Rathore and Amit Mishra proposed this system. This system explains how a reliable and authentic wireless communication could be easily developed between a mobile phone and microcontroller using GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) MODEM (Modulator Demodulator). Mobile gives great flexibility and cost effective solution to control devices through SMS. The GSM based display board can be used as an add-on to these display boards and make it truly wireless. The notices can be displayed on the digital display in any manner according to ones interest. The message is being sent through the mobile phone and it is received by the GSM module and displayed on the LCD. Since its GSM based it offers flexibility to display flash news or announcements faster than the programmable system .This display system can also be used at other public places like schools, hospitals, railway stations, gardens, traffic control, banks, public advertisements, stoke exchanges, etc. without affecting the surrounding environment.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 GSM BASED DISPLAY TOOLKIT

In 2010, Roham Mishra, Sambit Kumar Das and Prof Patra proposed this system. Presently, the wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to control everything and without moving an inch. This remote of appliances is possible through Embedded Systems. The main aim of this project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display toolkit which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display. It is proposed to design receive cum display toolkit which can be programmed from an authorized mobile phone. The message to be displayed is sent through an SMS from an authorized transmitter. The toolkit receives the SMS, Validates the sending Mobile Identification Number (MIN) and displays the desired information after necessary code conversions.

2. 2 GSM BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

In 2012, Vandana Pandya and Deepali Shukla proposed this system. GSM based data acquisition is a process control system that enables a site operator to monitor and control processes that are distributed among various remote sites. This project is designed to monitor various parameters like humidity, rainfall, wind direction, temperature, light intensity, etc. This system saves time and money by eliminating the need for service personnel to visit each site for inspection and data collection. They are

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used in all types of industries, from electrical distribution systems, to food processing, to facility security alarms.

2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF SMS BASED TEACHING AND LEARNING SYSTEM

In 2009, Simon so proposed this system. The Short Message Service (SMS) technology is one the most stable mobile technologies around. Most of our tertiary students carry mobile phones with SMS facilities and can be used for teaching and learning. There are many projects using SMS technologies in education as outlined in the literature survey, but many publications do not provide the possible underlying technologies to implement such as the teaching and learning systems. The system is capable of supporting administrative teaching and learning activities via the SMS technology.

2.4 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GSM BASED ENERY METER

In 2012, Abhinandan Jain, Dilip Kumar and Jyoti Kedia proposed this system. Traditional metering method for retrieving the energy data is not convenient and the cost of tha data logging systems is high. Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system is boom for remote monitoring and control domestic energy meter. AMR system gives the information of meter reading, power cut, total load used, power disconnect and tempering on request or regularly in particular interval through SMS. The information is being sent and received by concerned energy Provider Company with the help of GSM network. Energy provider receives the meter reading within a second without visiting person AMR minimize the number of traditional visits required by employs of energy

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Provider Company. This system not only reduces the labour cost but also increase meter reading accuracy and save huge amount of time.

2.5 GSM BASED AUTOMATIC METER READING SYSTEM USING ARM

In 2012, Bharat Kulkarni proposed this system. Nowadays the automation in every field is becoming necessary. The service provider for energy still uses conventional methods for getting the energy consumed by individual costumer. The proposed system automatically reads the energy consumed and sends it to the service provider using the existing SMS.

2.6 MULTIPLE UNIT GSM CONTROLLED DEVICES

In 2011, Oludele Awodele, Beersheba A Ologure, Aaron A lzang and Adernola Adams proposed this system. The human mind always needs information of interest to control systems of his/her choice. In the age of electronic systems it is important to be able to control and acquire information from everywhere. Remote management of several home and office appliances is a subject of growing interest and in recent years we have seen many systems providing such controls. In this study we have developed an interface which is a phone based home/office remote controller equipped with power to turn ON/OFF and receive STATUS of electrical appliances remotely located.

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SMS BASED E-NOTICE BOARD

CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION

3.1 PIC MICROCONTROLLER

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by s Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller". PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. Microchip announced on February 2008 the shipment of its six billionth PIC processor.

3.1.1 Advantages The PIC architectures have these advantages:

Small instruction set to learn RISC architecture Built in oscillator with selectable speeds Easy entry level, in circuit programming plus in circuit debugging PIC Kit units available from Microchip.com for less than $50 Inexpensive microcontrollers Wide range of interfaces including I2C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable Comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet

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3.1.2High-Performance RISC CPU:

Only 35 single-word instructions to learn All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory. Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin

3.1.3 Peripheral Features:

Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules - Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns - Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns - PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C(Master/Slave) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection.

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3.1.4 Analog Features

Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44pin only) Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR) : 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) Brown-out Reset (BOR) Analog Comparator module with: - Two analog comparators - Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module - Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference - Comparator outputs are externally accessible Special Microcontroller Features: 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years Self-reprogrammable under software control In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation Programmable code protection mode Selectable Power saving Sleep oscillator options In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

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Fig: 3.1 PIN DIAGRAM

3.2 GSM (GLOBAL GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS) COMMUNICATIONS

Fig 3.2 GSM

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GSM is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS).Further improvements were made when the 3GPP developed third generation (3G) UMTS standards followed by fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards."GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association.

The network is structured into a number of discrete sections:

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called the core network. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The Operations support system (OSS) for maintenance of the network.

3.2.1 GSM Base Station Subsystem

GSM is a cellular network, which means that cell phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM networkmacro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;

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they are typically used in urban areas. Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service providers network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance. Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor Pico cell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors; for example, in shopping centres or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell.

3.2.2 GSM Carrier Frequencies

GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for firstgeneration systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. For more information on worldwide GSM frequency usage, see GSM frequency bands. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided

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into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is270.833 Kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900.

3.2.3 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking.

3.2.4 Phone Locking

Sometimes mobile network operators restrict handsets that they sell for use with their own network. This is called locking and is implemented by a software feature of the phone. Because the purchase price of the mobile phone to the consumer may be subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, operators must recoup this investment before a subscriber terminates service. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of free or fee-based software and websites to unlock the handset themselves. Unlocking a phone without an operator's consent is illegal in many countries and may carry severe penalties.

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3.2.5 GSM Service Security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of service security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no nonrepudiation.

3.2.6 GSM Module and GPRS Module Characteristics

Full Type Approved Quad Band Embedded GSM Module (GSM 850/900 1800/1900) with AT command set and RS232 interface on CMOS level. This GSM wireless data module is the ready a solution for remote wireless applications, machine to machine or user to machine and remote data communications in all vertical market applications.

3.2.7 Advantages of GSM

Ultra small size (22x22x3 mm), lightweight (3.2 g) and easy to integrate Low power consumption R&TTE type approval plus CE, GCF, FCC, PTCRB, IC Full RS232 on CMOS level with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI) Embedded TCP/IP Stack UDP/IP Stack , Embedded FTP and SMTP Client High performance on low price

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3.2.8 Product Features

E-GSM 900/1800 MHz and GSM 1800/1900 with GSM Phase 2 / 2+ Output Power Class 4 (2W) at GSM 850/900 MHz and Class 1 (1W) at GSM 1800/1900 MHz Control via AT commands (ITU, GSM, GPRS and manufacturer supplementary) Supply Voltage range: 3.22 V - 4.2 V, nominal: 3.8 V Power consumption: Idle mode: <1.8 mA, speech mode: 200 mA (average) Dimensions (mm): 3 x 20 x 20 and weight (g): 3.2 (including shielding)

3.2.8.1 Interfaces

Power supply nominal 3,8 V 10 general purposes I/O ports and serial bi-directional bus on CMOS 2,8 V External SIM Analogue audio for microphone, speaker and hands free set plus digital voice interface RS232 on CMOS 2,8 V (One RS232 (2,8V) with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI), baud rate 300 - 115.200 bps, autobauding 1200 - 57.600 bps

50 Ohm antenna connector

3.2.8.2 Audio

Telephony and emergency calls (Half Rate (HR), Full Rate (FR), Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)) Echo cancellation and noise reduction DTMF Handset operations and basic hands free operation

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3.2.8.3 SMS

SMS Mobile Originated (MO), Mobile Terminated (MT) and Cell Broadcast (CB - DRX)

3.2.8.4 GPRS, data and Fax

Circuit Switched Data (CSD) up to 14.4 kbps Fax Group 3 Packed Data (GPRS class B, class 10) up to 115 kbps

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Fig 3.3 PIC 16F877A ARCHITECTURE

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CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to control everything and without moving an inch. This remote control of appliances is possible through Embedded Systems. The use of Embedded System in Communication has given rise to many interesting applications that ensures comfort and safety to humans. The main aim of this project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display board which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display. It is proposed to design receiver cum display board which can be programmed from an authorized mobile phone. The message to be displayed is sent through a SMS from an authorized transmitter. The microcontroller receives the SMS, validates the sending Mobile Identification Number (MIN) and displays the desired information. Started off as an instantaneous News display unit, we have improved upon it and tried to take advantage of computing capability of microcontroller. Looking into current trend of information transfer in the campus, it is seen that important notice take time to be displayed in the notice boards. This latency is not expected in most of the cases and must be avoided. It is proposed to implement this project at the institute level. It is proposed to place display boards in major access points. The electronics displays which are currently used are programmable displays which need to be reprogrammed each time. This makes it inefficient for immediate information transfer, and thus the display board loses its importance. The GSM based display board can be used as an add-on to these display boards and make it truly wireless. The display board programs itself with the help of the incoming SMS with proper validation. The

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valid senders may include the Director, Deans and Registrars. The centralized system can be placed as the Computer Centre for access by any other valid users with authentications. SMS from these users is treated to be valid and is displayed. Such a system proves to be helpful for immediate information transfer. The main components of this kit include PIC 16F877A microcontroller, GSM module, 20X4 character LCD display, serial interface max 232 and an alarm .The GSM GS module receives the SMS. It decodes the SMS instructions to the microcontroller .Commands are serially transferred by microcontroller to the module. In return the module transmits the stored message .The microcontroller validates the SMS and then displays s the message in the LCD display board. The alarm beeps when a new SMS is displayed; thereby deleting the previously displayed SMS.

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

SMS CENTRE

MOBILE Fig 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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4.3 COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION 4.3.1 PIC 16F87A Microcontroller

PIC16F778A is widely used CMOS FLASH-based 40 pin 8bit microcontroller, because of the FLASH Memory technology which can be write/erase within a thousand times of programming. Speed and code compression are the superiority of this RISC microcontroller compared to other 8-bit microcontroller. EEPROM memory makes it easier to apply microcontrollers to devices where permanent storage of various parameters is needed (codes for transmitters, motor speed, receiver frequencies, etc.). Low cost, low consumption, easy handling and flexibility make PIC16F877A applicable even in areas where microcontrollers had not previously been considered (example: timer functions, interface replacement in larger systems, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System Programmability of this chip (along with using only two pins in data transfer) makes possible the flexibility of a product, after assembling and testing have been completed. This capability can be used to create assembly-line production, to store calibration data available only after final testing, or it can be used to improve programs on finished products. One of the main advantages is that each pin is only shared between two or three functions so its easier to decide what the pin function (other devices have up to 5 functions for a pin)

Fig 4.2 PIC 16F877A

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Out of 40 pins 7 pins used for its own function and remaining 33 pins for I/O functions. There are five I/O ports such as A, B, C, D, E

4.3.2 GSM Module

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spcial Mobile), is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by phones. it is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. It is a wireless MODEM just like dial-up MODEM, which works with GSM wireless network. But there is a difference between dial-up MODEM and wireless MODEM. Dial-up MODEM send and receives data through a fixed telephone line while wireless MODEM send and receive data through radio waves. Microcontrollers use AT commands to control modems. RS232 serial interface for interfacing the GSM modem with a PIC. This interface is used to setup the GSM modem. One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.

4.3.3 LCD
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is an electro-optical amplitude modulator realized as a thin, flat display device made up of any number of colour or

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monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power. Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

Fig 4.3 20X4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (sevensegment LEDs or other multisegment LEDs). This is due to the following reasons:
The declining prices of LCDs. The ability to display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in some other way) to keep displaying the data. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

The LCD display used in this project consists of 4 rows .Each row consists of maximum 20 characters. So using this display only maximum of 40 characters can be

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displayed (but in practice, it should be replaced by a large multiline, multicolour commercial display unit.)

4.3.3.1 Steps to Interface LCD with PIC Microcontroller

STEP 1: Identify Determine what you want LCD are available in many flavors which are specified as follows 16x1 , 16x2 , 20x2 in the format AxB where A is the number of columns ( chatters ) and B is the number of Rows ( lines ) An LCD might also be Back lit . STEP 2: Connect Most of the LCD's follow the standard Hitachi Pin out which is simply...

Table 4.1 LCD PIN DESCRIPTION

Pin No 1 2 3 4

Name

Function

USE

Vss Vdd Vee RS

Ground +ve Supply Contrast Register Set 5v Volts Regulated DC This is used to set the contrast1 Register select signal

0:Instruction register (when writing) Busy flag & address counter (When reading) 1:Data register (when writing &

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reading)

R/W

Read / Write

Read/write

select

signal

0 for writing , 1 for reading 6 E Enable Operation signal 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 A Data Bit 0 Data Bit 1 Data Bit 2 Data Bit 3 Data Bit 4 Data Bit 5 Data Bit 6 Data Bit 7 +4.2 light 16 K Power supply for Back Positive supply for back light if available (data read/write) enable

Back light ( 0V)

In some LCD's you might not find the 15 and 16 pin so dont worry. Here is how you must wire them up.

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Fig 4.4 LCD INTERFACE

STEP 3: Interface Now connect pins RS ,RW ,E ,D0 - D7 to pins on the micro controller Lets suppose I connect Data bus on port A and the RS , RW , E on port B . (you can save pins by using LCD in Nibble Mode (4 data pins ) and permanently grounding the RW line ( always in write mode ) . Now well see how to go from simple switching it on to graphics on the LCD. An Intelligent LCD Need Only a few Commands And data to function Command Set for the LCD.

4.3.4 Crystal Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the Quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators.

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Fig 4.5 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

4.3.5 Alarm
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Here the alarm beeps when a new SMS is displayed. A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic.

Fig 4.6 ALARM

4.3.6 Power Supply

A power supply provides a constant output regardless of voltage variations."Fixed" three-terminal linear regulators are commonly available to generate fixed voltages of plus 3 V, and plus or minus 5 V, 9 V, 12 V, or 15 V when the load is less than about 7 amperes.

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The "78xx" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages while the "79xx" series (7905, 7912, etc.) regulate negative voltages. Often, the last two digits of the device number are the output voltage; eg, a 7805 is a +5 V regulator, while a 7915 is a -15 V regulator. The 78xx series ICs can supply up to 1.5 Amperes depending on the model. some Features are listed below.
Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24 Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Fig 4.7 PIN OUT OF THE 7805 REGULATOR IC

When you have a requirement for a project of say 12V, or even 5V if it's a digital project, then these are the types you use. 7805 or 7812 are the types. There are of course negative voltage regulators with the numbers 79XX which are substantially the same as those discussed here excepting they are negative. We will not consider them further. Assume your project calls for a basic fixed 12V D.C. to operate. Looking back to our earlier tutorial we apply all the same principles. Look at the original schematic. In a typical linear power supply, AC line voltage is first down-converted to a smaller peak voltage using a transformer which is then rectified using a full wave

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bridge rectifier circuit. A capacitor filter is then used to smoothen the obtained sinusoidal signal. The residual periodic variation or ripple in this filtered signal is eliminated using an active regulator.

Fig 4.8 COMPONENTS OF POWER SUPPLY

To obtain a DC power supply with both positive and negative output voltages, a center-tapped transformer is used, where a third wire is attached to the middle of the secondary winding and it is taken as the common ground point. Then voltages from the opposite ends of the winding will be positive or negative with respect to this point.

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4.3.7 MAX 232

Now that we have the 8 bit value in the 16F877A, we want to send that value to the PC. The 16F877A has a built in serial port that makes it very easy to communicate with the PC's serial port but the 16F877A outputs are 0 and 5 volts and we need +12 and -12 volts to meet the RS232 serial port standard. The easiest way to get these values is to use the MAX232. The MAX232 acts as a buffer driver for the processor. It accepts the standard digital logic values of 0 and 5 volts and converts them to the RS232 standard of +12 and -12 volts. It also helps protect the processor from possible damage from static that may come from people handling the serial port connectors. The MAX232 requires 5 external 1uF capacitors. These are used by the internal charge pump to create +12 volts and -12 volts. The MAX232 is an electronic circuit that converts signals from a serial port to signals suitable for usage in e.g. microprocessor circuits. A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic '1' is -3V to -12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert a TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD pins of the uC chips, thus need a converter chip. The MAX232 is a four-channel driver; it amplifies/lowers RX,TX, CTX and RTS signals. The voltage discrepancy (up to +- 12 V from RS232 to 3.3V TTL) is generated by capacitors (typically 10 nF. An MAX232 has a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.

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Fig 4.9 PIN DIAGRAM OF MAX 232

For the first capacitor, the negative leg goes to ground and the positive leg goes to pin 16. For the second capacitor, the negative leg goes to 5 volts and the positive leg goes to pin 2. For the third capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 3 and the positive leg goes to pin 1. For the fourth capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 5 and the positive leg goes to pin 4. For the fifth capacitor, the negative leg goes to pin 6 and the positive leg goes to ground. The MAX232 includes 2 receivers and 2 transmitters so two serial ports can be used with a single chip. We will only use one transmitter for this project. The only connection that must be made to the 2051 is one jumper from pin 3 of the 2051 to pin 11 of the MAX232.

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4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 4.10 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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4.5 PCB LAYOUT

Fig 4.11 PCB LAYOUT

4.6 DESIGN 4.6.1 Power Supply Design

1000F

100F

Fig 4.12 POWER SUPPLY COMPONENTS

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4.6.1.1 Transformer
Transformer converts 230V AC to 12V DC. The minimum input required by LM 7805 is given by Vin = Vreg + drop out voltage across LM7805 IC = 5V + 2V = 7V Drop across bridge rectifier= 1.4V Minimum secondary voltage= 7+1.4V = 8.4V Unregulated voltage =12V Turn ratio of transformer N1: N2 = V1: V2 N1: N2 = 230: 12 = 20: 1 VA rating of transformer is 12.

4.6.1.2 Rectifier
Here bridge rectifier is used, because of better efficiency and regulation. PIV across each diode is Vm. Ripples at the output can be reduced by using a capacitor filter.

4.5.1.3 Diode

PIV = Vm2

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Vm = 12 PIV= 122 Hence we select diode IN4007 PIV = 100V If = 1A

4.6.1.4 Filter Capacitor Design

Vr (ripple voltage) = 10 % of output voltage = 0.5V Frequency Time period Ripple CF CF = 50Hz = 1/50 = 20ms = 1/43FCFRL = IO/43FrippleVO = 1154F = 1000F (standard)

4.6.1.4 Load Capacitor

Used to filter out noise from output current. Load Capacitor used here is 1F.

4.6.1.5 Regulator
IC LM 7805 regulator regulates output voltage to 5v Input Range = -8V to 35V Drop Out Voltage = -2V Output Rating = -5V

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CHAPTER 5 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

5.1 ADVANTAGES
No need to reprogram each time. Messages can be sent as and when required. Displays messages at notice boards situated at different locations through a single SMS. Ensures immediate transfer of information. Saves a lot of time. Easy to construct and install. High efficiency. Low error probability. In colleges, the management can simply send urgent notices via SMS to the electronic notice board to display the notice. Facilitates to control any message board globally from any location.

5.2 APPLICATIONS
Educational Institutions and Organizations: Currently we rely on putting up papers on notice boards to inform people of events. This method can be discarded by using wireless notice boards to display information in real time. Crime Prevention: Display boards put up on roads will display tips on public security, accident prevention, information on criminals on the run. The board will help flash messages such as vehicle thefts as and when they occur. Managing Traffic: In metropolitan cities we frequently come across traffic jams. One way to avoid this would be inform people beforehand to take alternate routes. A wireless notice board serves well for this purpose.

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Advertisement: In shopping malls we get to hear the offers on various products from time to time. Instead we continuously display the information regarding the products and related offers on electronic display boards.

Railway Station: Instead of announcing the delay in arrival of trains we can display the information.

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CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The SMS BASED E-NOTICE BOARD circuit has been designed and set up. The current means of information transfer are notices and circulars. New notice or circular is only checked at the end of the day. This makes the process very time consuming and inefficient. Looking into the current trend of information transfer in campus, it is seen that important notices take time to be displayed in the notice boards. This latency is not expected in most of the cases and must be avoided. Main components of this include microcontroller, GSM module, LCD display and an alarm. The GSM module receives the SMS, the Microcontroller accepts and displays the SMS on LCD after proper validation and the alarm beeps when a new SMS is displayed, thereby deleting the previously displayed SMS.

Fig 6.1 SNAPSHOT OF OUR PROJECT

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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION
SMS BASED NOTICE BOARD circuit has been designed carefully. By introducing the concept of wireless technology in the field of communication, we can make our communication more efficient and faster. We can display the messages with less errors and maintenance. This model can be used very efficiently in establishments like chain restaurants wherein the order and special discounts can be displayed at all branches simultaneously, in colleges wherein students and staff can be informed simultaneously in no time. It can be set up at public transport places, like railways, bus station, airport and also at roadside for traffic control and in emergency situations. It is cost efficient system that is very easy to handle, a single person can handle all the work with just a message. The display board programs itself with the help of the incoming SMS with proper validation. Such a system proves to be helpful for immediate information transfer. The messages are displayed on the system using high speed techniques.

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REFERENCES

Artificial Intelligence Elain Rich & Kevin Knight, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2nd Edition. Clark and R. Harun, Assessment of kalman-_lter channel estimators for an HF radio link," IEE Proceedings, vol. 133, pp. 513{521, Oct 1986. 4. Introduction to Robotics P.J.Mc Kerrow, Addisson Wesley, USA, 1991 Bernard Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall, 2001.

Wireless Accident Information System Using GSM and GPS by R. Rathinakumar and D. Manivannan School of Computing, Sastra University, Thanjavur.

Programming and Customizing the PIC microcontroller by Myke PredkoThird Edition Michel Mouly and Marie-Bernadette Pautet: GSM System for Mobile Communications, published by the authors 1992, ISBN 2-9507190-0-7 Friedhelm Hillebrand (editor): GSM and UMTS, the creation of Global Mobile Communication, Wiley 2001 Embedded C Programming and the Microchip PIC Richard H. Barnett, Sarah Cox, Larry O'Cull Embedded C Programming And the Atmel AVR Richard H. Barnett, Larry D. O'Cull, Sarah A. Cox, Sarah Alison Cox Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice - Rappaport Pic Microcontroller: An Introduction to Software and Hardware Interfacing Han-Way Huang

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