326 Constantine chooses Byzantium as the new capital of the Empire and renames it Constantinopolis 395 Death of Theodosius.

Permanent split of the empire. Arcadius succeeds to emperor in the east. Honorius emperor of the west. 396 Alaric the Visigoth o erruns Bal!an peninsula. 408 Arcadius dies" Theodosius ##" aged $" succeeds him. 434 %ugila" &ing of the Huns" dies. Attila succeds him. 441 Attila crosses Danu'e and in ades Thrace 443 Attila ma!es terms with Theodosius ## 447 Attila(s second in asion. 449 Attila(s second peace. 450 Theodosius ## dies. )arcian succeeds and stops su'sidy to Attila. 453 Attila dies. Theodori ## !ing of the Visigoths 454 * erthrow of the Hun power 'y the su'+ected 'ar'arians 456 Aspar the Alan is (power 'ehind the throne( in the east 457 )arcian dies. Aspar the Alan ma!es ,eo emperor 465 -all of Aspar the Alan 467 ,eo appoints Anthemius western Augustus 468 ,eo sends great nea al e.pedition under Basiliscus to crush /eiseric" who destroys it 474 ,eo dies" succeeded 'y infant ,eo ##. ,eo ## dies. 0eno the #saurian acceeds to the throne. 475 1surpation of Basiliscus. 0eno escapes to Asia. 476 *doacer con2uers %ome and offers to rule as iceroy of the eastern Augustus. End of western empire. 477 -all of Basiliscus. %estoration of 0eno 478-482 3ar of 0eno with *strogoths" under &ign Theodoric the Amal and Theodoric 4tra'o 483 Tehodoric recognized as master of the soldiers 484 %e olt of ,eontius in 4yria 489 Theodoric in ades #taly to supplant *doacer 491 *doacer" defeated" holds out at %a enna. Anastasius succeeds 0eno 493 *doacer capitulates and is murdered. Theodoric &ing of #taly" nominally iceroy

502 Persian war of Anastasius 518 5ustin succeeds Anastasius to the throne 526 Theodoric dies" succeeded 'y Athalaric. 527 Accession and marriage of 5ustinian 529 5ustinian(s code 530 Persian incursions Victory of Belisarius at Daras. 532 6i!a %iots" suppressed 'y Belisarius. Peace with Parthia 533 Belisarius o'litarates the Vandal &ingdom 534 5ustinian(s re ised Code. Athalaric dies" succeeded 'y Theodahad 535 Belisarius in 4icily 536 Theodahad deposed and !illed. 3ittiges elected. Belisarius captures and holds %ome. 537 3ittiges 'esieges %ome" -ran!s in ade northern #taly. 538 3ittiges 'uys of -ran!s 'y ceding to them the %oman Pro ence 539 Belasarius 'esieges 3ittiges at %a enna. 540 -all of %a enna. Belisarius lea es #taly 541 Chosroes in ades 4yria and sac!s Antioch. /oths" led 'y Totila" 'egin recon2uest of #taly. 542 /eneral paralysis caused 'y the great plague 544 Belisarius sent to #taly with fee'le force 545 -i e years truce with Persia 546 Totila captures and e acuates %ome 547 Belisarius reoccupies %ome 548 Belisarius recalled. Totila dominates #taly 550 5ustinian(s troops occupy Andalusia. Third Persian 3ar. 552 6arses sent to reco er #taly. -all of Totila at Battle of Taginae. #ntroduction of sil!7worm from China. 553,ast stand and annihilation of the *strogoths 554 6arses shattes a -ran! in asion 555 narses rules #taly from %a enna

561 End of Persian war 565 Deaths of 5ustinian and Belisarius. 5ustin ## emperor. 566 A ars and ,om'ards on the Danu'e 568 ,om'ards under Al'oin in ade #taly 569 Birth of )ohammed 572 Persian war renewd 573 ,om'ards masters of northern #taly and of pro inces in the south" though without a !ing. 578 Ti'erius succeeds 5ustin ## 582 )aurice succeeds Ti'erius 584 Authari elected ,om'ard &ing 590 /regory the /reat pope. Agilulf ,om'ard &ing. 591 Accession of Chosroes ## in Persia 'y help of )aurice. End of Persian war. 595 3ars of )aurice with A ars and others on the Danu'e 602 )utiny and usurpation of Phocas" )aurice !illed. 604 Death of /reagory the /reat 606 Chosroes ## in ades 4yria as a enger of )aurice. Continuous e.pansion of Persian power. 609 %e olt of Heraclius the elder in Africa 610 Phocas is o erthrown 'y the Heraclius the younger. Heraclius emperor. 614 Chosroes ## completes con2uest of 4yria 'y ta!ing 5erusalem" carrying off the true cross 616 Persian con2uest of Egypt 620 Persian o errun Asia )inor 621 The eastern empire de otes itself to a holy war against Parthia 622 -irst Persian campaign of Heraclius who splits Parthian forces of 4yria and Asia )inor 623-627 Victorious campaigns of Heraclius in and 'eyond )esopotamia 626 Persians and A ars 'esieging Constantinople are completely repulsed 627 Decisi e ictory of Heraclius at 6ine eh. )ohammed(s letter to Heraclius 628 -all of Chosroes ##. End of Persian 3ar" all %oman possessions restored

632 Death of )ohammed. A'u Be!r -irst &halif. -irst 4yrian E.pedition. 634 %oman defeat on 8erma! 635 -all of Damascus 636 -all of Antioch. Heraclius e acuates 4yria. 637 -all of 5erusalem. 640 Amru in ades Egypt 641 Heraclius dies. Constans ## emperor. Amru ta!es Ale.andria 642 Persian Empire ended at 'attle of 6eha end 646 Ale.andira reco ered and lost again. 649 Beginning of the 4aracen fleet in the )editerranean. 651 )oawiya 'egins in asion of Asia )inor 652 6a al ictory of A'u 4arh off Ale.andria 655 6a al ictory of Constans ## at Phoeni. 658 Constans ## campaigns against 4la s 659 Truce 'etween )oawiya and Constans ## 662 Constans ## in ades #taly 663 Constans ## retires from #taly to 4yracuss 664Constans ## organizes campaigns in Africa 668 Constans ## !illed. Constantine Pogonatus emperor. %enewal of the war with )oawiya. 4aracen successes in Asia )inor 673 4econd siege of Constantinople. 4aracens repulsed 673-677 Defeats of 4aracens 'y Constantine 678 )oawiya forced to ma!e peace with Constantine 681 Council of Constantinople condemns )onothelite heresy. %ome reconciled. 685 Constantine dies. 5ustinian ## emperor. 691 5ustinian ##(s successful campaign in Bulgaria 693 5ustinian ##(s campaign in Cilicia 695 5ustinian ## deposed and e.iled. ,eontius emperor.

698 4aracens cinally capture Carthage. ,eontius deposed Ti'erius ### emperor. 705 return and resoriation of 5ustinian ##. %eign of terror to $99. 711 Philippicus !ills 5ustinian ## and usurps crown. 4aracen fleet ta!es possession of 4ardinia. 711-715 4aracens o errun Asia )inor 713 -all of Philippicus. Anastasius ## emperor. 715 -all of Anastasius ##. Theodosius ### emperor. 716 4uleiman prepares grant attac! on the empire. %e olt of ,eo the #saurian. 717 Theodosius ### a'dicates in fa our of ,eo ###. )oslemah 'esieges Constantinople 'y sea and land. ,eo ### defeats fleet. 718 4aracens reinforced. ,eo ### shatters their fleet" crosses the Bosporus and cuts them off from the east. Bulgarians ad ance and defeat a 4aracen army. )oslemah withdraws. %emnants of 4aracen grand fleet destroyed in a storm. 719 Campaigns to e.pel 4aracens from Asia )inor. 726 ,eo ### prohi'its image worship" though cannot enforce edict in #taly. Violent 'reach with pope /regory ##. 727 4aracen defeat at 6icaea dri es them from Asia )inor. 729 E.arch Eutychius marches on %ome. 730 ,iutprand imposes pacification of #taly 732 ,eo ###(s fleet for su'+ugation of #taly destroyed 'y storms. 741 Emperor ,eo ### succeeded 'y Constantine V Copronymus 753 #conoclast Council of Constantinople 755 -irst Bulgar 3ar of Consantine V 761 Constantine 'egins persecution of the mon!s 764 4econd Bulgar 3ar of Constantine 775 ,eo #V succeeds Constantine V 780 Constantine V# succeeds ,eo #V. #conodule reaction under regency of #rene 784 4aracens e.tort tri'ute from #rene 786 Haround al7%aschid !halif 790 Constanine V# seizes control 'y coup d(:tat. 797 #rene deposes and 'linds Constantine V#

802 #rene deposed. 6icephorus emperor. 811 6icephorus !illed on Bulgar campaign. 812 Accession of )ichael. %ecognition of the western Holy %oman Empire. 813 )ichael deposed 'y ,eo V the Armenian 820 ,eo V assassinated. Accession of )ichael ## 827 4aracens of Tunis in ade 4icily and 'egin its con2uest. 829 Theophilus succeeds )ichael ## 831 )amun in ades Cappadocia. Beginning of prolonged was 'etween empire and !halifate. 842 4aracens in 4icily capture )essina. )ichael ### the Drun!ard" aged four" succeeds Theophilus. -ourteen year %egency of Theodora. 855 )ichael ### ta!es control of Constantinople 857 )ichael ### deposes #gnatius and ma!es Photius patriarch" denounced 'y pope Benedict ###. 859 -all of Enna completes 4aracen con2uest of 4icily 861 Con ersion of Bulgars to Christianity 863 Pope 6icholas # e.communicates Patricarch Photius. 866 4ynod at Constantinople condemns hereies of the ,atin church. Permanent se erance of the ,atin and /ree! churches. 867 )urder of )ichael ###. Basil the )acedonian first emperor of the )acedonian dynasty. 876 Basil ta!es up 4aracen war in 4outh #taly 878 4aracens ta!e 4yracuse" completing con2uest of #taly 886 ,eo V# the 3ise succeeds Basil 912 Constantine V## Porphyrogenitus succeeds ,eo V# 919 %omanus co7emperor with the 'oy Constantine V## 945 %omanus deposed. Constantine V## sole emperor 959 Constantine V## dies. %omanus ## emperor. 961 Crete reco ered from the 4aracens for the empire. 4yrian campaign. 963 %omanus ## dies. 6icephorus Phocas emperor" with the children Basil ## and Cosntantine V### 965 6icephorus reco ers Cyprus from 4aracens 968 6icephorus reco ers Antioch

969 5ohn 0imisces murders 6icephorus ## and 'ecomes co7emperor. %ussians under 4 iatosla in ade Bulgaria and Thrace. 971 0imisces defeats %ussians. %ussian treaty. 975 4yrian campaign of 5ohn 0imisces 976 0imisces dies. Basil ## reigns until 9;<=. 1014 Basil ## destroys the Bulgar army 1017 6orman ad enturers in #taly ta!e part against the Byzantines in the south. 1018 End of the first Bulgar !ingdom 1022 Armenian campaigns of Basil ## 1025 Basil ## dies. Constantine V### sole emperor 1028 Constantine V### dies. 0oe with %omanus ## succeeds 1034 %omanus ### dies. 0oe with )ichael V# 1042 )ichael #V dies. 0oe with Constantine #> 1054 Theodora empress at Cosntantinople 1057 #saac Comnenus emperor 1059 #saac Comnenus retire. Constantine > Ducas emperor. 1067 %omanus #V co7emperor with )ichael V## 1071 %omanus #V defeated at )anzi!ert 'y Alp Arslan 1073 4ulayman ta!es 6icaea 1076 4el+u! Tur!s seize 5erusalem. 1077 4ultanate of %oum esta'lished at 6icaea 1078 6icephorus ## deposes )ichael V## Ducas 1081 Ale.ius Comnenus deposes 6icephorus ## %o'ert /uiscard 'esieges Durazzo and defeats Byzantines 1095 Ale.ius appeals to 1r'an ## at Council of Piacenza. The -irst Crusade proclaimed at Council of Clermont. 1096 Crusade assem'le at Constantinople 1097 Crusaders in ade Asia )inor" ta!e 6icaea" cross the Taurus" secure Edessa" 'esiege Antioch 1098 Crusaders ta!e Antioch. -atimids recapture 5erusalem from the 4el+u! Tur!s. 1099 Crusaders capture 5erusalem. Beginning of the ,atin &ingdom.

1119 5ohn ## succeeds Ale.ius 1143 )anuel succeeds 5ohn ## 1146 4econd Crusade 1148 Collapse of the 4econd Crusade 1180 Death of )anuel. 4uccession of Ale.ius ## Comnenus 1183 1supration of Andronicus Comnenus 1185 Andronicus !illed. #saac Angelus emperor. 1187 4aladin captures 5erusalem 1189 Third Crusade 1192 Treaty of %ichard and 4aladin ends Third Crusade 1195 Ale.ius Angelus deposes #saac. 1202 -ourth Crusade assem'les at Venice" di erted at Constantinople 1203 -irst capture of Constantinople. #saac (restored(. 1204 4econd capture and sac! of Constantinople. Crusaders di ide the spoils" Venice ta!ing the lion(s share. Baldwin of -landers emperor 1205 Baldwin !illed in Bulgarian war. Henry of -landers succeeds. 1206 Theodore ,ascaris /ree! emperor at 6icaea 1216 Death of Henry of -landers. Accession of Peter of Courtenay 1222 5ohn ### Ducas emperor at 6icaea 1229 5ohn of Brienne +oint emperor with Baldwin ## of Courtenay at Constantinople 1237 Ad ance of 5ohn ### Ducas in Thrace. Death of 5ohn of Brienne 1246 5ohn ### Ducas ta!es Thessalonica 1254 Death of 5ohn ### Ducas. 1259 1surpation of the crown 'y )ichael V### 1261 )ichael V### captures Constantinople" restoring /ree! and ending ,atin empire. 1282 Andronicus ## succeeds )ichael V## 1288 *ttoman Tur!s in Asia )inor under *thman 1303 Andronicus ## ta!es into his ser ice /rand Company of Catalans

1328 Death of Andronicus ##. Accession of Andronicus ### 1341 Andronicus ## dies" succeeded 'y 5ohn V 1347 5ohn Cantacuzenus +oint emperor 1354 Cantacuzenus a'dicates. 5ohn V sole emperor. Tur!s occupy /allipoli 1361 Tur!s capture Adrianople 1391 Accession of )anuel ## 1425 )anuel ## dies. Accession of 5ohn V# 1148 5ohn V# dies. Accession of Constantine ># 1451 Accession of )ohammed the Con2ueror in the east 1453 -all of Constantinople to )ohammed the Con2ueror. Death of Constantine >#.